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A project report on on the working capital management in karnataka state finance corporation
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ON THE WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN KARNATAKA STATE FINANCE CORPORATION
CHAPTER-I
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
This is finance project specially focused on the working capital management in
Karnataka State Finance Corporation. The objective of the study is to know the working
capital management provided by the Bank. The procedure followed is the assistance and
the help of the Bank & the Manager. Karnataka State Finance Corporation is well known
for its personalized service & has made rapid strides in the real of customer service in
tune with changing banking scenario. The objective of bank was primarily to extend
financial assistance to the local weavers who were crippled by a crisis in the handloom
industry through mobilizing small savings from the community.
Methodology:
This is an analytical study based on secondary data collected from the published
annual reports (i.e. 2001-02 to 2006-07) of the KSFC. In addition, the primary data
required is collected from the bank officials through personal interaction.
1. The data required for the purpose of this study is of two types:
1) Primary data
2) Secondary data
Data collection:
The data collected for this study is from annual reports i.e.2002-03 to 2006-07.
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Data presentation:
The data have been presented in Tables as well as Graphs in order to enable as to
understand them in accordance with the objectives of study.
Data analysis:
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The data have analyzed with the help of trend rations 2001-02 is considered be base year
whose value is equal to 100.then. The values for subsequent years i.e.2001-02 to 2006-07
are calculated and compared with the base year value on year to year basis. The overall
increase/decrease in the values of working capital during the study period has been
calculated for each item of deposits by applying the following formula.
2. Scope of the study:
The study brings out the pattern of working capital in Karnataka State Finance
Corporation. This study also covers the working capital management in the corporation.
3. Objectives of the study:
The following are the objectives set for the present study.
1. To understand the behavior and culture of the organization. and
2. To study the different components of working capital of the corporation.
4. Limitations of the Study:
1. The study focuses on working capital management. and
2. The period covered in the present study is 6 years i.e., from 2001-2002 to 2006-
2007.
CHAPTER-II
ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE
Origin of State Financial Corporation:
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Indian government has passed state financial corporation legislation in 28th
September 1951. This legislation empowers the state government to set up the state
financial corporations in their respective states. First state financial corporation came to
existence in Panjab in 1953. Now there are 18 state corporations in India.
State financial corporation grant the assistance to medium, small and cottage
industries. The maximum capital allowed for a corporation is Rs. 15 crores. State
government concerned IDBI, commercial banks, insurance companies, co-operative
banks, investment trusts and the general public contribute the capital of state financial
corporation.
Salient features of state financial corporation:
Some of the salient features of the State Financial Corporation Act, 1959
governing the S F C’s are as followed
1. The authorized capital of SFC’s will be fixed by the respective state governments.
However it will not be less than Rs. 50 lakhs or exceed Rs. 50 crores.
2. The authorized capital will be divided into equal number of shares and issued to
the state government. The Reserve Bank, Scheduled Banks, Insurance Companies,
other Financial Institutions and the public. However the issue of the shares to
public will be limited to 25% of the authorized share capital.
3. The General Superintendence, direction and management of the affairs and
business of the corporation is vested in a Board of Directors which is assisted by
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an executive committee day today affairs of the corporation will be looked by the
managing Director.
4. The Director of the Board are nominated by the state government the Reserve
Bank 7 the industrial finance corporation of India.
5. A State Financial Corporation is authorized to,
i. Guarantee Loans raised by industrial concerns which are repayable within a
period not exceeding 20 years.
ii. Under write the issue of stocks, shares, bonds and debentures of industrial
concerns.
iii. Grant Loan or Advance to industrial concerns repayable within a period not
exceeding 20 years.
iv. Subscribe to debentures floated by industrial concerns.
The main objective of KSFC is to bring orderly and balanced growth of industrials
in the state. Towards this end KSFC is giving special attention to the backward districts
to come under the industrial map.
The main function of KSFC is long term lending for small tiny 7 medium
industries and even for expansion and modernization of existing industries.
History of KSFC (Karnataka State Financial Corporation)
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Karnataka State Financial Corporation (KSFC) is one among the 18 state financial
corporations (SFC’s) in India. KSFC was established by Government of Karnataka in
March 1915 under the SFC’s Act 1951 for extending financial assistance for setting up of
tiny, small, medium and large scale industrial units in the state.
KSFC is sanctioned loan to industrial units under different schemes. KSFC is also
providing services like hire purchase, leasing and merchant banking activities. KSFC is
recognized as best merchant banker by SEBI. KSFC is an ISO certified organization and
striving to provide better services to it’s customers through professional management and
team work. The management is taking effective reasons to transform the organization to a
customer centric institution.
KSFC mission is to nurture, develop and service the SME sector through need
based product and services, the small and medium scale sectors in India lacks capital
market and starving for funds. SFC’s are started to provide funds to SME sector and
encouraged first generation entrepreneurs to start business especially in back word areas.
Since the capital is scarce resource it should allocated carefully for the
development of industrial units. KSFC has been acting as Regional Development Bank
by providing assistance to needy entrepreneurs. Before giving loan to any projects the
corporation should check the viability of projects. KSFC appraises projects to test the
viability from the marketing, financial, technical, economic and managerial angels.
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Achievements of KSFC:
KSFC has completed its 39 years of operation. it has contributed Significantly
for the growth of small scale industry and development of backward areas in the
state. It has extended financial assistance to rural, cottage industries, articians,
SC/ST entrepreneurs and other economically weaker sections of the society under
special loan scheme. The proud of achievement of KARANATAKA STATE
FINANCIAL CORPORATION are given below:
1. Sanction of loan aggregating to Rs .4508 crores to 1, 33,735 project.
2. Loan assistance of rs.970.34 crores to 46,252 SSI units proposed in backward district
of the state.
3. Sanction of loan aggregating to Rs .2233.45 crores to 78,835SSI units.
4. Establishment of 7 zonal offices .36 branch offices and 2field offices in the state and
higher delegation of powers to zonal and branch offices to sanction and disburse
loans up to Rs .25 lakh . as a consequences of same, today 95% of loans are
sanctioned at branch offices.
5. Introduction of loan assistance schemes for getting ISO 9000 certification for export
oriented and units proposing export of their products’
6. Commendation from IDBI as one of the best SFC of the country
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KSFC Main Activities / Function:
1 Long term lending
2 Lease financial assistance or hire purchase assistance for acquisition of
machinery equipment and transport vehicles.
3 Merchant Banking.
4 Fund based activities like bill discounting, investment in schemes and
subscription to non-convertible debentures factor services, etc.,
Mission statement:
`KSFC is committed to nature develop and service the SME sector through need
based product and services.
Quality policy:
Karnataka State Financial Corporations endeavors create satisfied customer
through adequate and timely financial assistance and guidance. This shall be achieved
through professional management and team work.
Quality objectives:
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1 To provide good quality of service on continuous basis to the satisfaction of
customers.
2 To extend effective guidance to the entrepreneurs for successful
accomplishment of their business ventures.
3 To motivate and involve everyone organizational growth through
implementations the documented quality management system.
4 To encourage everyone in the organization to upgrade and enhance their skills
and knowledge with appropriate training for improving quality of service to
entrepreneurs.
5 To ensure customer satisfaction through team work and professional
management and
6 To attend specified levels of performance every year and to ensure compliance
with statutory and regulatory requirements.
Types of assistance:
KSFC offers long and medium term financial assistance in the following forms.
1. Loan and advances, with a liberal repayment period (normally not exceeds 8
years) including moratorium.
2. Loans in collaboration with other financial institution.
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3. Subscription to share capital of companies promoted by small entrepreneur
(special capital scheme) by way of soft loan. KSFC gives preference to the
projects which are as follows;
a) Promoted by technician entrepreneur
b) In the small sector
c) Located in growth centers and developing area of the state
d) Promoted by entrepreneur belonging to schedule cast and schedule tribe,
backward class entrepreneurs and other weaker section of society.
e) Projects which having high employment potent ional
f) Capable of utilization of local resources
g) In tune with the declared national priorities.
Purpose of assistance:
The corporation provides assistance for the acquisition of capital assets in the form
of land, building, plant and machinery only, working capital assistance against raw
materials, stock in trade and semi finished products can by had from the commercial and
industrial co-operative banks.
Assistance available:
KSFC extends term loans to new or existing units up to Rs. 240 lakhs for
corporate bodies and registered co-operative societies. Term loans up to maximum of Rs.
90 lakhs are sanctioned to proprietary, partnership and Joint Hindu Family concerns.
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KSFC give Term Loan jointly with K S I I D C and commercial banks for projects up to
Rs. 10 crores.
Area of operation:
Industrial concerns established or to be established in Karnataka are eligible for
assistance from KSFC. An industrial concern incorporated outside the state is also
eligible provided the place of business is in Karnataka and they agree to shift their
registered office to the state of Karnataka.
Network of KSFC:
KSFC has 7 zonal offices spread over the entire state viz, Bangalore Urban, Bangalore
Rural, Mysore, Mangalore, Dharwad, Belgum and Gulbarga. The head office of KSFC is
located at 1/1 Thimmaiah Road, Bangalore-560052.
There are totally 36 branches of KSFC in the entire state. According to business
availability and seeing there should limits, these branches have been categorized into ‘A’
Grade, ‘B’ Grade and field offices. Accordingly, KSFC has at present 7 Zonal Offices
and 16 ‘A’ Grade branches, 18 ‘B’ Grade branches and 4 Field offices.
Working of KSFC:
KSFC has decentralized the system of working. Term Loan up to Rs. 25 lakhs are
sanctioned at the branch office level 7 Loans over Rs. 25 lakhs are processed and
sanctioned at the head office. In ‘B’ Grade branches, Branch Manager can sanction loans
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upto Rs. 5 lakhs where as in ‘A’ Grade branches the Branch Manager can sanction loans
up to Rs. 8 lakhs over and above Rs. 25 lakhs the concerned Deputy General manager (or
Zonal Manager) will sanction the loan.
Management of KSFC:
The management of the KSFC is carried out by the Board of Directors consisted as
per the SFC act 1951, assisted by a Managing Director and Executive committees. The
Chairman is appointed by the state government is not a full time Director. Where as the
Managing Director appointed by the state government is a full time Director.
Composition of the directors:
The Board has 12 Directors out of them 4 Directors are nominated by the state
Government, 1 by the RBI, 2 by the IDBI and 4 as per the SFCs act 1951. Apart from this
the state government in consultation with IDBI and the board appoints the Managing
Director.
About Bijapur KSFC branch:
It started in 1983. The members of employees were 26 and loan sanctioning up to
Rs. 10,000/- for small scale sectors. In the year 2006 the number of employees have been
decreased to 20 members due to introduction of system of computerization and the loan
sanctioning limit also extended up to Rs. 5,00.000/- to an enterpenurers. At present the
KSFC giving more preference to Term Loan Schemes especially to SSC (Soft Seed
Capital) under National Equity Fund Schemes.
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Functional departments of KSFC:
1. Entrepreneur Guidance Cell: It provides guidelines to the prospective
entrepreneurs in setting up the new projects, issues loan application forms to
entrepreneur’s and conducts screening committee meetings.
2. Credit Department: The main functions of the credit departments are apprising
the projects, disbursement of funds and monitoring progress during the
implementation of the project and to keep check on cost overruns and to ensure
that funds are utilized for the purpose intended.
3. Treasury Department: Treasury department is responsible for procurement of
funds from the various sources as and when the need arise.
4. Internal Audit Department: Auditing of books of accounts, verifying title deeds
of properties offered as securities business adhered to follow up for compliance of
observations / recommendations made in report of statutory authority and IDBI’s
inspection report will be verified by this department.
5. Legal Department: This department attends all legal matters affecting the interest
of the corporation.
6. Recovery Department: Recovery of loans sanctioned by the corporation and all
other related functions like rescheduling of loan, effective changes in management
of assisted companies effective take over of defaulting units and insisting recovery
proceedings are the main functions of recovery departments.
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7. Business Department and Credit Research Department: This department looks
after the market appraisal of products for which loan applications are received.
Special report on various industries and products, identification of industries
development, promotional activities, preparation of annual reports, brochures,
leaflets on various scheme and other public materials, advertisements, printing and
publication of bimonthly KSFC news bulletin.
8. Personal Department: This department is in charge of recruiting, promotion, job
rotation, transfers, employee discipline, welfare and industrial relation and
payrolls. In additions the department has a HRD cell, which carries out training
and development activities apart from carrying out performance appraisal and
manpower planning.
9. Hire Purchase and Financial Service Department: This department is in charge
of hire purchase and financial services provided by KSFC.
10. Management Information System Department: This department is solely
responsible for providing up to date information of all the branches, all the
departments etc., required by the management.
11. Information Technology Department: This department was formed to
computerize all the records and documents of KSFC. With large scale
computerization the corporation aims to function as a paperless office.
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12. Public Grievance: This department is formed to solve the problems of KSFC
customers. These receives complaints from the customers and effectively sorts out.
Employee grievance redressed committee has also been constituted.
13. Sick Units Monitoring Department: The department which has been formed for
rehabilitation of potentially viable sick units conducts in-depth study regarding
cases referred and assess the eligibility for rehabilitation assistance
14. Asset Reconstruction Department: The asset Reconstruction department at the
head office is formed to review the chronic Sec. 29 cases, DC cases and suit field
cases. This department verifies all the cases under review and occupies defaulting
units and takes steps to recover the loan by selling the units.
15. Women Entrepreneur Guidelines Cell: This department is started to encourage
women entrepreneurs to establish the industries by providing them necessary
guidelines.
16. Account Department: This department is formed to maintain accounts of the
office
Karnataka State Financial Corporation citizen’s charter:
The Corporation aims at customer satisfaction through Professional Management
and Team Work.
1. The corporation offers:
• Financial assistance for acquiring fixed assets like land, building, plant &
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Machinery and other miscellaneous assets.
• Sanction of Term Loans to new Tiny, Small and Medium enterprises and Services
Sector.
• Sanction of Term Loans to existing industrial concerns and services sector units
For expansion / modernization / diversification.
• Sanction of Working Capital Term Loans to meet working capital requirements of
industrial / service enterprises under special schemes.
• Operating of Foreign Letter of Credit for import of capital goods.
• Rental Discounting and other fee based services.
• Provides insurance coverage for assets and other non life insurance products.
• Accepts Fixed Deposits for a term of one year and above.
2. Financial assistance - limits of accommodation:
I. Proprietary / partnership Rs.200.00 lakh
II. Corporate bodies (both private & public limited), registered
Co-operative societies Rs.500.00 lakh
• In respect of existing units operating successfully, maximum limit can be
Extended upto Rs.800.00 lakh for category (I) and Rs.2000.00 lakh for category
• In respect of category (II) the financial assistance can be sanctioned provided the
Paid up capital and free reserves do not exceed Rs.2000.00 lakh.
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• If the requirements of the funds for a project are substantial and cannot be extended by
the Corporation alone, then the requirement of loan of such projects can be met in
consortium with other financial institutions.
• Minimum loan size is Rs.5.00 lakh.
3. Activities financed by the corporation:
1. General Loans for setting up new tiny, small and medium scale enterprises and
Service sector units.
2. Hotels / Restaurants.
3. Tourism related facilities (Amusement parks, Convention centers, Restaurants,
Travel & Transport, Tourist service agencies, Mobile canteen / catering).
4. Hospitals / Nursing Homes.
5. Acquiring Electro Medical Equipment, setting up of Medical Stores.
6. Transport Loans (SRTOs & acquisition of private vehicles).
7. Industrial Estates, IT Parks, ready built office space, Training Institutions,
Godowns and Warehouses.
8. Group Housing Sector.
9. Construction and purchase of commercial complex.
10. Development / maintenance and construction of roads.
11. Qualified Professionals (Management, Accounting, Medical Professionals,
Architects & Engineers, Veterinary clinics).
12. Rehabilitation of sick units.
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4. Area of operation:
The Corporation extends financial assistance for an enterprise in the State of
Karnataka With its network of 29 branches covering all the districts of the State.
5. Application forms for loan:
Loan application forms are issued after the proposal is cleared in the Project
Clearance Committee (PCC) meeting. For loans proposals upto Rs.50.00 lakh Branch
Offices will issue the application forms. For the loans proposals above Rs.50.00 lakh,
loan applications are issued at Head Office
6. Time frame for processing sanctions:
New loans up to Rs.35.00 lakh 21 days Branch office
New loans up to Rs.60.00 lakh 30 days Branch office
New loans up to Rs.75.00 lakh 45 days Branch office
New loans up to Rs.500.00 lakh 60 days Head Offices
7. a) Primary security:
The primary security for loan will be the assets financed i.e., land, building &
machinery .If working capital loan is provided, the inventories in the form of raw-
materials, work in process, finished goods besides bills & book debts are to be pledged /
hypothecated.
b) Collateral security:
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All loans are to be backed by collaterals in the form of commercial or residential
Properties located in the State of Karnataka or Fixed Deposits or NSC Residential
Properties of third parties as collateral are discouraged. Assets free of encumbrance
charged to the Corporation will be further charged. In case of corporate loan, in the
absence of adequate security in the form of primary assets, collateral security to the
extent of 100% of the loan amount is insisted in respect of existing units assisted by the
Corporation and in respect of other units collateral security will be 150% of the loan
amount. Note: The primary & collateral are to be by way of simple mortgage at
jurisdictional SRO.
8. Disbursement of loan:
Loans are disbursed after the promoter brings in stipulated equity / contribution
from his side as stipulated in the terms of sanction & after properties are mortgaged /
hypothecated as per terms of loan & guarantee deeds executed. The extent of
disbursement will be in proportion to the investment made on land, building &
machinery. The release towards machinery will be either after issuing a commitment
letter to machinery supplier & after inspecting machinery & factory site of entrepreneur.
Up-front fee is payable at 0.5% of loan + applicable service tax, before disbursement.
9. Loan repayment:
The loans are normally repayable in 5 to 7 years with a moratorium of 1 to 2 years
depending on DSCR. The repayment will be in monthly / quarterly installments.
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10. Public grievance redressal:
To redress the grievances of the entrepreneurs, Public Grievance Readdressal
Committees have been set up under the chairmanship of Executive Directors. All
grievances will be heard in 30 days. Acknowledgments however, will be given within 7
days of receipt of the grievance.
11. Helpline:
The Corporation has brought out 'Products & Services' brochure. The brochure
gives details of the activities of KSFC, financial services available, various schemes of
the Corporation and procedures for availing the financial assistance. For further
information
12. Welcomes suggestions:
The Corporation welcomes suggestions from the customer / stakeholders / public
and the same can be sent directly to the Managing Director, at email address
Procedure for Availing Loan Assistance from KSFC:
The Entrepreneurs requiring the financial assistance have to the following
procedures.
a. Call on assistance general manager (E.G) cell, KSFC, HOD or the branch
manager and discuss about their project. The entrepreneurs are require to carry
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with them a brief project report, details on proposed for the unit extent for term
loan required etc., at the time of visit.
b. The entrepreneurs are required to attend screening committee on advice from
EG department or branch manager at the head office or branch office as the
case may be to get prima-face clearance for their project and to obtain the loan
application forms and check list.
c. The filled in loan application forms have to be submitted in triplicate along
with enclosures as per checklist and handed over to AGM (EG) at head office
or branch manager as the case may be and to obtain acknowledgement the
entrepreneurs are required to pay loan application processing fee by cash or
D.D. and obtain receipt as per schedule given below.
Application processing fee:
Loan Amount Fee
Up to Rs. 10,000/- Nil
Between Rs. 40,000 to 2, 00,000/- 1/4 % of Loan
Above Rs. 2, 00,000/- 1/2% of Loan
Sanction limit of loans
Limits of Assistance
Category Maximum loan
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Proprietary Concerns /Partnership
Firms
Rs. 200.00 lakh
Private And Public Limited
Companies And Co-Operative
Societies
Rs. 500.00 lakh
Debt Equity Ratio
For Loans Up To Rs. 10.00 Lakh 3:1
For Loans Above Rs. 10.00 Lakh 2:1
RSR Scheme Flexible
Modernization Scheme (Overall) 2:1
Promoters’ Contribution
Particulars Minimum percentage on Project Cost
Backward District /Regions 20%
Non- Backward District Regions 22.5%
RSR Flexible
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DG Set Loan 10%
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Interest rates on loans
Revised
Interest Rates (%)
Sl No Category of Borrowers/Loans Gross Rebate Net
1 Term loans above Rs.50,000/ and up
to Rs.2,00,000/-
15.0 1.5 13.5
2All Term Loans (including WCT
L) over Rs.2,00,000/- other than loans
indicated at Sl.No. 3 & 4
15.5 1.5 14.0
3 Commercial Complexes, Construction
activities like Residential Apartments,
Shopping Complexes etc., Corporate
loans, AMARA scheme, Bridge loans ,
Finance to Existing Assets,
Entertainment Industry( including Films)
etc
15.5 1.0 14.5
4 Privileged Entrepreneurs Scheme 14.5 - 14.5
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CHAPTER-III
METHODOLAGY
This study is analytical study, which is primarily based on the secondary data. The
primary data was also used for this study.
1. The data required for the purpose of this study is of two types:
1) Primary data
2) Secondary data
Data collection
Primary data:
The required primary data was collected orally from the concerned officers of
Karnataka State Finance Corporation Bijapur Branch through interaction.
Secondary data:
The secondary data was obtained from the annual reports of the corporation for the
period between 2001-2002 and 2006-2007.
Data presentation:
The data collected have been presented in the form of tables and graphs.
Data analysis and interpretation:
The data collected are used to calculate working capital by applying the following
formula
Working capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
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The data have analyzed with the help of trend rations 2001-02 is considered be base year
whose value is equal to 100.then. The values for subsequent years i.e.2001-02 to 2006-07
are calculated and compared with the base year value on year to year basis. The overall
increase/decrease in the values of working capital during the study period has been
calculated for each item of deposits by applying the following formula.
Overall increase/decrease in value = Sixth year value (2006-07) X100 Base year value (2001-02)
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2. Scope of the study:
The study brings out the pattern of working capital in Karnataka State Finance
Corporation. This study also covers the working capital management in the corporation.
3. Objectives of the study:
The following are the objectives set for the present study.
3. To understand the behavior and culture of the organization.
4. To study the different components of working capital of the corporation. and.
5. To study the working capital management.
4. Limitations of the Study:
3. The study focuses on working capital management.
4. The period covered in the present study is 6 years i.e., from 2001-2002 to 2006-
2007.
5. The suggestions and conclusion made are based on the data collected. And
analyzed.
CHAPTER-IV
THEORETICAL FRAME WORK: AN INTRODUCTION
The most profitable function of an organization is to make the working capital.
Sanctioning credit to customers and others out of current assets and current liabilities
at its disposal is one of the principal services of an organization.
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It is the Current assets and current liabilities, which bring most of the earnings
for an organization and establish valuable ties with the community. An effective
Current assets and Current liabilities policy provides funds to the vital sectors of the
economy in appropriate amounts and appropriate time, and there by promoter
economic development.
Working capital
Meaning:
Working capital management can be defined as that aspect of financial
management which is concerned with the safeguarding and controlling of the firms
current assets, and planning for sufficient funds to pay current bills.
Working capital management is concerned with all decisions and acts that
influence the size and effectiveness of working capital. The goal of working capital
management is to manage each of the firm’s current assets and current liabilities in such a
way that an acceptable level of networking capital is maintained.
The important aspects of working capital are:
a) Determining the requirements of working capital
b) Financing the requirements and
c) Efficient utilization of requirement of working capital
Working capital management involves taking decisions regarding:
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i. The need to invest funds in current assets
ii. The amount of funds to be invested in each type of current assets and their relative
proportion.
iii. The proportion of long term and short term funds to finance the current assets and
iv. To finance these current assets through appropriate sources of funds.
The term working capital management means managing the firm’s current
assets and current liabilities in such a way that, it will help to reach the organizational
goals.
Current assets: It’s refer to those refer to those assets which in the ordinary
course of business can be, converted into cash within one year without undergoing a
diminution in value and without disrupting the operations of the firm. The major
current assets are cash, marketing securities, accounts receivable and inventory.
Current liabilities: These are those which are intended, at their inception to be
paid in the ordinary course of business, within a year, out of the current assets or
earnings of the concern. The basic current liabilities are accounts payable, bills
payable, bank overdraft and outstanding expenses.
The interaction between current assets and current liabilities is the main them
of the working capital management. Because if the firm cannot maintain a satisfactory
level of working capital, it is likely to because insolvent and may even be forced into
bankruptcy. The current assets should be managed efficiently in order to maintain the
liquidity of the firm.
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Concepts of Working Capital Management
1. Gross working capital :
The term gross working capital refers to the firm’s investment in
current assets. This includes cash, short term securities, debtors (accounts
receivable book debts bills receivable and stock (inventory).
2. Net working capital :
The term net working capital refers to the difference between current assets
and current liabilities.
A positive net working capital will arise when assets exceeds current
liabilities and a negative working capital will occurs when liabilities are in excess of
current assets.
Net working capital is a qualitative concept. It indicates the liquidity
position of the firm and suggests the extent to which working capital needs may be
financed by permanent sources of funds.
Need for working capital:
The need for working capital to run the day to day business activities be over
emphasized.
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Every firm should aim at maximizing the wealth of its shareholders. In this
case a firm should earn sufficient return from its operations. Earning a steady amount
of profit requires successful sales do not convert into cash instantaneously.
Working Capital Categorized into:
1. Fixed or permanent working capital:
The need for current assets arises because of the operating cycle. Operating cycle
is a continues process and, therefore the need for current asset is felt constantly. There
is always a minimum level of current asset, which is continuously required by the firm
to carry on its business operations. This minimum level of current asset is referred to
as permanent or fixed working capital.
2. Fluctuating or temporary working capital:
The changes in production and sale, leads change in working capital.
For example: Extra inventory of finished goods will have to be maintained to support
the peak periods. On the hand investment in raw material work in progress and
finished goods will fall if the market is slack.
The extra working capital needed to support the changing production and sales
activities called fluctuating or temporary working capital.
Permanent and temporary working capitals are necessary to facilitate
production and sale through the operating cycle, but temporary working capital is
created by the firm to meet liquidity requirements.
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The permanent working capital line need not be horizontal if the firm’s
requirement for permanent capital is decreasing over a period.
Objectives of working capital management:
i. To ensure adequate liquidity of a firm
ii. To minimize the risk and
iii. The contribution to the maximization of firm’s value.
Principles of working capital management:
i. Principles of risk assumption.
ii. Net worth position.
iii. Maturity of payment and
iv. Cost of capital.
Importance of working capital management
Adequate working capital creates certainty, security and confidence in the minds of the
persons in the management as well as in the minds of creditors and workers.
It creates a good credit standing for the firm because credit standing depends upon the
ability to pay promptly. A Company with adequate working capital is always able to
meet current liabilities.
It ensures solvency and stability of the enterprises It also ensures continuity in production
and sales. It enables the company to take advantage of cash discount offered by the
suppliers of raw materials or merchandise. It enhances the prestige of the company and
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moral of its workers because a company with adequate working capital is always able to
pay wages and salaries promptly and regularly.
It enables the company to procure loans from banks on easy and competitive terms. In
times of boom, it enables the company to meet increasing demands for its products. In
times of depression the company to overcome the crisis successfully. It enables the
company to hold carry on its business successfully and active continued progress and
prospective. It enables the company to carry on its business successfully and active
continued progress and prosperity.
Determinants of working capital:
1. Nature of business:
The working capital requirements of an enterprise are basically related to
the conduct of business. Enterprises fall into some broad categories depending on
the nature of their business. Public utilities have two features which have a bearing
on working capital needs are,
i. The cash nature of business i.e. cash sale and
ii. Sale of services rather than commodities.
In case of trading and financial enterprises, they have to maintain a
sufficient amount of cash, book debts and inventories. They have to invest the large
amount in working capital.
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The manufacturing concerns require fairly large amounts of working
capital through it varies from industry to industry depending on their asset structure.
The proportion of current assets to total assets measures the relative requirement of
working capital of various industries the relative requirements of working capital of
various industries.
1. Production cycle:
This is another factor which has a bearing on the quantum of working
capital. The term production or manufacturing cycle refers to the time involved in the
manufacturing of goods. It covers the time span between the procurement of raw
materials and the completion of the manufacturing process leading to the production
of finished goods.
There is some time gap before raw materials become finished goods. To
sustain such activities the need for working capital is obvious.
The longer the time spans (i.e. the production cycle), the larger will be the
tide up funds and, therefore the larger is the working capital needed and vice versa.
2. Business cycle:
The working capital requirements are also determined by the nature of the
business cycle. Business fluctuations lead to cyclical and seasonal changes, which, in
turn, cause a shift in the working capital position. The variations in business
conditions may be in two directions:
1. Upward phase when boom conditions prevail, and
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2. Downswing phase when economic activity is marked by a decline.
3. Production policy:
The quantum of working capital is also determined by production policy. The
demand for products is seasonal, i.e. they are purchased during certain months of the
year. There are two opinions for production policy to enterprises, either they confine
their production only to periods when goods are purchases or they follow a steady
production policy throughout the year and produce goods at a level to meet the peak
demand. During the slack season the firms have to maintain their working force and
physical facilities without adequate production and sale. When the peak period
arrives, the firms have to operate at full capacity to meet the demand.
Thus serious difficulties will be encountered in trying to match production to
the ebb and flow of the seasonal demand pattern. The better alternative is large
accumulation of finished goods (inventories) during the off-season and their abrupt
sale during the peak season. The progressive accumulation of stock naturally requires
an increasing amount of working capital, which remains tied up for some months.
Working capital planning has to incorporate this pattern of requirement of funds
when production and seasonal sales are steady. Production policies have to be
formulated on the basis of individual setting of each enterprise and the magnitude and
dimension of the working capital problems will accordingly vary.
4. Credit Policy:
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The credit policy relating to sales and purchases also affects the working capital.
The credit policy influences the requirement of working capital in two ways,
(i) Through credit terms granted by the firm to its customers/buyers of goods
(ii) Credit terms available to the from its credits.
The credit terms granted to customers have a bearing on the supplies of
goods (trade creditors), the need for working capital is less. The working capital
requirements of the business are affected by the terms of purchase and sale, and the
role given to credit by a company in it’s dealing with creditors and debtors.
If there is a keen competition then there is a wide scope for managerial
discretion in working out a suitable credit policy relevant to each customer based on
the merits of each case. Liberal credit facilities can be extended on the basis of credit
rating. This will avoid the problem of having excess working capital. Adoption of
rationalized credit facilities can be significant factor in determining the working
capital needs of an enterprise. To win and retain customers, it may be forced, among
other things, to offer generics credit terms to them.
The investment in book debits will consequently be of a higher order,
necessitating large working capital. To be able to enjoy consumer patronage on a
continuous basis, a firm will have to offer a variety of products quite unlike a firm
which has a hold on the market, hence does not need special efforts to satisfy
customer requirements. The consequence of a higher level of inventories would be an
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additional need for working capital. The degree of competition is, therefore an
important factor influencing working capital requirements.
5. Growth and expansion:
As a company grows, the amount of working capital requirements also
grows. It is difficult to determine precisely the relationship between the growth in the
volume of business of a company and the increase in its working capital. The
composition of working capital in a growing company also shifts with economic
circumstances and corporate practices other thing being equal, growth industries
require more working capital than those that are static. The need for increased
working capital funds does not follow the growth in business activities but precedes it.
Advance planning of working capital is, therefore a continuing
Necessity for growing concern.
6. Availability of raw material:
The availability of certain raw material on a continues basis without
interruption would sometimes effects the requirements of working capital. There may
be some materials, which cannot be procured easily either because of their sources,
are few or they are irregular. To sustain smooth production, therefore, the firm might
be compaelled.To purchase and stock them for in access of genuine production needs.
This will result in an excusive inventory of such materials. The procurement of some
essential raw materials is difficult because of their sporadic supply. This happens very
often with raw materials, which are in short supply, and are controlled to ensure
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equitable distribution. The element of uncertainly would lead to relatively high level
of working capital. Some raw materials may be available only during certain seasons.
They would have to be necessarily obtained, when available, to provide for a period
when supplies are lean. This will cause seasonal fluctuations in working capital
requirements.
7. Profit level:
The level of profits earned differs from organization to organization. The
nature of the product, hold on the market, quality of management and monopoly
power would by and large determine the profit earned by a firm. It can generalized
that, a firm dealing in a quality product, have a good marketing arrangements and
enjoying monopoly power in the market, is likely to earn high profits and vice versa.
High profit margin would improve the prospects of generating more internal
funds thereby contributing to the working capital pool. The net profit is a source of
working to the extent that is has been earned in cash.
The cash profit can be found by adjusting non-cash such as depreciation,
outstanding expenses and losses written off, in the net profit but in practice the net
cash inflows from operations cannot be considered as cash available for use at the end
of cash cycle. As companies operations in progress, cash is used for augmenting
stock, book debts and inflows on a day-to-day, basis assume importance because steps
can then be taken to deal with surplus and defect cash.
8. Level of taxes:
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The first appropriation out of profits is payment or provision for tax. The
amount of taxes to be paid is determined by the prevailing tax regulations. The
management has in this respect. Very often, taxes have to be paid in advance on the
basis of the preceding year. Tax liability is, in a sense, short-term liability payable in
cash. An adequate provision for tax payment is, therefore an important aspect of
working capital planning. If tax liability increases, it leads to an increase in the
requirement of working capital and vice versa. Management has to discretion in regard
to the payment to taxes; in some cases non-payment may invite penal action there is,
however wide scope to reduce the tax liability through proper tax planning.
The service of tax experts can be availed of to take advantage of the various
concession and incentives through avoidance as opposed to evasion of taxes. Tax
planning can, therefore, be said to be an integral part of working capital planning.
9. Dividend policy:
Appropriation of profits, which has a bearing on working capital, is dividend
payment. The payment of dividend consumes cash resource and thereby, affects
working capital to that extent. In another case if the firm does not pay dividend but
retains the profits working capital increases. So it is important for the firm to decide
whether profit is to be distributed or retained while calculate or planning for working
capital.
There are wide variations in industry practices as regards the relationship between
working capital requirements and divided payment. In some cases shortage of working
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capital has been a powerful reason for reducing or even skipping dividends in cash.
When dividend payments are continued in spite of inadequate earning in a particular
year because of sound liquidity. Sometimes, the dilemma is resolved by the payment
of bonus shares. This enables the payment of dividend without draining away the cash
resources and, thus without reducing working capital. Dividend policy is thus, a
significant element in determining the level of working capital in an organization.
10. Depreciation policy:
Depreciation policy also exerts an influence on the quantum of working capital.
Depreciation changes do not involve any cash outflows. The effect of depreciation
policy on working capital is, therefore indirect. Depreciation affects the tax liability
and retention of depreciation also means lower disposable profits and, therefore, a
smaller dividend payment thus, more profits. Higher depreciation also means lower
disposable profits, and therefore a smaller dividend payment thus cash is preserved. In
the second case the method of depreciation has important financial implications. If
current capital provision is strengthened and there may be no need for short-term
borrowing.
If the current capital expenditure exceeds the depreciation provision, either
outside borrowing will have to be resorted to or a restriction on dividend payment
coupled with retention of profits will have to be adopted to prevent the working capital
position from being adversely affected. It is in these ways that depreciation policy is
relevant to the planning to working capital.
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11. Price level changes:
Changes in the price level also affect the requirements of working capital. Rising
prices necessitate the use of more funds for maintaining an existing level of activity.
For the same level of current assets, higher amount of working capital.
The price rise does not have a uniform effect on all commodities. Some firms
may not be affected at all. The implications of changing price levels on working
capital operations, its operations; it’s standing in the market and other relevant
considerations.
12. Operating efficiency:
The operating efficiency of the management is also an important determine of
the level working capital position through operating efficiency. Management cannot
control the rise in prices; it can ensure the efficient utilization of resources by
eliminating waste, improving coordination and a fuller utilization of existing
resources. Efficiency of operations and a fuller utilization existing resources. By
eliminating waste, improving co-ordination of resources the pace of cash cycle and
improve s the working capital turnover. It releases the pressure on working capital by
improving profitability and improving the internal generation of funds.
The level of working capital is determined by a wide variety of factors which are
partly internal to the firm and party external (environmental) to it. Effective working
capital management requires effective planning and a constant review of the needs for
an appropriate working capital strategy.
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Estimation of working capital requirements:
1. Expenses on raw materials, labors and overhead.
2. Length of time the raw materials to be held in stock.
3. Length of time the raw materials remain in manufacturing process in semi
finished form.
4. Length of time, finished goods are held in go down waiting sales.
5. Credit period granted to the sundry debtors.
6. Credit period granted by the sundry creditors and
7. Time gap in the payment of wages, salaries and other operating expenses.
Operating cycle:
Operating cycle is time duration required to convert sales, after the conversion of
resources into inventories into cash. Investment in current assets such as inventories
and debtors is realized during the firm’s operating cycle which is usually less than a
year.
Figure-1
Operating cycle of manufacturing company
Sale of product Finished goods
Sundry debtors working in progress
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Bills received
Cash Raw materials
Figure-2
Operating cycle of non-manufacturing company
Cash
Sundry debtors Stock of finished goods
Bills receivable
Sales
Balanced working capital:
The firm should maintain a sound working capital position. It should have
adequate working capital to run its operations. Both excessive as well as inadequate
working capital positions are dangerous for the firm. Excessive working capital means
idle funds which earn no profits for firm.
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Inadequate working capital not only impairs the firm’s profitability but also
results in production interruptions and infancies.
Formula of Working Capital:
Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
CHAPTER –V
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter analyses the working capital which is the part of financial analysis.
The working capital is calculated for a period of six years i.e., 2001-02 to 2006-07. They
are presented in the form of tables and graphs. This is divided into three sections.
Section-I presents the analysis and interpretation of over all current assets and current
liabilities. Section-II presents the analysis interpretation of individual items of current
assets while section-III presents the analysis and interpretation on of individual items of
current liabilities.
The following current assets and current liabilities:
A. Current Assets:
1. Seed Capital Assistance
2. Deposits With Banks
3. Subsidy Bonds Sinking Fund Deposits
4. Advances to Staff
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5. Deposits and Other Advances
6. Other Assets
7. Advances to Suppliers
8. Hire Purchase Installment Due
9. Assets Acquired in satisfaction of Loans and
10. Dividend Deficit Account.
B. Current Liabilities
1. Amount Receivable from Gok
2. Earnest Money Deposits
3. Sundry Deposits
4. Dividend Subvention from Gok
5. Seed Capital Assistance
6. Other Liabilities
7. Sundry Liabilities and
8. Margin Money Assistance.
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Section-I
1. Current assets and current liabilities 2001-02, the following information is relating
to different current assets and current liabilities during the year 2001-02 presented in
table-1
Table-1
Current Assets 2001-02
(Rs,in lakhs)Sl. No Particulars Amount Percentage
1 Seed capital assistance 4649.2 25.092 Deposits with banks 1000 5.403 Subsidy bonds sinking fund deposit 7141.82 38.544 Advances to staff 2878.89 15.545 Deposits and other advances 445.38 2.406 Other assets 5.73 0.037 Advances to suppliers 1004.12 5.428 Hire purchase installment due 779.69 4.219 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 0 0.0010 Dividend deficit account 624.1 3.37
Total 18528.93 100.00
Table -1 A
Current Liabilities 2001-02
(Rs, in lakh)Sl. No Particulars Amount Percentage
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1 Unclaimed dividends 0.36 0.002 Earnest money deposit 5.31 0.033 Sundry deposits 1643.44 9.054 Dividend subvention from GoK 958.88 5.285 Seed capital assistance 4672.39 25.726 Other liabilities 284.52 1.577 Sundry liabilities 9016.35 49.638 Margin money assistance 1586.19 8.73
Total 18167.44 100.00
Working Capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
= Rs. 18528.93- Rs. 18167.44
= Rs 316.49 lakhs
Information relating to various current assets and current liabilities included in the year
2001-02
Graph-1
Current Assets 2001-02
4.21
0.00
15.54
25.09
38.54
5.40
5.42
2.40
0.03
3.37
Seed capital assistance
Depossits with banks
Susidy bonds sinking fund deposit
Advances to staff
Deposits and other advaces
Other assets
Advances to suppliers
Hire purchase installment due
Assets acquired in satisfaction ofloansDividend deficit account
Graph 1ACurrent liabilities 2001-02
0.03
0.00
9.05
5.28
25.72
1.57
49.63
8.73
unclaimed dividends
Earnest money deposit
Sundry deposits
dividend subvention from gok
Seed capital assistance
Other liabilities
Sundry liabilities
Margin money assistance
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Table-1 reveals that in the overall composition of current assets, subsidy bonds
sinking fund deposits are the highest (38.54%) where as the other assets are the least
(0.03%).
Table 1 A show that in the overall current liabilities the sundry liabilities are the
highest (49.63) where as the earnest money deposits are the least (0.03%)
2. Current assets and current liabilities 2002-03, the following information is relating
to different current assets and current liabilities during the year 2002-03 presented in
table-2
Table-2
Current Assets -2002-03 (Rs,in lakh)
Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Seed capital assistance 5663.48 41.752 Deposits with banks 310.01 2.293 Subsidy bonds sinking fund deposit 2778 20.484 Advances to staff 1731.9 12.775 Deposits and other advances 518.7 3.826 Other assets 7.72 0.067 Advances to suppliers 926.74 6.838 Hire purchase installment due 853.12 6.299 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 2.76 0.0210 Dividend deficit account 773.23 5.70
Total 13565.66 100.00
Table-2ACurrent liabilities-2002-03
(Rs, in lakh)Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage
1 Unclaimed dividends 0.36 0.002 Earnest money deposit 5.36 0.033 Sundry deposits 1304.38 8.014 Dividend subvention from gok 1596.88 9.815 Seed capital assistance 5553.94 34.12
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6 Other liabilities 278.75 1.717 Sundry liabilities 6085.92 37.398 Margin money assistance 1451.33 8.92
Total 16276.92 100.00
Working Capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
= Rs. 13565.66- Rs. 16276.92
= Rs - 2711.26. lakhs.
Information relating to various current assets and current liabilities included in the year
2002-03
Graph-2
Current Assets-2002-03
3.82
0.06
6.83
6.29
0.02
41.75
2.2920.48
12.77
5.70
Seed capital assistance
Depossits with banks
Susidy bonds sinking fund deposit
Advances to staff
Deposits and other advaces
Other assets
Advances to suppliers
Hire purchase installment due
Assets acquired in satisfaction ofloansDividend deficit account
Graph-2A
Current Liabilities 2002-03
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0.00
37.39
1.71
34.12
9.81
8.01
0.03
8.92
unclaimed dividends
Earnest money deposit
Sundry deposits
dividend subvention from gok
Seed capital assistance
Other liabilities
Sundry liabilities
Margin money assistance
Table-2 inferred that in the composition of overall current assets, seed capital
assistance are the highest (41.47%) wheras the assets acquired in satisfaction of loans are
the least (0.02%).
Table-2A shows that in the composition of overall current liabilities, sundry
liabilities are the highest (37.39%) wheras the earnest money deposits are the least
(0.03%).
3 .Current assets and current liabilities 2003-04, the following information is relating
to different current assets and current liabilities during the year 2003-04 presented in
table-3
Table-3
Current Assets 2003-04 (Rs in lakh)
Sl no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Seed capital assistance 6475.86 50.242 Deposits with banks 1450 11.253 Advances to staff 3459.23 26.844 Deposits and other advances 243.48 1.895 Other assets 11.77 0.096 Advances to suppliers 365 2.837 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 1.23 0.018 Dividend deficit account 773.22 6.009 Amount receivable from gok 109.71 0.85
Total 12889.5 100.00
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Table-3A
Current Liabilities 2003-04
(Rs in lakh)
Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Unclaimed dividends 0.36 0.002 Earnest money deposit 5.36 0.053 Sundry deposits 903.41 8.184 Dividend subvention from gok 1596.88 14.475 Seed capital assistance 6025.92 54.596 Other liabilities 306.4 2.787 Sundry liabilities 843.79 7.648 Margin money assistance 1357.39 12.30
Total 11039.51 100.00
Working Capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
= Rs 12889.50- Rs 11039.51.
= Rs 1849.99 lakhs
Information relating to various current assets and current liabilities included in the year
2003-04
Graph-3
Current Assets 2003-04
1.89
0.09
2.83
0.01
11.25
26.84
6.000.85
50.24
Seed capital assistance
Depossits with banks
Advances to staff
Deposits and other advaces
Other assets
Advances to suppliers
Assets acquired in satisfactionof loansDividend deficit account
Amount receivablr from gok
Graph-3A
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Current liabilities 2003-04
0.00
0.05
8.18
54.59
14.47
12.30
7.64
2.78
unclaimed dividends
Earnest money deposit
Sundry deposits
dividend subvention from gok
Seed capital assistance
Other liabilities
Sundry liabilities
Margin money assistance
Table-3 shows that in the composition of overall current assets, seed capital
assistance are the highest (50.247%) wheras the assets acquired in satisfaction of loans
are the least (0.01%).
Table-3A shows that in the composition of overall current liabilities, seed capital
assistance are the highest (54.59%) wheras the earnest money deposits are the least
(0.05%).
4. Current assets and current liabilities 2004-05, the following information is relating
to different current assets and current liabilities during the year 2004-05 presented in
table-4
Table-4
Current Assets 2004-05 (Rs in lakh)
Sl.No Particulars Amount Percentage1 Seed capital assistance 6835.57 61.542 Deposits with banks 950 8.553 Advances to staff 1114.44 10.034 Deposits and other advances 173.45 1.565 Other assets 11.3 0.106 Advances to suppliers 0.93 0.017 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 20.26 0.188 Dividend deficit account 773.22 6.96
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9 Amount receivable from gok 1228.57 11.06Total 11107.74 100.00
Table-4A
Current liabilities 2004-05
(Rs in lakh)
Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Unclaimed dividends 0.36 0.002 Earnest money deposit 5 0.033 Sundry deposits 7357.52 39.954 Dividend subvention from gok 1596.88 8.675 Seed capital assistance 6778.87 36.816 Other liabilities 149.27 0.817 Sundry liabilities 1243.26 6.758 Margin money assistance 1289.99 7.00
Total 18416.15 100.00
Working Capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
= Rs 11107.74-Rs 18416.15
= Rs -7308.41 lakhs.
Information relating to various current assets and current liabilities included in the year
2004-05
Graph-4
Current assets 2004-05
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0.10
61.548.55
10.03
0.01
1.56
0.18
6.96 11.06
Seed capital assistance
Depossits with banks
Advances to staff
Deposits and otheradvacesOther assets
Advances to suppliers
Assets acquired insatisfaction of loansDividend deficit account
Amount receivablr fromgok
Graph-4A
Current liabilities-2004-05
0.81
6.75 7.00 0.00
36.81
8.67
39.95
0.03 unclaimed dividends
Earnest money deposit
Sundry deposits
dividend subvention from gok
Seed capital assistance
Other liabilities
Sundry liabilities
Margin money assistance
Table-4 reveals that in the composition of overall current assets, seed capital
assistance are the highest (61.54%) wheras the advances to suppliers are the least
(0.01%). Table-4A shows that in the composition of overall current liabilities, sundry
deposits are the highest (39.95%) wheras the earnest money deposits are the least
(0.03%).
5. Current assets and current liabilities 2005-06, the following information is relating
to different current assets and current liabilities during the year 2005-06 presented in
table-5
Table-5
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Current Assets 2005-06 (Rs, in lakh)
Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Seed capital assistance 1820.26 7.922 Deposits with banks 16500 71.833 Advances to staff 3112.65 13.554 Deposits and other advances 243 1.065 Other assets 3.84 0.026 Advances to suppliers 0.93 0.007 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 18.7 0.088 Amount receivable from gok 35.08 0.159 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 988.64 4.3010 Dividend deficit account 247.05 1.08
Total 22970.15 100.00
Table-5A
Current liabilities-2005-06
(Rs, in lakh)
Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Unclaimed dividends 0.36 0.002 Earnest money deposit 5 0.043 Sundry deposits 8336.35 68.674 Dividend subvention from gok 1596.88 13.155 Other liabilities 150.2 1.246 Sundry liabilities 2039.66 16.807 Margin money assistance 11.86 0.10
Total 12140.31 100.00
Working Capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
= Rs 22970.15- Rs 12140.31
= Rs 10829.84 lakhs.
Information relating to various current assets and current liabilities included in the year
2005-06.
Graph-5
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Current Assets-2005-06
71.83
0.02
1.06
7.92
1.084.300.000.08
0.15
13.55
Seed capital assistance
Depossits with banks
Advances to staff
Deposits and other advaces
Other assets
Advances to suppliers
Assets acquired insatisfaction of loansAmount receivable from gok
Assets acquired insatisfaction of loansDividend deficit account
Graph-5A
Current Liabilities-2005-06
0.04
0.10
68.67
13.15
1.24
16.80Earnest money deposit
Sundry deposits
dividend subvention from gok
Other liabilities
Sundry liabilities
Margin money assistance
Table-5, shows that in the composition of overall current assets, deposits with
banks are the highest (71.83%) wheras the other assets are the least (0.02%).
Table-5A shows that in the composition of overall current liabilities, sundry
deposits are the highest (68.67%) wheras the earnest money deposits are the least
(0.03%).
6. Current assets and current liabilities 2006-07: the following information is relating
to different current assets and current liabilities during the year 2006-07 presented in
table-6
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Table-6
Current Assets 2006-07 (Rs, in lakh)
Sl.no Particulars Amount Percentage1 Seed capital assistance 956.56 6.502 Deposits with banks 9435.2 64.143 Advances to staff 2933.87 19.944 Deposits and other advances 287.04 1.955 Other assets 7.85 0.056 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 18.72 0.137 Amount receivable from gok 83.19 0.578 Assets acquired in satisfaction of loans 988.64 6.72
Total 14711.07 100.00
Current Liabilities 2006-07
Sl.No Particulars Amount Percentage1 Unclaimed dividends 0.36 0.012 Earnest money deposit 5 0.083 Sundry deposits 2450.78 38.454 Dividend subvention from gok 1596.88 25.055 Other liabilities 281.05 4.416 Sundry liabilities 2307.64 36.207 Margin money assistance 13.53 0.21
Total 6374.19 100.00
Working Capital = Current assets – Current liabilities
= Rs 14711.07- Rs 6374.19
= Rs 8336.88 lakhs.
Information relating to various current assets and current liabilities included in the year
2006-07.
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Graph-6
Current Assets 2006-07
0.05
1.95
64.14
6.506.720.13
0.57
19.94
Seed capital assistance
Depossits with banks
Advances to staff
Deposits and otheradvacesOther assets
Assets acquired insatisfaction of loansAmount receivable fromgokAssets acquired insatisfaction of loans
Graph-6A
Current Liabilities 2006-07
0.01
0.08
4.4125.05
38.45
0.21
36.20
unclaimed dividends
Earnest money deposit
Sundry deposits
dividend subvention fromgok
Other liabilities
Sundry liabilities
Margin money assistance
Table-6, revels that in the composition of overall current assets, deposits with
banks are the highest (64.14%) wheras the other assets are the least (0.05%).
Table-5A shows that in the composition of overall current liabilities, sundry
deposits are the highest (38.45%) wheras the unclaimed dividend are the least (0.01%).
Section-II
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1. Seed Capital Assistances the information relating to seed capital assistances is
presented in Table-1
Table-1 Seed capital assistances from 2001-02 to 2006-07
(Rs.in lakhs)Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 4649.2 - -2002-03 5663.48 1014.28 21.8162003-04 6475.86 812.38 14.3442004-05 6835.57 359.71 5.5552005-06 1820.26 -5015.31 -73.3712006-07 986.56 -833.7 -45.801
Graph-1
Seed capital assistances from 2001-02 to 2006-07
-45.801
-73.371
5.55514.344
21.816
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
It may be inferred from Table-1 that the seed capital assistance has increased
to 21.81% (2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02 and again it increased by 14.34% (2003-
2004) when compared to figures of 2002-03. Further it increased to 5.55% (2004-05)
over the figures of 2003-04. However they have declined to -73.37% (2005-06) over the
figures of 2005-06 and again it declined to-45.80% (2006-07) if compared with figures of
2005-06. The overall decrease in the total seed capital assistance from others is -78.78%.
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2. Deposits With Bank: The information relating to deposits with bank is presented in
Table-2
Table-2
Deposits with bank (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 1000 - -2002-03 310.01 -689.99 -69.002003-04 1450 1139.99 367.732004-05 950 -500 -34.482005-06 16500 15550 1636.842006-07 9435 -7065 -42.82
Graph-2
Deposits with bank
0.00-42.82
1636.84
-34.48
367.73
-69.00
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
1800.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
It may be found from Table -2 that the deposit with bank has decreased to -69%
(2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02. It increased to 367.73% (2003-04) over the figures
of 2002-03. It has decreased to -34.48% (2004-05) over the figure of 2003-04 and further
it increased to 1636.84% (2005-06) over the figures of 2004-05. Again they declined -
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42.82% (2006-07) if compared with the figures of 2005-06. The overall increase in the
total deposits with bank from others is 943.50%.
3) Subsidy bonds sinking fund deposits: The information relating to subsidy bonds
sinking fund deposits is presented in Table -3
Table-3
Subsidy bonds sinking fund deposits from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 7147.82 - -
2002-03 2728 -4419.82 -61.83
2003-04 0 -2728 -100.00
2004-05 0 0 0
2005-06 0 0 0
2006-07 0 0 0
Graph-3
Subsidy bonds sinking fund deposits from 2001-02 to 2007
0 000
-100.00
-61.83
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
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Table-3 reveals that the subsidy bonds sinking fund deposits have declined to
-61.83% (2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02 and again it declined to -100%
(2003-04) over the figures of 2002-03. The overall increase in the total subsidy bonds
sinking fund deposits from others is 162%.
4. Advance to staff: The information relating to advance to staff is presented in Table -4
Table-4
Advance to staff from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 2878.89 - -
2002-03 1731.9 -1146.99 -39.84
2003-04 3459.23 1727.33 99.74
2004-05 1114.44 -2344.79 -67.78
2005-06 3112.65 1998.21 179.30
2006-07 2933.87 -178.78 -5.74
Graph -4
Advance to staff from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0-5.74
179.3
-67.78
99.74
-39.84
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
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Table: 4 shows that the advance to staff has decreased to -39.48% (2002-03) over
the figures of 2001-02. It increased to 99.74% (2003-04) when compared to the figures of
2002-03 and again it declined to -67.78% (2004-05) over the figures of 2003-04. It
increased to 179.3% (2005-06) over the figures of 2004-05 and again it declined -5.74%
(2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The overall increase in the total advance
to staff from others is 101.90%.
5. Deposits and Other Advance: The information relating to deposits and other
advances is presented in Table -5
Table-5
Deposits and other advances from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 445.38 - -
2002-03 518.7 73.32 16.46
2003-04 242.89 -275.81 -53.17
2004-05 173.45 -69.44 -28.59
2005-06 243 69.55 40.10
2006-07 287.04 44.04 18.12
Graph-5
Deposits and other advances from 2001-02 to 2006-07
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18.12
40.10
-28.59
-53.17
16.46
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
Table -5 reveals that the deposits and other advance have increased to 16.46% (2002-
03) over the figures of 2001-02. It declined to -53.17% (2003-04) over the figures of
2002-03 and again it declined to -28.59% (2004-05) over the figures of 2003-04. Further
it increased to 40.10% (2005-06) if compared to the figures of 2004-05 and again it
increased by 18.12% (2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The overall
decrease in the total deposits and other advances from others is -35.56%.
6. Other Assets: The information relating to other assets is presented in Table -6
Table-6
Other assets from 2001-02 to 2006-07
(Rs.in lakhs)Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 5.73 - -2002-03 7.72 1.99 34.732003-04 11.77 4.05 52.462004-05 11.3 -0.47 -3.992005-06 3.84 -7.46 -66.022006-07 7.85 4.01 104.43
Graph-6
Other assets - from 2001-02 to 2006-07
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104.43
-66.02
-3.99
52.46
34.73
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
Table-6 depicts that the other assets has increased to 34.73% (2002-03) over the
figures of 2001-02 and again it increased to 52.46% (2003-04) over the figures of
2002-03. It declined to -3.99% (2004-05) over the figures of 2003-04 and again it
decreased to -66.02% (2005-06) if compared to the figures of 2004-05 and again it
increased by 104.43% (2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The overall
increase in the total other assets from others is 136.99%.
7. Advance to Suppliers: The information relating to advance to suppliers is presented
in Table-7
Table-7
Advance to suppliers from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 1004.12 - -2002-03 926.74 -77.38 -7.712003-04 365 -561.74 -60.612004-05 0.93 -364.07 -99.752005-06 0.93 0 0.002006-07 0 -0.93 -100.00
Graph-7
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Advances to suppliers from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.00
-100.00-99.75
-60.61
-7.71
-120.00
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
From Table-7, it may be observed that the advance to suppliers has decreased to -
7.71% (2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02 and again it decreased to -60.61% (2003-
04) over the figures of 2002-03. It further declined to -99.75% (2004-05) over the figures
of 2003-04. It increased to -100% (2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The
overall decrease in the total advance to suppliers from others is -99.90%.
8. Hire Purchases Installment Due: The information relating to hire purchases
installment is presented in Table-8
Table –8
Hire purchase installment from 2001-02 to 2006-07
(Rs.in lakhs)Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 779.69 - -2002-03 853.12 73.43 0.092003-04 0 -853.12 -1.002004-05 0 0 0.00
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2005-06 0 0 0.002006-07 0 0 0.00
Graph-8
Hire purchase installment from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.000.000.00
-1.00
0.09
-1.20
-1.00
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
From Table 8, it may be inferred that the hire purchase installment has
increased to 0.09% (2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02.However it declined to -1.00%
(2003-04) over the figures of 2002-03. The overall increase in the total hire purchases
installment due from others is 109.41%.
9. Assets Acquired in Satisfaction of Loan: The information relating to assets acquired
satisfaction of loan is presented in Table-9
Table –9
Assets acquired in satisfaction of loan from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 0 - -
2002-03 2.76 2.76 0
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2003-04 1.23 -1.53 -55.43
2004-05 20.26 19.03 1547.15
2005-06 18.7 -1.56 -7.70
2006-07 18.72 0.02 0.11
Graph-9
Assets acquired in satisfaction of loan from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.11-7.70
1547.15
-55.43
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
1800.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
From Table 9, it may be seeing that the asset acquired in satisfaction of loan has
declined to -55.43 (2003-04) over the figures of 2002-03. However it increased to
1547.15% (2004-05) over the figures of 2003-04. The overall increase in the total assets
acquired in satisfaction of loan from others is 678.26%.
10. Dividend Deficit Account: The information relating to dividend deficit account is
presented in Table -10
Table –10
Dividend Deficit Account from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 624.1 - -2002-03 773.23 149.13 23.90
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2003-04 773.22 -0.01 -0.00132004-05 773.22 0 02005-06 247.05 -526.17 -68.052006-07 0 -247.05 -100.00
Graph-10
Dividend Deficit Account from 2001-02 to 2006-07
-100.00
-68.05
0.000.0023.90
-120.00
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
From Table 10, it may be inferred that the dividend deficit account has increased to
23.90% (2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02. However it declined to -68.05%
(2005-06) over the figures of 2004-05 and again it declined by -100% (2006-07) if
compared with the figures of 2005-06. The overall decrease in the total dividend deficit
account from others is -60.41%.
11. Amount receivable from Gok: The information relating to Account receivable from
gok is presented in Table -11
Table –11
Amount receivable from gok from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
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Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 0 - -
2002-03 0 0 0
2003-04 109.71 0 0
2004-05 1228.57 1118.86 1019.83
2005-06 988.64 -239.93 -19.53
2006-07 988.64 0 0.00
Graph-11
Amount receivable from gok from 2006-07
0.00 0.00
1,019.83
0.00-19.53
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
Table.11 shows that the amount receivable from gok has increased to 1019.83%
(2004-05) over the figures of 2003-04. However it declined to -19.53% (2005-06) over
the figures of 2004-05. The overall increase in the total amount receivable from Gok
from others is 901.13%.
Section-III
1. Earnest money deposits: The information relating to earnest money deposits is
presented in Table -12
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Table –1
Earnest money deposits from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change
2001-02 5.31 - -
2002-03 5.36 0.05 0.94
2003-04 5.36 0 0.00
2004-05 5 -0.36 -6.72
2005-06 5 0 0.00
2006-07 5 0 0.00
Graph-1Earnest money deposits from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.000.00
-6.72
0.00
0.940.00
-8.00
-7.00
-6.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
c
Table-1 reveals that the Earnest money deposits has increased to 0.94%
(2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02. However it declined to -6.72% (2004-05) over the
figures of 2003-04. The overall decrease in the total earnest money deposit from others is
-5.84%.
2: Sundry Deposit: The information relating to sundry deposits is presented in Table -2.
Table –2
Sundry Deposits from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
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Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 1643.44 - -2002-03 1304.38 -339.06 -20.632003-04 903.41 -400.97 -30.742004-05 7357.52 6454.11 714.422005-06 8336.35 978.83 13.302006-07 2450.78 -5885.57 -70.60
Graph–2
Sundry Deposits from 2001-02 to 2006-07
-20.63 -30.74
714.42
-70.6013.30
-200.00
-100.00
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
It may be inferred from Table- 2 that the sundry deposit has decreased to -20.63%
(2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02 and again it declined to -30.74% (2003-04) when
compared to the figures of 2002-03. However, it increased to 714.42% (2004-05) over the
figures of 2003-04 and again it increased to 13.30% (2005-06) over the figures of 2004-
05. Further it decreased by -70.60% (2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The
overall increase in the total sundry deposits from others is 149.12%.
3. Dividend subvention from Gok: The information relating to dividend subvention
from gok is presented in Table -14
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Table –3
Dividend subvention from Gok from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 958.88 - -2002-03 1596.88 638 66.542003-04 1596.88 0 0.002004-05 1596.88 0 0.002005-06 1596.88 0 0.002006-07 1596.88 0 0.00
Graph–3
Dividend subvention from Gok from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.000.000.000.00
66.54
0.000.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
From Table-3 shows that the dividend subvention from gok has increased to 66.54%
(2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02. The overall increase in the total dividend
subvention from gok from others is 166.55%.
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4: Seed Capital Assistance: The information relating to seed capital assistance is
presented in Table -15
Table –4
Seed capital assistance from Gok from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 4672.39 - -2002-03 5563.94 891.55 19.082003-04 6025.92 461.98 8.302004-05 6778.87 752.95 12.502005-06 0 -6778.87 -100.002006-07 0 0
Graph–4
Seed capital assistance from Gok from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.00
-100.00
12.508.3019.08
0.00
-120.00
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
Table- 4 reveals that the capital assistance has increased to 19.08% (2002-03) over
the figures of 2001-02 and again it increased to 8.30% (2003-04) over the figures of
2002-03. It further increased to 12.50% (2004-05) over the figures of 2003-04. However
it declined by -100% (2005-06) if compared to the figures of 2004-05. The overall
increase in the total seed capital assistance from others is 145.08%.
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5. Other Liabilities: The information relating to other liability is presented in Table -16
Table –5
Other liabilities from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 284.52 - -2002-03 278.75 -5.77 -2.032003-04 306.4 27.65 9.922004-05 149.27 -157.13 -51.282005-06 150.2 0.93 0.622006-07 281.05 130.85 87.12
Graph–5
Other liabilities from 2001-02 to 2006-07
87.12
0.62
-51.28
9.92-2.03
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
From Table-5 it may be observed that the other liabilities has decreased to -2.03%
(2002-03) over the figures of 2001-02. However it increased to 9.62% (2003-04) over the
figures of 2002-03. It has decreased to -51.28% (2004-05) over the figure of 2003-04 and
further it increased to 0.62% (2005-06) over the figures of 2004-05 and again it increased
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by 87.12% (2006-07) if compared with the figures of 2005-06. The overall decrease in
the total other liabilities from others is -1.22%.
6. Sundry Liabilities: The information relating to sundry liability is presented in
Table -17
Table –6
Other liabilities from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 9016.35 - -2002-03 6085.95 -2930.4 -32.502003-04 843.79 -5242.16 -86.142004-05 1243.26 399.47 47.342005-06 2039.66 796.4 64.062006-07 2307.64 267.98 13.14
Graph–6
Sundry liabilities from 2001-02 to 2006-07
13.14
64.06
47.34
-86.14
-32.50
-100.00
-80.00
-60.00
-40.00
-20.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
Table: 6 depicts that the sundry liabilities has decreased to -32.50% (2002-03) over
the figures of 2001-02 and again it declined to -86.14% (2003-04) when compared to the
figures of 2002-03. However, it increased to 47.34% (2004-05) over the figures of 2003-
04 and again it increased to 64.06% (2005-06) over the figures of 2004-05. Further it
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increased by 13.14% (2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The overall
decrease in the total sundry liabilities from others is -74.41%.
7. Margin Money Assistance: The information relating to margin money assistance is
presented in Table -7
Table –7
Margin money assistance from 2001-02 to 2006-07 (Rs.in lakhs)
Year Amount Difference % Change2001-02 1586.19 - -2002-03 1451.33 -134.86 -8.502003-04 1357.39 -93.94 -6.472004-05 1289.99 -67.4 -4.972005-06 266.56 -1023.43 -79.342006-07 268.23 1.67 0.63
Table –7
Margin money assistance from 2001-02 to 2006-07
0.63
-79.34
-4.97-6.47-8.500
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
year
percentage
Table: 7 show that the margin money assistance has decreased to -8.50% (2002-03)
over the figures of 2001-02 and again it declined to -6.47% (2003-04) when compared to
the figures of 2002-03 and again it declined to -4.97% (2004-05) over the figures of
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2003-04 and further it decreased to -79.34% (2005-06) over the figures of 2004-05.
Further it increased by 0.63% (2006-07) if compared to the figures of 2005-06. The
overall decrease in the total margin money assistance from others is -83.09%.
CHAPTER-VI
FINDINGS SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
FINDINGS:
The following are the major findings of the present study.
1. During the year 20001-02 the working capital was Rs 316.49 lakhs.
2 During the year 2002-03 the working capital was negative Rs - 2711.26 lakhs.
3 During the year 2003-04 the working capital was Rs 1849.99 lakhs.
4 During the year 2004-05 the working capital was negative Rs -7308.41lakhs.
5 During the year 2005-06 the working capital was Rs.10, 829.84 lakhs.
6 During the year 2006-07 the working capital was Rs 8336.88 lakhs.
7. The overall increase in the working capital during the study period is Rs 8020.44.
(i.e. Rs 8336.88-Rs 316.49)
8. The overall decrease in the total seed capital assistance from others is -78.78%
9. The overall increase in the total deposits with bank from others is 943.50
10. The overall increase in the total subsidy bonds sinking fund deposits from others is
162%.
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11. The overall decrease in the total deposits and other advances from others is -35.56%.
12. The overall decrease in the total deposits and other advances from others is -35.56%.
13. The overall increase in the total other assets from others is 136.997%.
14. The overall decrease in the total advance to suppliers from others is -99.90%.
15. The overall increase in the total hire purchases installment due from others is
109.41%.
16. The overall increase in the total assets acquired in satisfaction of loan from others
is 78.26%
17. The overall decrease in total dividend deficit account from others is -60.41%.
18. The overall increase in the total amount receivable from Gok from others is 901.13%.
19. The overall decrease in the total earnest money deposit from others is -5.84%.
20. The overall increase in the total sundry deposits from others is 149.12%.
21. The overall increase in the total dividend subvention from gok from others is
166.55%.
22. The overall increase in the total seed capital assistance from others is 145.08%.
23. The overall decrease in the total other liabilities from others is -1.22%.
24. The overall decrease in the total sundry liabilities from others is -74.41%.
25. The overall decrease in the total margin money assistance from others is -83.09%.
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SUGGESTIONS
1. The KSFC may go for advertisement of various loan schemes through different
media.
2. It is suggested that the KSFC may offer minimum rate of interest to attract more
borrowers.
3. Better infrastructure facilities along with loans may be offered to SSIs.
4. Easy repayment facilities may be offered to the entrepreneurs and
5. Loan facilities may be extended to backward areas also.
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CONCLUSION
The preceding discussion shows that the working capital has increased about
Rs. 8020.39 lakhs. The deposits have been increasing over the years. KSFC is
required to invest more funds lucrative avenues of investments rather than marinating
huge liquid funds.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Financial Management _ By Maheshwari
2. Financial Management _ By Khan and Jain
3. Human Resource Management _ P. S .Subba Rao
4. Annual Reports on KSFC.
5. Websites
a. www.ksfc.in.
b. www.ksfc..net
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