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Budgeting in Highly Uncertain Times: The Canadian Budget Officer’s Perspective ICGFM Conference May 20, 2009 Kevin Page, Parliamentary Budget Officer

Icgfm Budgeting In Times Of Crisis A Canadian Perspective

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“Budgeting in Times of Crisis: A Canadian Perspectiveon Stimulus Packages”Kevin Page, Parliamentary Budget Officer, Parliament of CanadaMr. Page’s role as Budget Officer is to strengthen the capacity of Parliament to better hold government to account. This is accomplished by increasing transparency in the Government’s fiscal planning framework and improving scrutiny of budgetary estimates. Mr. Page willcover the Canadian budget process, including the role of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, and address the issues and challenges around the Canadian Stimulus Package.

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Page 1: Icgfm Budgeting In Times Of Crisis A Canadian Perspective

Budgeting in Highly Uncertain Times:The Canadian Budget Officer’s Perspective

ICGFM Conference

May 20, 2009

Kevin Page, Parliamentary Budget Officer

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Presentation Outline

• Background on Canada and the PBO 

• PBO Analysis of Canada’s 2009 Budget

• Lessons Learned and Longer‐Term Considerations

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General Background on Canada

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Canada

• Economy: $1.6 Trillion (≈$1.4 USD)

• Population: 33 million

• Geographically‐dispersed country

• Relatively decentralized federation

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Canada’s Federal Government

Westminster‐style Parliamentary democracy:

• Executive branch: establishes priorities, proposes measures and runs programs

• Legislative branch: broad oversight and management of public funds, Parliament’s “power of the purse"

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Typical Canadian Budget Cycle

1. Economic and Fiscal Statemento September/Octobero Sets economic and fiscal stage for public consultations

2. Budget o February/Marcho Presents executive’s fiscal plan to Parliament

3. Appropriations Processo Main Estimates (February) + Supplementary Estimates 

(in‐year)o Departmental reporting documents: (RPPs; DPRs)

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General Background on Canada’s Budget Office

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Context for Creating the PBO

• Large, recurrent, unplanned budget surpluses

• High profile cost over‐runs on major capital projects

• Public demand for increased transparency and accountability 

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Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO)

Created: March 2008

Mandate: Independent analysis to Parliament on:

• Canadian economy• Federal budget issues: 

• Nation's finances• Government estimates• Financial costing

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Some Challenges Facing the PBO

• Limited resources to fulfill a broad mandate

• Information asymmetry between the Government and Parliament

• Providing scrutiny and challenge while being perceived as non‐partisan

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PBO’s Operating Principles

I. IndependenceAdvice must be independent, objective and non‐partisan

II.  Open Publishing ModelFully disclose analysis to Parliamentarians and public

III. CollaborationExternal experts peer‐review major reports

IV. Priority‐SettingResearch plan reflects priorities of parliamentarians and committees, focusing on risk and material issues

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Context for Canada’s Stimulus Budget

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Budget Context

• Sept 2008: Major global financial shock amplifies existing weakness in Canadian economy

• Limited scope for further conventional monetary stimulus puts onus on discretionary fiscal policy

• Political situation: Nov 2008 economic statement; Dec 2008 prorogation

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‐2

‐1

0

1

2

3

4

 April 2008 November 2008 January 2009

IMF 2009 Real GDP Growth Forecastsper cent

Weakened external environment: Significant downgrading of global economic forecasts

World* U.S.

Source: IMF* Based on purchasing‐power‐parity weights

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6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2002 ‐Jan

2003 ‐Jan

2004 ‐Jan

2005 ‐Jan

2006 ‐Jan

2007 ‐Jan

2008 ‐Jan

2009‐Jan

Impacts: Stock market reversal; commodity price correction (and therefore Canadian dollar depreciation)

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

2002 ‐Jan

2003 ‐Jan

2004 ‐Jan

2005 ‐Jan

2006 ‐Jan

2007 ‐Jan

2008 ‐Jan

2009‐Jan

60

70

80

90

100

110

Bank of Canada CommodityPrice Index (left axis)

Source: Haver Analytics

Commodity Prices & CAN-U.S. Exchange Rate

cents U.S.1975 = 100 1982‐92 = 100

CAN‐U.S. exchange rate          (right axis)

S&P/TSX Composite Index

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0

1

2

3

4

5

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Percent

*Note: Real Gross Domestic Income (GDI) = Nominal GDP deflated by the final domestic demand price indexSource: Statistics Canada and PBO calculations

Commodity price strength supported Canadians’purchasing power on the way up…

Annual Growth of Real GDP and Real GDI

Real GDPReal GDI*

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‐20

‐15

‐10

‐5

0

5

10

2008Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2009Q1 2009Q2

Percent

Source: Statistics Canada and PBO calculations and monitoring

… suggesting recent commodity price drop will hit Canadians’ purchasing power particularly hard

PBO monitoringHistory

Quarterly Growth of Real GDP and Real GDI

Real GDIReal GDP

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‐250

‐200

‐150

‐100

‐50

0

50

100

150

200

2002‐Q1 2003‐Q1 2004‐Q1 2005‐Q1 2006‐Q1 2007‐Q1 2008‐Q1 2009‐Q1

Quarterly Change in EmploymentThousands

Source: Statistics Canada’s Labour Force Survey and PBO monitoring

Employment began falling sharply in November 2008

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65

75

85

95

105

2002

Q120

03Q1

2004

Q120

05Q1

2006

Q120

07Q1

2008

Q120

09Q1

Increased uncertainty, declining wealth and income prospects have shaken confidence

65

75

85

95

105

2002

Q120

03Q1

2004

Q120

05Q1

2006

Q120

07Q1

2008

Q120

09Q1

Source: The Conference Board of Canada

Consumer Confidence

index, 2002 = 100 index, 2002 = 100

Business Confidence

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‐1

0

1

2

3

Canadian 2009 Real GDP Growth Forecastsper cent

These developments significantly weakened Canada’s economic outlook

Budget 2008Feb 2008

2008 Economic and Fiscal StatementNov 2008

Budget 2009Jan 2009

Source: Department of Finance Canada

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PBO Federal Budget 2009 Analysis

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Budget 2009 – Canada’s Economic Action Plan

• Designed largely as economic stimulus • Worth $39.9 billion over 2009‐2010 (2.5% of GDP)

• Estimated impacts: raise real GDP by 1.9%;create/maintain 189,000 jobs by end of 2010

• Guiding principles: timely, targeted, and temporary

• Plan to return to budget surplus in 2013‐14

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PBO  of Budget 2009  Analysis

• Fiscal planning assumptions

• Measuring the size of the stimulus

• Assessing measures relative to principles

• Clarifying the current fiscal targets

• Monitoring budget implementation

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‐35

‐30

‐25

‐20

‐15

‐10

‐5

0

5

10

2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Budgetary Balance$ billions

Source: Budget 2009

Budget 2009 status quo

Budget 2009 projected temporary deficits with a return to surplus by the end of the forecast horizon

+0.2

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‐35

‐30

‐25

‐20

‐15

‐10

‐5

0

5

10

2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Budgetary Balance$ billions

Source: Budget 2009, Office of the PBO

Budget 2009 status quo

Budget 2009 projected temporary deficits with a return to surplus by the end of the forecast horizon

+0.2 PBO January 2009 status quo

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‐35

‐30

‐25

‐20

‐15

‐10

‐5

0

5

10

2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Budgetary Balance$ billions

Source: Budget 2009, Office of the PBO

Budget 2009 status quo Budget 2009

Budget 2009 projected temporary deficits with a return to surplus by the end of the forecast horizon

+0.2 PBO January 2009 status quo

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‐10

‐8

‐6‐4

‐2

0

2

4

68

10

12

2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Status Quo Revenue Comparison (Budget 2009 minus PBO)$ billions

Source: Budget 2009, Office of the PBO

Despite similar nominal GDP outlooks, Budget 2009 had much higher revenues than PBO in the outer years

Total revenues

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28

0

10

20

30

40

50

Budget 2009 'Gross' 'Net' Stimulus 'Net' excl. contingent

Estimates of Federal Fiscal Stimulus 2009‐10 to 2010‐11$ billions

Source: Budget 2009, Office of the PBO

Budget 2009 estimate of the size of the federal stimulus may be overstated 

39.9 31.8 21.9Spending reductionsand EI rate increase

Spending reductionsand EI rate increase

Contingent on othergovt spending

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Stimulus – Budget 2009 Guiding Principles

Targeted“To Canadian businesses and families most in need to  trigger largest increase in Canadian jobs and output”

Timely“Begin within the next 120 days”

Temporary“Should be phased out when economy recovers to avoid long‐term structural deficits”

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30

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

CIT measures(0.3)

EI premiums(0.6)

PIT measures(1.0)

Otherspending (1.4)

Housinginvestment

(1.5)

Infrastructure(1.6)

Measures forlow‐income

(1.7)

Federal Measures (2009 to 2010) by Multiplier Impact$ billions

Source: Budget 2009*Budget 2009 estimated multipliers shown in parentheses 

Targeted: Based on Government estimates, federal measures appear targeted to increase output 

Increasing Multipliers

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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12

Infrastructure Canada Planned and Actual Spending$ billions

Source: Public Accounts of Canada and Infrastructure Canada’s 2009‐10 Report on Plans and Priorities

Timely: Infrastructure is the largest stimulus component, but recent track record may raise concerns

Actual Planned

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0

5

10

15

20

2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Fiscal Cost of Budget 2009 Measures$ billions

Source: Budget 2009, Office of the PBO

Temporary: Measures are planned to be largely temporary with $5 billion in ongoing measures beyond 2010‐11

Revenue measures

Spending measures

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‐40

‐30

‐20

‐10

0

10

2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Budget Balance Projections$ billions

Source: Budget 2009 and Office of the PBO

However, structural budget deficits could result if: 1) some temporary measures become permanent…

Budget 2009 budgetary balancePBO structural balance estimate

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‐6

‐4

‐2

0

2

4

6

8

10

2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Structural Budget Balance Estimates $ billions

Source: Office of the PBO

…and/or 2) if potential output growth slows thereby restraining revenues

PBO structural balance estimate (1.9% potential growth)

PBO structural balance estimate (2.4% potential growth)

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25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

2006‐07 2007‐08 2008‐09 2009‐10 2010‐11 2011‐12 2012‐13 2013‐14

Federal Debt‐to‐GDP Ratio and 25% Target by 2011‐12per cent

Budget 2009status quo

Budget 2009

Source: Budget 2009

Budget was unclear on the current status of some previously‐stated fiscal targets

Budget 2008 objective: 25% by 2011‐12

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Managing Stimulus Measures

Issue: Reconciling political pressures for speed with due diligence and oversight

ConsiderationsGovernment has eliminated some controls (e.g.environmental assessment); and 

Streamlined internal approval processes. 

An objective, risk‐based management approach is required

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Oversight of Budget Stimulus

Government is providing quarterly budget reports

Before this first report, the PBO suggested key elements to assist Parliamentary oversight and track budget implementation

Parliament requires: accurate, timely, and easily understood information on recent economic and fiscal developments and the implementation and effectiveness of budget measures

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PBO’s Oversight Framework

Inputs

Processes

Outputs

Outcomes

Which programs, how much funding allocated?

What are the key legislative requirements, delivery mechanisms and risks?

What results will be achieved through federal efforts?

How will these help Canadians affected by the recession and stimulate the economy? 

38

Page 39: Icgfm Budgeting In Times Of Crisis A Canadian Perspective

Budget Progress Reports

Government’s first report in March 2009 focused on spending authorizations (inputs)

• Limited information on: expected outputs; outcomes; implementation benchmarks;or Canadian economy

Future reports may allow for real‐time assessment of program implementation and results vs. objectives

39

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Revised Outlook and                 Prospects for Recovery

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Revised Outlook and Recovery

• As a small open economy and commodity exporter, Canada’s recovery depends crucially on global economic and financial developments

• Global and domestic monetary and fiscal policy actions will help

• Downgraded economic outlook since Budget 2009 exceeds expected positive incremental fiscal stimulus impacts

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96

98

100

102

104

106

2008 ‐Q4

2009 ‐Q1

2009 ‐Q2

2009 ‐Q3

2009 ‐Q4

2010 ‐Q1

2010 ‐Q2

2010 ‐Q3

2010 ‐Q4

Near‐term weakness in real GDP offsets the expected increase from Budget 2009 stimulus

Budget 2009 Stimulus – Real GDP Impactindex, Budget 2009 2008Q4 = 100

Source: Office of the PBO* total stimulus plan (i.e., with leverage) 

Budget 2009 baseline     real GDP before stimulus

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96

98

100

102

104

106

2008 ‐Q4

2009 ‐Q1

2009 ‐Q2

2009 ‐Q3

2009 ‐Q4

2010 ‐Q1

2010 ‐Q2

2010 ‐Q3

2010 ‐Q4

Near‐term weakness in real GDP offsets the expected increase from Budget 2009 stimulus

Budget 2009 Stimulus – Real GDP Impactindex, Budget 2009 2008Q4 = 100

Source: Office of the PBO* total stimulus plan (i.e., with leverage) 

2010Q4:+1.9%

Budget 2009 real GDP with stimulus*

Budget 2009 baseline   real GDP before stimulus

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96

98

100

102

104

106

2008 ‐Q4

2009 ‐Q1

2009 ‐Q2

2009 ‐Q3

2009 ‐Q4

2010 ‐Q1

2010 ‐Q2

2010 ‐Q3

2010 ‐Q4

Near‐term weakness in real GDP offsets the expected increase from Budget 2009 stimulus

Budget 2009 Stimulus – Real GDP Impactindex, Budget 2009 2008Q4 = 100

Source: Office of the PBO* total stimulus plan (i.e., with leverage) 

2010Q4:+1.9%

2008Q4 actual and  PBO 2009Q1 estimate

Budget 2009 real GDP with stimulus*

Budget 2009 baseline   real GDP before stimulus

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16,800

16,975

17,150

17,325

17,500

2008 ‐Q4

2009 ‐Q1

2009 ‐Q2

2009 ‐Q3

2009 ‐Q4

2010 ‐Q1

2010 ‐Q2

2010 ‐Q3

2010 ‐Q4

Job losses to‐date more than offset the expected employment impacts from Budget 2009

Budget 2009 Stimulus – Employment Impactthousands

Source: Office of the PBO* total stimulus plan (i.e., with leverage) 

2010Q4:+189K

239,500 net job losses in the first quarter of the year

Budget 2009 employment levels with stimulus*

Budget 2009 employment prior to stimulus

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Longer‐Term Considerations and Conclusions

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Post‐recovery issues

Economic

• Will there be longer‐term impacts on Canada’s potential output growth? 

Policy Considerations

• What are the fiscal targets and objectives going forward? 

• What are the fiscal and monetary policy exit strategies?

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1.  Global financial crisis underscores importanceof transparency in financial reporting anddecision‐making

General Lessons and Opportunities from the Crisis

2.  Increased scrutiny provides opportunity toimprove budget oversight and reporting toParliament for Budget 2009 and beyond

3.  Manage near‐term expectations, with focus toaddress long‐term policy challenges andpreserve policy credibility

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Longer‐Term Policy Challenges

• Population ageing

• Climate change

• Productivity and structural adjustments

• Regional and household income disparities

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2. The PBO’s existence and operating model challenge a well‐established system (similar initial experiences shared by other offices, e.g. CBO)

PBO Lessons Learned

3. Openness, transparency and independence are crucial for the PBO to operate effectively 

1. Parliament and other stakeholders have a strong desire for additional economic and fiscal analytical capacity.

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Contact us

Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer50 O’Connor StreetOttawa, Canada  K1A 0A9+1 613 992 8026 telpbo‐[email protected]/pbo‐dpb