Global Civil Society accepted as problematic - no global state GSMs and GSOs are sub-nation state in the global space global civil society needed for : neo-Gramscians for counter hegemony moralists and constructivists for global norm

change and development global governance - instruments of policy

Actors in multi-national /global civil society space

• corporations and and banks in industrial and service sectorspolitics of sectors – sectoral regime

• social movements and global civil society

• global ngo federations

• networks global cyber-space

Research Project: Global Politics J. Harrod- UvA (8,6/3)

IMF and the Africanisation of Southern Europe Jeffrey Harrod December 2011

Westphalia nation state system League of Nations United Nations

• world government and its opposition - functional theory of peace by pieces (Mitrany and functionalism) integration and cooperation and spill over

• International Organisation = first attempt at global government (

• government without sovereign authority

15/1Global Governance 1: Inter-state Cooperation

15/2Organogram for Intended World Government

Global Governance 2 Governance by Global Private Authority

• The ideal definition

“Governance is the sum of many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and co-operative action taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest”UN Commission on Global Governance

• a realist definition

“a process at the global level through which diverse interests are accommodated or subsumed thorough the actions of powerful non-state actors”J.Harrod 2010• most important non-state actors = multinational corporations and banks

• organisations of the global civil society – counter-hegemonic ? .

15/5

Diagram: Multinational and International Economic Organisations

IMF who Controls? Nominal

Percent Vote

USA 16.7

Japan 6.24

Germany 5.8

France 4.29

UK 4

China 3.81

Saudi Arabia 2.80

Russia 2.39

Total Single countries 8

46.03

ROW 180 countries 16 groups 53.97

IMF Executive Board (meets weekly) 2011

IMF who Controls? Real?

“Our future could be one in which continued tumult feeds the financial system, and we talk more and more about exactly how our oligarchs became bandits and how the economy just can’t get into gear”

Former Chief Economist IMF, Simon Johnson in “the Quiet Coup” Atlantic May 2009

It was further found that the United States intervened in both the 1987 and 1991 agreements by usurping staff recommendations and undermining negotiations toensure that these two agreements were lenient. The United States intervenedin the 1987 and 1991 negotiations to preserve the political stability of thepro-Western Egyptian regime during a particularly turbulent time.

Bessma Momani American politicization of the International Monetary FundReview of International Political Economy 11:5 December 2004: 880–904

IMF and Debt Collecting

IMF 1 - assistance with balance of payments difficulties 1944 - 1980

IMF 2 = global debt collector from “third world” 1980 -2011

IMF 3 = 2011?? Global debt collector Southern Europe

* IMF becomes partner in supervising the economies of Greece Italy Spain and Ireland

* IMF to receive $200 billion loan from North Europe for the same purpose

Structural adjustment programmes,

“Stabilize, liberalize, privatize”

Organise the economies for the maximum ability to repay the debt.

Economic model – Anglo-American neo liberal

By 1996 76 countries had undergone IMF Structural Adjustment Programmes

The Medium to Long term Political response

In Latin America – the emergence of left populism and the reduction of external influence

In Asia – the emergence of authoritarian developmentalist states and resistance to external influence

In Africa – civil war,continued patronage states and increased external influence

Political Outcomes Structural Adjustment

Country Per Capita External Debt To nearest $ 1000

Percent of GDP

UK 144

400

Germany 57 142

France 74 182

Ireland 519 1,165

Italy 36 108

Spain 47 154

Greece 47 174

External Debt Selected European Countriesthe total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies, goods, or services

QUO VADIS Southern Europe

• left populism?

• miltary/authoritarian?

• patronage?

• if the latter after heavy structural adjustments (assets to mnc’s, continued dependence of foreign banks)

• then the Africanisation of Southern Europe

“Remember the statement of President Eisenhower in the 1950s – he said:-‘we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the industrial-military complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes.’ This never happened. But are we now not in the presence of a global financial power which threatens the power of representative governments?I am convinced that we are.” Felipe Gonzalez

The Last Word

Felipe Gonzalez, ex prime minister of Spain 1982-1996 speaking in an interview April 2010 as reported in El Pais, Madrid 10, May 2010.

“And unlike the great power conflicts and clear lines of division that defined the 20th century, our effort will involve disorderly regions, failed states, diffuse enemies.” Barak Obama

Remarks by the President Obama in Address to the Nation on the “Way Forward in Afghanistan and Pakistan” Eisenhower Hall Theatre, United States Military Academy at West Point, 1, December 2009 ( Whitehouse website)

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