EMPLOYMENT

Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract , one being the employer  and the other being the employee.

Employment is an agreement between an employer and an employee that the employee will provide certain services on the job, and in the employer's designated workplace, to facilitate the accomplishment of the employer organization’s goals, in return for compensation.

Employment can be expressed in number of people working or in total working hours. A mixed measure is the number of hours divided by standard working hours to give a full-time equivalence to jobs.

Employment can be called as a platform where employers provide some tasks to employments.

1) FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT Full-time employment is employment in which a 

person works a minimum number of hours defined as such by his/her employer. Full-time employment often comes with benefits that are not typically offered to part-time, temporary, or flexible workers, such as annual leave, sick leave, and health insurance. Full-time jobs are often considered careers. They generally pay more than part-time jobs, and usually carry more hours per week.

2) PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT

Part-time employees usually work on a regular ongoing basis. They are paid on a pro rata basis. They are entitled to the following:

• annual, personal, sick leave and carer's leave;• to be paid for public holidays falling on days on

which they would otherwise be working; and• long service leave and bereavement leave.

3) CASUAL EMPLOYMENT Casual employees are employed on an irregular basis as needed.

They can work as many hours as agreed (between the employer and the employee). They:

have no expectation of ongoing employment; are free to refuse offers of work; are paid a loading (a minimum of 20 per cent, but some awards

provide for a higher loading), but no personal or sick leave or annual leave entitlement;

are entitled to unpaid bereavement leave; and are entitled to long service leave

4) FIXED-TERM OR CONTRACT Fixed term or contract employees are hired for

a fixed period of time, for example, for a specific project, or to replace an employee on sick leave or parental leave.

You should provide the employee with an agreement in writing that sets out the length of the employment contract. Fixed term employees are entitled to the same annual, personal and other leave entitlements as full-time employees, but on a proportional basis for the period of their employment.

IMPORTANT FACTORS Employment to all those who are willing to

work. Free registration with a job guarantee within

15 days of application At least 1/3rd of the employees must be women Fixed minimum wage rate and no upper limit Weekly disbursement of wages and delays not

beyond a fortnight.

CASESTUDY

Cairn India   has sacked around 250 employees to keep costs in check as falling crude oil prices hurts its bottom-line, reports CNBC-TV18’s Sajeet Manghat, quoting sources. “The past few months have brought significant changes in the global oil & gas space. The reductions in crude oil prices have deleteriously impacted the sector, globally,” the company said in a statement. “While we continue to focus on our key projects to deliver on our commitment, we are simultaneously working on resource optimization to drive efficiencies for value generation, in the current environment,” the statement said without specifying the number of employees laid off.

CURRENT EMPLOYMENT SITUATION

India's official unemployment rate in 2014 was 3.8%. The proportion of poor amongst those employed is

very high. Only 8% of total employment is in the organized

sector. Total employment across sector is just 60%

(organized sector) There is a steep decline in the female employment

workforce of about 30% About 40 per cent of the self-employed in rural areas

felt that their income of less than Rs 1,500 per month

EMPLOYMENT IN USAEMPLOYMENT IN USAEmployers added a better-than-expected

2,57,000 jobs in January as the resurgent labor market began 2015 on a positive note.

The unemployment rate, which is calculated from a separate survey of households, rose to 5.7% from 5.6%, the Labor Department said Friday. That's mainly because an additional 703,000

•Americans, including previously discouraged workers, surged back into the labor force to look for work or take jobs.•Economists surveyed by Bloomberg expected employment gains of 2,30,000, according to their median forecast.

IN USA

Employment Generation Programme

Year of Beginning Objective/Description

National Rural Employment Program (NREP)

1980 To provide profitable employment opportunities to the rural poor.

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana 1989 For providing employment to rural unemployed.

Swarnajayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

1997

To provide gainful employment to urban unemployed and under employed poor through self employment or wage employment.

Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SYGSY)

1999

For eliminating rural poverty and unemployment and promoting self employment.

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana

2001

To provide wage employment and food security in rural areas and also to create durable economic ans social assets.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

2006 To provide atleast 100 days wage employment in rural areas.

Food for Work Programme 2001

To give food thrugh wage employment in the drought affected areas in eight states. Wages are paid by the state governments partly in cash and partly in foodgrains.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

2005

To create a right based framework for wage employment programmes and makes the government legally bound to provide employment to those who seek it.

Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

2008

To generate employment opportunities in rural as well as urban areas through setting up of new self-employment ventures/projects/micro enterprises.

MGNREGA• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a flagship programme of Government of India. The Act was notified initially in 200 most backward districts of the country w.e.f. February 02, 2006 and subsequently extended all over India in two phases. The programme aims at enhancing livelihood security of the rural poor by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act seeks to create durable assets and strengthen the livelihood resource base of the rural poor.

• UPA’s flagship programme, Mahatma Gandhi National Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), is set to see some changes under the ruling NDA government.• The Union Ministry of Rural

Development (MoRD) has decided to focus on social audit and create durable assets at block and district levels under the programme.

• MORD has also decided to change the Act to accommodate creation of more durable assets at the block and district levels. Currently, most of the MGNREGA fund is allocated for spending at the gram panchayat level and some at the block level. “Now the ministry has decided to spend more funds at the block and district levels by pooling funds from the panchayats. The funds will be used to create durable assets by line departments like the forest department, agriculture department and water resource department,” says the official.

OBJECTIVES

• Unemployment–Enhancement of livelihood security of

households–Arrest rural migration

• Sustained Development–Create rural assets –Create livelihood

Sector-wise distribution of Labour Force of China and India (% of labour force)

Implementation and Implementation and Effectiveness of MGNREGAEffectiveness of MGNREGA144 Crore person-days of employment34 household benefittedImproved – ‘employment per rural

household’ , share of women in workforce, expenditure per district, share of wages in total expenditure

Decreased % of ST’s benefitting from NREGA

Improved utilization of funds from 73% to 80%