Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)

Report on Income Earning

Gap between Men and

Women (2006 – 2012)

By: Monika E. Sosnowska

February 1, 2013

INCOME EARNING GAP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN (2006-2012) 2

February 15, 2013 Monika E. Sosnowska

Overview

The research conducted for this report

consisted of most recent Statistics Canada

publications, Statistics Canada CANSIM

database tables, peer-review sources and

newspaper articles. All of the sources were

obtained electronically; the majority located

through Statistics Canada webpage or through

the SFU Library (online). All consulted sources

are listed in the reference list, whereas the

sources that were employed to support the

findings are referred to and cited throughout the

report. Appendices referred to in the body of the

report follow the reference list and are positioned

according to the citation order in the text for easy

reference.

Introduction

The objective of this report is to provide

the reader with an improved understanding of the

earning gap between men and women in Canada.

The research draws on numerous sources,

including Statistics Canada publications,

CANSIM database, peer-reviewed and

newspaper articles and critically analyzes income

trends observed over the last six years. The

analysis should demonstrate either narrowed or

expanded gender wage gap and consider the

correlation between numerous variables

including education, family characteristics and

labour choices. This preliminary report will

allow readers to better comprehend the trends

observed over the last few years and encourage

further critical analysis of social trends in

Canada.

Research Question

The earning gap between men and

women is a well-known topic amongst

Canadians, who often establish their own

conclusion without critically analyzing the

existing statistical data, thus having a biased

outlook on the topic at hand. It’s a well-known

fact that over many generations in the 20th

century, on average, a woman earned

substantially less than a man, in part due to the

social structure of the Canadian society.

However, is the income gap still evident in the

twenty-first century? Furthermore, do variables

such as education, labour choices and family

responsibilities correlate in any way to the

differences in earnings between the sexes? This

report will critically analyze the existing

scientific data in order to provide an answer to

these two questions.

Discussion of Major Statistics Canada

Publications

Statistics Canada publications were an

important component in comprehension and

support of the statistics found in the CANSIM

database and Summary Tables referred to

throughout the text. Although a number of

publications contributed to an overall

understanding of the topic, not all were

employed. Job-education match and mismatch:

Wage differential, by Jennifer Yuen, for

instance, supported the information found in

other newer Statistics Canada publications, thus

wasn’t referred to in the body of the report.

The three publications referred to, closely

supported and simplified the statistical

information. Why has the gender wage gap

narrowed? by Marie Drolet provided a depth of

information that closely related to this report and

was a significant contributor and supporter of the

tables found in the appendices. Drolet discussed

the growth of women’s wages, education and age

contributors and possible factors behind the final

outcomes. Xuelin Zhang’s Earnings of women

with and without children utilized statistical



information to prove that women with children

earn substantially less, especially women who

have three or more children. The report

simplified the CANSIM data by utilizing charts

and providing a simplified breakdown of the

numbers. Unionization by Sharanjit Uppal,

although not directly related to gender gap

discussion, did examine recent union

membership trends of men and women,

consequently providing a positive correlation

between job choices and income for both men

and women. Collectively, these publications

provided a larger comprehension of the statistics

and the topic itself and thus, significantly

simplified the data that was generated from

Statistics Canada website.

Findings

According to Cool (2008), in 2008

women employed full-year full-time (FYFT) on

average earned 71% of their male counterparts

income. Appendix A Table 1 shows a further 2.5

percentage point decrease in gender income gap

between 2008 and 2010. Actually, between 2001

and 2010 men experienced a slower wage

increase compared to women (Fortin et al.,

2012). Figures show that during that time the

average wage for women increased by 12.4 per

cent whereas it increased a modest 2.65 per cent

for men (see Appendix A Table 2). The data in

Table 2 indicates that the gender wage gap is

gradually decreasing. Appendix A Table 3

demonstrates the trends in income generation for

both sexes between 2006 and 2010. Women and

men were similarly represented in incomes

below $59,999, and while men outnumbered

women in the $60,000 and above income

bracket, between 2008 and 2010 the

representation of women in higher incomes

increased by half a percentage point whereas the

representation of men decreased. Recently, the

percentage of women in the lower income

brackets declined whilst the percentage of men

earning above $35,000 declined (Appendix A

Table 3).

An indicator that women are earning

more is their increased representation among the

top 1 percent of tax filers in Canada. According

to Beltrame (2013), 21 per cent of women were

among the wealthiest, an increase of 10

percentage points between 1982 and 2010. More

recently, women saw an increase in

representation from 20.3 to 20.9 per cent

between 2008 and 2010. In contrast, the

percentage of men decreased from 79.7 to 79.1

(see Appendix A Table 5)

In regards to labour characteristics,

overall participation in labour force slightly

declined between 2008 and 2010. Male

participation declined by 3.9 percentage points

whereas women saw a decline of 2.9 percentage

points (Appendix B Table 1). A closer

comparison between Appendix B Table 1 and

Table 2, which refer to same variables but in

different years, shows that labour force

participation declined 2.5 percentage points for

men and 1.9 percentage points for women

between 2010 and 2012. Women’s participation

in FYFT careers has seen a steady increase

between 2006 and 2010. As seen in Appendix B

Table 3, in 2006, men outnumbered women by

1,475,000 in the FYFT category but years 2006

to 2010 showed a decrease of 310,000 male

participants and an increase of 117,000 in

women participants. By 2010 men outnumbered

women by 1,057,000, a decrease of about 28.3

per cent from the 2006 figures. Furthermore, the

estimated amount of FYFT workers decreased

both for men and women between 2008 and

2009, which could reflect the loss of jobs during

the economic downturn of 2008, but the number

of women working FYFT has since recovered,



the opposite is true for men (Appendix B Table

3).

According to Cool (2008), in 2008 36.5

per cent of women, compared to 24.1 per cent of

men completed university education. Appendix

C Table 1 demonstrates that when equally

educated, men are more likely than women to be

employed; however the gap narrows with the

attainment of education. When comparing

education with employment between men and

women ages 25 to 44, the group who completed

some secondary education saw a significant

difference in employment numbers. In that

group, three-quarters of men were employed, in

comparison to just over a half of women. Men

and women in the same age group who

completed high school were slightly closer in

employment numbers, with 84.5 per cent of men

and 68.6 per cent of women employed. With

those who completed post-secondary

certification, diploma or bachelor’s degree the

employment gap was in single digits and finally,

was very minimal between men and women who

attained higher university education. Therefore

as women continue to pursue university

education, they are more likely to be employed at

a similar rate to men. Furthermore, education

attainment studies indicate that the gender

income gap also narrows with educated

individuals (Cool, 2008). This trend is observed

in Appendix C Table 2 which illustrates that as

women become more educated, the income gap

between men and women decreases. Because

women in 2008 continued to outnumber men in

pursue of education (Drolet, 2011), if the higher

education can be positively correlated to higher

income and if the trend of more women than men

attaining higher education, then gender

employment and income gap may decline further

over the upcoming decades.

Career choices may contribute to the

narrowing gender gap. Conventionally, women

were more likely to earn an income in lower-

paying retail or administrative jobs (Cool, 2008)

than higher-paying manufacturing and

construction sectors chosen by men (Drolet,

2011). This trend started to change as women are

increasingly seeking higher-paying careers in

education and health (Drolet, 2011). Appendix D

Table 1 breaks down the employment by sector

for men and women, and shows that in 2012,

women had a higher representation in service-

producing sectors such as educational services,

health care and social assistance, whereas men

largely outnumbered women in goods producing

sector, especially in construction and

manufacturing. Cool (2008) declares that

unionized workers on average earn more than

other non-unionized employees. Many of the

sectors that predominantly employ women are

unionized, including education and health and

thus, women’s average salaries may increase. In

contrast, according to Cool (2008), Canada

recently saw a reduction of unionized jobs in

manufacturing. According to Uppal (2011), in

2010 more women than men were in unionized

jobs, 30.8 and 28.2 per cent respectively.

Between 2000 and 2008, unionization rates

continued to fall for men but remained steady for

women. Thus, the prominence of women in

unionized jobs could be positively correlated

with lessening the earning gap between men and

women.

According to Zhang (2009), mothers with

three or more children make 20 per cent less than

childless women. Many mothers continue to

balance their work and home life and pursue jobs

that permit them more flexibility (Cool, 2008).

Appendix E Table 1 shows that women were, in

fact, more likely than men to work part-time in

order to care for children. Of all part-time



working women, 34.1 per cent stated that the

reason for their lower working hours is due to

child rearing responsibilities. Only 2.1 per cent

of men assert the same. According to Toronto-

Dominion Bank, the differences in income

between men and women is largely tied to

motherhood (Grant, 2010). The fact that many

women limit their working hours to take care of

children would contribute to the overall gender

income gap as men are more likely to work full-

time than women and thus earn larger incomes.

Conclusion

The statistical research conducted found

that the gender income gap in Canada continued

to decrease between 2006 and 2012. Several

Statistics Canada tables were employed to

comprehend the correlations associated with this

trend. It can be stated that women’s education

positively correlated with lowering wage gap, as

does a choice of career, especially if the

workplace is represented by a union. Family

characteristics correlate negatively with income

and wage gap between men and women,

especially larger families with three or more

children. The negative correlation in this case

could be attributed to the number of hours a

woman spends at work as mothers are more

likely than fathers to work part-time. Overall,

over the last few years, women saw a significant

decrease in the gender wage gap.



References

Beltrame, J. (2013, January 28). Canada’s richest 1% rake in one-tenth of country’s income. CTV News.

Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/despite-recession-canada-s-rich-still-far-ahead-

of-the-99-per-cent-statscan-1.1132337

Canada’s richest 1% getting richer. (2013, January 28). CBC News. Retrieved from

http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2013/01/28/business-tax-high-income.html

Cool J. (2008, October 24). Wage Gap Between Women and Men. Library of Parliament. Parliamentary

Information and Research Service. PRB 08-05E. Retrieved from

http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2010-30-e.pdfhtm

Drolet, Marie. (2011). Why has the gender wage gap narrowed. Perspectives on Labour and Income. Vol.

23, no. 1. Spring. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Retrieved from

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/pdf/11394-eng.pdf

Fang, T., Heywood, J. S. (2010, March 1). Immigration, Ethnic Wage Differentials and Output Pay in

Canada. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48: 109–130. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-

8543.2009.00740.x. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-

8543.2009.00740.x/pdf

Fortin, N.M., Green, D.A., Lemieux, T., Milligan, K., and Riddell, W.C. (2012, May). Canadian

inequality: Recent developments and policy options. Canadian Public Policy, 8, 121-145.

doi:10.3138/cpp.38.2.121. Retrieved from http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content

/pw6v54766127788l/fulltext.pdf

Frenette, M., Coulombe, S. (2007, June). Has Higher Education among Young Women Substantially

Reduced the Gender Gap in Employment and Earnings?. Statistics Canada Catalogue no.

11F0019MIE, no. 301. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m200

7301-eng.pdf

Grant, T. (2010, October 12). Canada lags in gender gap ranking. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from

http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/canada-lags-in-gender-gap-

ranking/article1214786/

Grant, T. (2012, October 25). Canada slips in gender equality ranking. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved

from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1114948216?accountid=13800

Marshall, K. (2011, July 12). Generational change in paid and unpaid work. Canadian Social Trends, no.

92, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-

008-x/2011002/article/11520-eng.pdf

Marshall, K. (2012). Paid and unpaid work over three generations. Perspectives on Labour and Income,

vol. 24, no. 1. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved from http://www.stat

can.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2012001/article/11612-eng.pdf

http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/pw6v54766127788l/fulltext.pdf

http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content/pw6v54766127788l/fulltext.pdf

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2012001/article/11612-eng.pdf

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2012001/article/11612-eng.pdf



Statistics Canada. (2010). Why has the gender wage gap narrowed? (chart). Labour Market Activity

Survey, 1988 to 1990; Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, 1993 to 1996; Labour Force

Survey, 1998 to 2008. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved January 28, 2013,

from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/charts-graphiques/11394/cg00d-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2010). Why has the gender wage gap narrowed? (table). Labour Market Activity

Survey, 1988 to 1990; Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, 1993 to 1996; Labour Force

Survey, 1998 to 2008. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved January 28, 2013,

from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/tables-tableaux/11394/tbl001-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Average earnings by sex and work pattern (table). Summary Tables.

Retrieved January 29, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-

som/l01/cst01/labor01a-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Estimated numbers of earners by sex (2006 to 2010) (table). Summary

Tables. Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-

som/l01/cst01/labor56a-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Table 202-0101 Distribution of earnings, by sex, 2010 Constant

Dollars, Annual (table). CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020101&paSer=&pattern=

&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Table 202-0102 Average female and male earnings, and female-to-

male earnings ratio, by work activity, 2010 Constant Dollars, Annual (table). CANSIM

(database). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang

=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020102&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-

1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Table 202-0104 Female-to-male earnings ratios, by selected

characteristics, 2010 constant dollars, Annual (table).CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 28,

2013, from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020104&paSe

r=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 27). Table 111-0011 Family characteristics, by family type, family

composition and characteristics of parents, Annual (table). CANSIM (database). Retrieved

January 28, 2013 from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id

=1110011&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012 June, 27). Table 111-0018 Family characteristics, labour characteristics, by sex

and age group, Annual (table). CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 28, 2013, from

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=1110018&paSer=&pattern=

&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 27). Table 111-0021 Family characteristics, husband-wife families, by

wife's contribution to husband-wife employment income, Annual (table). CANSIM (database).

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/charts-graphiques/11394/cg00d-eng.htm

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/tables-tableaux/11394/tbl001-eng.htm

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020104&paSe

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=1110018&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid




Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang

=eng&id=1110021&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). Employment by industry and sex (table). Summary Tables.


som/l01/cst01/labor10b-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). Labour force characteristics by age and sex (table). Summary Tables.



Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). People employed, by educational attainment (table). Summary


som/l01/cst01/labor62-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). Reasons for part-time work by sex and age group (table). Summary



Statistics Canada. (2013, January 28). Table 204-0001 High income trends of tax filers in Canada,

provinces, territories and census metropolitan areas (CMA), national thresholds, Annual

(table).CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from http://www5.stat

can.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2040001&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1

=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Turcotte, Martin. (2011, August 24). Intergenerational education mobility: University completion in

relation to parents’ education level. Canadian Social Trends. No. 92. March. Statistics Canada

Catalogue no. 11-008-XWE. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-

x/2011002/article/11536-eng.pdf

Uppal, Sharanjit. (2011, October, 26). Unionization 2011. Perspectives on Labour and Income. Autumn

2011, vol. 23, no. 4. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE.

Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011004/article/11579-eng.pdf

Yuen, Jennifer. (2010, April). Job–education match and mismatch: Wage differentials. Perspectives on

Labour and Income. Vol. 11, no. 4. April. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved

from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2010104/pdf/11149-eng.pdf

Zhang, Xuelin. (2009, March). Earnings of women with and without children. Perspectives on Labour

and Income. Vol. 10, no. 3. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved from

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2009103/pdf/10823-eng.pdf



http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labor20b-eng.htm

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labor20b-eng.htm






APPENDIX A

Table 1

Average female and male earnings, and female-to-male earnings ratio, by work activity, 2010 constant dollars

Earnings Work activity 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Median earnings, females (dollars) All earners 22,400A 23,000A 23,200A 23,700A 23,900A

Full-year full-time

workers

38,100A 38,500A 39,400A 40,700A 40,900A

Other workers 9,800B 10,000

B 10,200

B 10,000

B 10,400

B

Median earnings, males (dollars) All earners 35,400A 35,900A 37,000A 35,100A 35,000A

Full-year full-time

workers

50,500A 51,900A 51,800A 52,000A 52,700A

Other workers 10,800B 10,800B 11,700B 11,500B 11,500B

Female-to-male median earnings

ratio (percent)

All earners 63.3A 64.1A 62.8B 67.6B 68.2B

Full-year full-time

workers

75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A

Other workers 90.5B 92.1C 87.5C 86.7C 89.9C

Earnings Work activity 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Average earnings, females

(dollars)

All earners 29,600A 30,400A 30,800A 31,600A 31,700A

Full-year full-time

workers

44,100A 44,900A 45,500A 47,300A 47,300A

Other workers 15,200A 15,800A 15,500A 15,400A 15,700B

Average earnings, males (dollars) All earners 45,800A 46,500A 47,900A 46,100A 46,500A

Full-year full-time

workers

61,300A 63,100A 64,000A 63,500A 64,200A

Other workers 19,700B 19,800B 20,500B 20,200B 20,100B

Female-to-male average earnings

ratio (percent)

All earners 64.7A 65.5B 64.3A 68.6A 68.1A

Full-year full-time

workers

71.9B 71.2B 71.1B 74.4B 73.6B

Other workers 77.1B 79.6B 75.7B 76.4B 78.2C

Source: Statistics Canada. Table 202-0102



Table 2

Average earnings by sex and work pattern

All earners

Women Men Earnings ratio

$ constant 2010 %

2001 28,200 45,300 62.1

2002 28,500 45,400 62.8

2003 28,100 44,700 62.9

2004 28,500 44,900 63.5

2005 29,200 45,600 64.0

2006 29,600 45,800 64.7

2007 30,400 46,500 65.5

2008 30,800 47,900 64.3

2009 31,600 46,100 68.6

2010 31,700 46,500 68.1

Note: Data before 1996 are drawn from Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and data since 1996 are taken

from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). The surveys use different definitions, and as a

result the number of people working full-year full-time in the SLID is smaller than in the SCF.

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 202-0102

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/search-recherche?lang=eng&searchTypeByBalue=1&pattern=2020102&p2=37



Table 3

Distribution of earnings, by sex, 2010 constant dollars

Sex Earnings group 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Males Median earnings (dollars) 35,400A 35,900A 37,000A 35,100A 35,000A

Median total income (dollars) 41,000A 41,200A 41,800A 40,900A 41,500A

Number of all earners (x 1,000) 10,005A 10,169A 10,277A 10,228A 10,353A

Median earnings of full-year full-

time workers (dollars)

50,500A 51,900A 51,800A 52,000A 52,700A

Number of full-year full-time

workers (x 1,000)

5,258A 5,329A 5,517A 5,065A 4,957A

Percentage under $5,000 12.7B 12.3

B 11.6

B 12.9

B 13.2

B

$5,000 to $9,999 (percent) 7.9B 8.0B 7.5B 7.6B 7.5B

$10,000 to $14,999 (percent) 6.6B 6.5B 6.5B 7.0B 7.1C

$15,000 to $19,999 (percent) 5.8B 5.7C 5.3C 6.2B 5.9C

$20,000 to $24,999 (percent) 5.3C 5.3B 5.5C 5.5C 5.7C

$25,000 to $29,999 (percent) 5.5C 5.7B 5.3C 5.3C 5.0C

$30,000 to $34,999 (percent) 5.7B 5.5C 5.7C 5.4C 5.4C

$35,000 to $39,999 (percent) 5.3B 5.6B 5.6C 5.4C 5.2C

$40,000 to $44,999 (percent) 5.5B 5.1

B 5.4

C 4.8

C 4.8

C

$45,000 to $49,999 (percent) 4.7C 4.6C 4.5C 4.7C 4.3C

$50,000 to $59,999 (percent) 8.0B 8.5B 8.6B 8.1B 8.2B

$60,000 and over (percent) 26.9A 27.2A 28.3A 27.2A 27.8A

Females Median earnings (dollars) 22,400A 23,000A 23,200A 23,700A 23,900A

Median total income (dollars) 28,700A 29,400A 29,800A 30,700A 30,800A

Number of all earners (x 1,000) 8,832A 9,061A 9,176A 9,223A 9,340A

Median earnings of full-year full-

time workers (dollars)

38,100A 38,500A 39,400A 40,700A 40,900A

Number of full-year full-time

workers (x 1,000)

3,783A 3,914A 4,043A 3,824A 3,900A

Percentage under $5,000 16.5B 15.8B 15.4B 15.9B 15.7B

$5,000 to $9,999 (percent) 12.0B 11.7B 11.8B 11.3B 11.0B

$10,000 to $14,999 (percent) 9.5B 10.0B 9.6B 9.6B 9.9B

$15,000 to $19,999 (percent) 8.3B 8.1B 8.1B 7.5B 7.8B

$20,000 to $24,999 (percent) 7.5B 7.2B 7.4B 7.3B 7.3B

$25,000 to $29,999 (percent) 6.4B 7.1C 6.6B 6.1C 6.6B

$30,000 to $34,999 (percent) 6.8B 6.3B 6.2C 6.1C 6.0C

$35,000 to $39,999 (percent) 5.7B 5.8B 6.0B 6.2B 5.9C

$40,000 to $44,999 (percent) 5.1C 5.4B 5.1C 4.9C 5.5C

$45,000 to $49,999 (percent) 4.2C 4.1C 4.4C 4.3C 4.4C

$50,000 to $59,999 (percent) 6.6B 6.3B 6.3B 7.0B 6.5B

$60,000 and over (percent) 11.4B 12.3B 13.1B 13.8B 13.6B





Table 4

High income trends of tax filers in Canada, provinces, territories and census metropolitan areas (CMA), national thresholds

Income concepts=Total income

Income groups Statistics 2008 2009 2010

Top 1 percent income

group

Threshold value (current dollars) 202,600 198,000 201,400

Number of tax filers (persons) 249,755 252,300 254,730

Percentage, males 79.7 79.2 79.1

Percentage, females 20.3 20.8 20.9

Percentage married or in common-law

relationship

82.8 82.8 82.7


relationship, males

86.7 86.8 86.7


relationship, females

67.7 67.8 67.7

Median age (years) 51 51 51

Median income (current dollars) 291,000 278,700 283,400

Average income (current dollars) 461,800 424,900 429,600

Share of income 11.5 10.7 10.6

Share of income, males 9.5 8.7 8.7

Share of income, females 2.0 1.9 1.9

Percentage of income from wages and

salaries

63.8 62.4 63.9


salaries, males

67.1 65.6 66.9


salaries, females

48.0 47.8 50.2

Percentage in the same quantile last year 72.1 71.3 72.1

Percentage in the same quantile five years

ago

52.5 52.7 52.7

Bottom 99 percent

income group

Threshold value (current dollars) 202,600 198,000 201,400

Number of tax filers (persons) 24,725,060 24,976,58

5

25,217,1

45

Percentage, males 47.8 47.7 47.7

Percentage, females 52.2 52.3 52.3


relationship

56.7 56.9 56.9


relationship, males

59.0 59.2 59.2


relationship, females

54.6 54.8 54.8

Median age (years) 46 46 47

Median income (current dollars) 28,100 28,000 28,400

Average income (current dollars) 36,000 35,900 36,600

Share of income 88.5 89.3 89.4

Share of income, males 50.1 49.9 49.9

Share of income, females 38.4 39.4 39.5


salaries

69.6 68.5 68.4


salaries, males

72.7 71.1 71.3


salaries, females

65.5 65.1 64.7

Percentage in the same quantile last year 99.7 99.7 99.7

Percentage in the same quantile five years

ago

99.6 99.6 99.5





APPENDIX B

Table 1

Family characteristics, labour characteristics, by sex and age group

Age group=All age groups

Sex Labour characteristics 2008 2009 2010

Both sexes Total labour income 18,516,390 18,514,640 18,579,750

Labour participation rate (rate) 70.0 69.2 68.8

Males Total labour income 9,583,680 9,564,930 9,597,260


Females Total labour income 8,932,710 8,949,710 8,982,480






Table 2

Labour force characteristics by age and sex (2012)

Unemployment rate Participation rate Employment rate

%

Both sexes 7.2 66.7 61.8

15 to 24 years 14.3 63.6 54.5

15 to 19 years 20.1 49.5 39.6

20 to 24 years 11.0 76.1 67.7

25 years and older 6.0 67.2 63.2

25 to 44 years 6.3 87.1 81.6

25 to 34 years 6.9 86.3 80.4

35 to 44 years 5.6 87.9 82.9

45 to 64 years 5.8 75.7 71.3

45 to 54 years 5.6 85.7 80.9

55 to 64 years 6.3 63.8 59.8




Males 7.7 71.3 65.8

15 to 24 years 15.9 63.5 53.4

15 to 19 years 22.0 48.3 37.7

20 to 24 years 12.5 77.1 67.4


25 to 44 years 6.4 92.0 86.1

25 to 34 years 7.5 91.2 84.4

35 to 44 years 5.4 92.8 87.8

45 to 64 years 6.2 80.0 75.0

45 to 54 years 6.0 88.8 83.5

55 to 64 years 6.7 69.3 64.7




Females 6.8 62.2 57.9

15 to 24 years 12.6 63.6 55.6

15 to 19 years 18.2 50.8 41.6

20 to 24 years 9.3 75.0 68.0


25 to 44 years 6.1 82.2 77.2

25 to 34 years 6.2 81.4 76.3

35 to 44 years 5.9 83.0 78.1

45 to 64 years 5.4 71.5 67.6

45 to 54 years 5.2 82.6 78.3

55 to 64 years 5.8 58.5 55.1



Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0002.

http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/search-recherche?lang=eng&searchTypeByBalue=1&pattern=282-0002&p2=37



Table 3

Estimated numbers of earners by sex (2006 to 2010)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

thousands

All earners 18,837 19,230 19,452 19,451 19,693

Women 8,832 9,061 9,176 9,223 9,340

Men 10,005 10,169 10,277 10,228 10,353

Full-year full-time workers 9,041 9,243 9,560 8,889 8,858

Women 3,783 3,914 4,043 3,824 3,900

Men 5,258 5,329 5,517 5,065 4,957





APPENDIX C

Table 1

People employed, by educational attainment (2012)

Both sexes Men Women

%

Total 61.8 65.8 57.9

15 to 24 years 54.5 53.4 55.6

25 to 44 years 81.6 86.1 77.2

45 and over 51.5 56.5 46.8

Less than Grade 9 20.0 27.4 13.5

15 to 24 years 26.0 29.2 21.4

25 to 44 years 50.5 63.9 34.3

45 and over 15.8 22.0 10.9

Some secondary school 39.5 46.3 32.1

15 to 24 years 35.2 36.1 34.2

25 to 44 years 64.9 73.3 52.4

45 and over 34.4 43.9 25.3

High school graduate 61.1 68.1 54.3

15 to 24 years 63.4 63.7 62.9

25 to 44 years 77.7 84.8 68.6

45 and over 51.7 58.8 46.1

Some postsecondary 60.6 62.6 58.5

15 to 24 years 56.5 53.6 59.4

25 to 44 years 75.5 80.8 69.3

45 and over 54.0 58.5 49.9

Postsecondary certificate or diploma1 70.6 73.6 67.7

15 to 24 years 74.5 73.7 75.3

25 to 44 years 85.2 88.9 81.6

45 and over 59.2 62.0 56.6

Bachelor's degree 74.8 76.9 73.1

15 to 24 years 71.2 67.3 73.8

25 to 44 years 85.4 89.8 82.1

45 and over 63.8 65.9 61.7

Above bachelor's degree 75.4 75.1 75.6

15 to 24 years 70.3 71.3 70.2

25 to 44 years 86.0 88.4 83.9

45 and over 66.7 66.8 66.6

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0004 and Catalogue no. 89F0133XIE.


http://www.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=89F0133X



Table 2

Female-to-male earnings ratios, by selected characteristics, 2010 constant dollars

Selected characteristics 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

All age groups 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A

All marital statuses 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A

Never married 96.0C 95.8C 87.3B 96.1B 96.1B

Married 70.1A 70.0A 72.3A 72.6A 71.8A

Other marital status 75.2C 75.0C 76.0B 80.2C 83.3C

All education levels 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A

Some secondary6 62.0C 67.4C 70.4C 73.3C 69.5D

Graduated high school6 73.4

B 72.3

B 76.5

B 78.6

C 84.8

C

Some postsecondary 76.9C 81.2C 77.9C 79.4C 74.1C

Postsecondary certificate or diploma8 71.7A 72.3B 74.9B 74.4B 73.7B

University degree9 75.3B 74.9B 78.6B 79.9B 77.1B


http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a47#F6







APPENDIX D

Table 1

Employment by industry and sex (in percent)

2012

Number employed

Both sexes Men Women

%

All industries 100.0 100.0 100.0

Goods-producing sector 22.1 32.9 10.2

Agriculture 1.8 2.3 1.1

Forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, oil and gas1 2.1 3.3 0.8

Utilities 0.8 1.2 0.4

Construction 7.2 12.2 1.8

Manufacturing 10.2 14.0 6.0

Services-producing sector 77.9 67.1 89.8

Trade 15.1 14.8 15.4

Transportation and warehousing 4.9 7.1 2.4

Finance, insurance, real estate and leasing 6.2 5.1 7.5

Professional, scientific and technical services 7.4 8.2 6.6

Business, building and other support services2 3.9 4.2 3.7

Educational services 7.4 4.8 10.2

Health care and social assistance 12.2 4.1 21.1

Information, culture and recreation 4.5 4.8 4.2

Accommodation and food services 6.3 4.9 7.8

Other services 4.5 3.9 5.3

Public administration 5.5 5.2 5.7





APPENDIX E

Table 1

Reasons for part-time work by sex and age group

Men

2012

Men

Total 15-24 25-44 45 and over

%

Own illness 3.7 0.7 5.2 6.7

Caring for children 1.3 x 3.9 1.2

Other personal/family responsibilities 1.4 0.6 2.1 2.1

Going to school 37.2 73.4 20.5 0.9

Personal preference 25.1 4.3 15.5 58.4

Other voluntary 2.8 1.3 5.3 3.2

Other1 28.4 19.7 47.5 27.4

Total employed part-time

(thousands)

1,086.5 480.1 236.8 369.6

% employed part-time2 11.8 39.4 5.9 9.3

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0014 and 282-0001 and Catalogue no 89F0133XIE.

Women

2012

Women

Total 15-24 25-44 45 and over

%

Own illness 3.4 0.5 2.7 6.2

Caring for children 13.1 1.2 34.1 5.2

Other personal/family responsibilities 3.8 0.5 4.2 6.0

Going to school 24.7 71.4 8.6 1.0

Personal preference 26.3 4.6 14.7 52.9

Other voluntary 2.1 1.2 2.8 2.2

Other1 26.6 20.6 32.9 26.3

Total employed part-time

(thousands)

2,208.3 668.6 692.9 846.8

% employed part-time2 26.5 55.2 19.3 24.0

Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0014 and 282-0001 and Catalogue no 89F0133XIE.









Table 2

Family characteristics, husband-wife families, by wife's contribution to husband-wife employment income

Wife's contribution to

husband-wife family

employment income2,3,4

Husband-wife families2 2008 2009 2010

Number of husband-wife

families with employment

income

Total husband-wife families6 6,504,820 6,559,500 6,599,070

Husband-wife families with no children6 2,700,460 2,754,110 2,787,420

Husband-wife families with 1 child6 1,507,520 1,510,670 1,512,780

Husband-wife families with 2 children6 1,607,400 1,607,990 1,610,820

Husband-wife families with 3 or more

children6

689,440 686,730 688,040

Median contribution of the

wife to husband-wife family

employment income

(dollars)8

Total husband-wife families6 29,200 29,780 30,400

Husband-wife families with no children6 28,910 29,340 29,780

Husband-wife families with 1 child6 28,900 29,400 30,070

Husband-wife families with 2 children6 31,020 31,830 32,880

Husband-wife families with 3 or more

children6

25,910 26,480 27,280




















Table 3

Family characteristics, by family type, family composition and characteristics of parents

Family type2,8,9 Parent

characteristics

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Couple families8 All parental age

groups5

7,629,330 7,727,870 7,832,060 7,926,210 7,989,380

Median total income

(dollars)4,11

70,400 73,420 75,880 75,320 76,950

Lone-parent

families9

All parental age

groups5

1,391,330 1,379,310 1,383,470 1,389,570 1,401,870

Median total income

(dollars)4,11

33,000 34,540 35,990 36,100 37,050

Male lone-parent

families9

All parental age

groups5

237,050 234,670 242,210 243,270 247,020

Median total income

(dollars)4,11

46,100 48,240 49,670 49,070 50,450

Female lone-

parent families9

All parental age

groups5

1,154,270 1,144,640 1,141,260 1,146,310 1,154,850

Median total income

(dollars)4,11

30,900 32,360 33,750 33,950 34,900























Chart 1

Unionization rates of workers age 25 to 54

Economy & Finance

Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)