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TOWARDS AN EFFECTIVE TRANSITIONING OF PUBLIC

TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN GHANA

MICHAEL POKU-BOANSI, PhDDEPARTMENT OF PLANNING, KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI - GHANA

NOVEMBER 22, 2016

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE Background

Public Transport Reforms in Ghana

Characteristics of Ghana’s BRT System

Some Initial Challenges

Current Research

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BACKGROUND• Transport service

provision in Ghana has been termed informal (Cervero, 2000; Cervero & Golub, 2007; Takyi, 1990) and provided by means such as minibuses, taxis, motorcycles and vans.

• These informal transport service operators in most cases operate outside the officially sanctioned public transport sector.

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BACKGROUNDMany see them to be nuisance requiring public intervention and

occasionally, eradication (World Bank, 2000; Gwilliam, 2002; Cervero, 2000; Cervero & Golub, 2007).

High rates of collision and accidents (see Cervero, 2000; Cervero and Golub, 2007; Kurokawa & Iwata, 2014) and organisations).

1,800 deaths and 14,500 injuries annually in Ghana (National Road Safety Commission, 2013); constitute 2.54% of GDP or about US$436 million (Obeng-Odoom, 2010).

Increased congestion in cities (Poku-Boansi & Adarkwa, 2011; Agyemang, 2009). For example, Taxis carry 12% of Person Trips but utilize 22% of Road Space.

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BACKGROUND Low level of services - levels of comfort are low, and

the services are generally viewed as disorderly and unreliable (Cervero & Golub, 2007; Takyi, 1990; Kwakye & Fourcare, 1998; Adarkwa & Poku-Boansi, 2011).

Erratic scheduling and services (Cervero & Golub, 2007; Poku-Boansi & Adarkwa, 2013).

Inadequate and lack of capacity and evasion of taxes and fees.

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PUBLIC TRANSPORT REFORMS IN GHANAGOAL: 80% of all trips in the urban area should be done through public Mass Transit Systems.

POLICY VISION: An affordable, safe and efficient urban transportation system that supports the overall development and competitiveness of urban areas.

STRATEGIES:Provide UPT infrastructureProvide a decentralized institutional

and regulatory frameworkEmpower the private sector to

invest in buses and transport service provision

Integrate urban transportation within a broader urban development framework

Reorganize individual operators into business entities to deliver UPT services

Comply with government regulation and provide higher quality service

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VISION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN GAMA BY 2020

Different roles for big buses, trotros and taxis in the network

SCHEDULED SERVICES USING BIG BUSES ON QUALITY

BUS CORRIDORS

HIGH QUALITY TROTROs & TAXIS ON FEEDERS

/ COLLECTORS

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Application of “Hub & Spoke” Strategy Hub – Developed along the existing major Trotro Terminals Spoke - Existing minor stations and small sized terminals on the roadside or in residential areas As is

To be

Arterial Bus between Hub

Trotro 1Trotro 2Trotro 3

Trotro 4Trotro 5Trotro 6

Trotro 7

Trotro 1Trotro 2Trotro 3

Trotro 4Trotro 5Trotro 6

Trotro 7

Trotro 11

Trotro 12 Trotro 13

Trotro 14Hub Hub Spoke Spoke

Transfer Station Trotro 8

Trotro 10Trotro 9

Trotro 2

Trotro 5

Trotro 3

Trotro 4Trotro 7

Trotro 1

Trotro 6

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THE UNIVERSAL NETWORKTrotros will continue to provide the role of universal

coverage Uplifted to higher quality, comfortable service and

improved safety Better conditions for both passengers and workers

Customer facilities and support services will be upgraded Terminals will be upgraded with better facilities for

passengers Properly demarcated bus stopping places along all routes Improved passenger information systems

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THE UNIVERSAL NETWORKAll bus and trotro services will operate under permit New bus operating companies will be formed,

including from those within the trotro sector who are interested to do so.

Bus and trotro operators will be able to attract private funds and loans to finance renewal of their vehicles.

Most existing workers will be employees of the new system, with stability of earnings and conditions.

All workers will have a higher professional standard and receive periodic training.

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LINE 1

LINE 2-1

LINE 2-2LINE 2

-3

LINE 3-1

LINE 3-2

LINE 4-1

LINE 4-2

LINE 4-3

LINE C-1

LINE C-2

LINE C-3

Amasaman

Ofankor

Sowutuom

Kasoa

Kanashie

Sakaman

Circle

37 Lorry

Adenta

Achimota

MadinaAshaiman

Community 1

ARTERIAL BUS NETWORK PLAN – => 12 LINES (293KM)

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Line RouteLength

(Roundtrip)

Travel Time(Roundtrip)

ServiceInterval

Number ofVehicles

Line 1 Kasoa ~ Kaneshie ~ CBD 54.8km 170min 3~5min 69

Line 2-1 Amasaman ~ Achimota ~ CBD 42.4km 130min 3~5min 53

Line 2-2 Ofankor~ Achimota ~ CBD 29.2km 90min 3~5min 36

Line 2-3 Ofankor~ Sowutuom~ Circle 46.2km 150min 6~10min 30

Line 3-1 Adenta ~ Madina ~ Airport ~ CBD 39.2km 120min 6~10min 24

Line 3-2 Madina ~ Airport ~ CBD 33.6km 110min 3~5min 45

Line 4-1 Tema ~ Motorway ~ Sakaman 78.0km 100min 6~10min 21

Line 4-2 Tema ~ Motorway ~ Airport ~ CBD 66.2km 140min 3~5min 57

Line 4-3 Ashaiman ~ Tema ~ Labadi ~ Circle 62.9km 190min 6~10min 39

Line C-1 Ringroad-Circulation 19.8km 60min 3~5min 48Line C-2 Achimota ~ 37 Lorry ~

Labadi 27.3km 85min 6~10min 35

Line C-3 Sakaman ~ Kaneshie ~ CBD 19.7km 60min 6~10min 24

ARTERIAL BUS OPERATION PLAN (481 BUSES)

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Amasaman

Ofankor

Sowutuom

Achimota

Sakaman

Kasoa Kanashie

Circle37 Lorry

Madina

Adenta Ashai

man

Community 1

13 Hub Terminals11 Transfer Facilities

HUB TERMINALS & TRANSFER FACILITIES

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THE BRT PLAN - Introduce BRT System (6 routes, 163.7km) among 12 arterial bus lines

Route1

Route 2Route 3

Route 4

Route 5

Route 6

Route 1

Kasoa to UTC

Route 2

Nsawam road: Amasaman CMB

Route 3

Independence Avenue/ Liberation Road/Aburi Road

Route 4

Tema Community 1/Nungua-Teshie Beach Road/Kwame Nkrumah Circle

Route 5

Mallam – Motorway

Route 6

Achimota – Labadi

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BRT ROUTE PLANNo. Routes Serviced by

Arterial Bus LineLength (km)

Route 1 Kasoa to UTC Line 1, Line 2-3 27.7Route 2 Nsawam road: Amasaman CMB Line 2-1, Line 2-2 24.9Route 3 Independence Avenue/ Liberation

Road/Aburi RoadLine 3-1, Line 3-2 25.0

Route 4 Tema Community 1/Nungua-Teshie Beach Road/Kwame Nkrumah Circle

Line 4-3, Line C-1, C-3

43.8

Route 5 Mallam – Motorway Line 4-1, 4-2 33.7Route 6 Achimota – Labadi Line C-2 13.2Total 168.3

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MANAGEMENT OF THE NETWORK

Public TransportOperations SCHEDULED

BUS SERVICES

ON QUALITY

BUS CORRIDORS

TROTRO SERVICES ON FEEDERS

Depots and terminalsPassenger Information

Common ticketingData Management

Common Facilities Separate Services

MMDAS/GAPTEOperating permits etc

MMDAS/GAPTENetwork planning etc

Regulation Service PlanningConstruction /Maintenance

Department of UrbanRoads

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GAPTE AND ITS MANDATE Passenger Transport Executive (PTE) established for Accra.

Three (3) strategic areas identified for GAPTE’s operations Enable the MMDAs to deliver quality transport for their

combined area Act on behalf of the MMDAs, using delegated authority Plan and oversee urban transport services for the

combined area (regulation of route and bus transit services and transport network planning and development services).

GAPTE is composed of Inter-MMDA Co-ordinating Body for Public Transport in GAMA (Greater Accra Metropolitan Area).

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GAPTE AND ITS MANDATEBye-laws passed and operational in

2010 in conformance with Local Govt Act L.I. 1961

Permit Type A issued for normal Trotro/Taxi operator Entities and renewable yearly

Permit issued only to operator entities not individuals

Register of operators created with the permitting system

Only permitted operators in register to benefit from the opportunities created by the reforms

565 Trotro and Taxi entities from various Unions registered in GAMA MMDAs

Comprising 20,935 drivers

39,816 registered vehicles

23 Affected Operators on Amasaman-Tudu (CMB) Corridor

57 imparted routes

75 imparted route operations

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PILOT BRT SYSTEM - AAYALOLO Current Operators transformed into operating Companies delivering

services on the Quality Bus Corridors (QBCs).

Aayalolo Bus Services is run by three bus companies namely: Amalgamated Bus Transit Services Limited for Achimota to Tudu service

(Charcoal Colour on the front windshield with Bus No. written on it). Accra GPRTU Rapid Bus Transit Company Limited for Ofankor to Tudu

service (Blue Colour on the front windshield with Bus No. written on it).

Ghana Cooperative Bus Rapid Transit Association for Amasaman to Tudu service (Green Colour on the front windshield with Bus No. written on it)

38 Buses are currently been used for the piloting

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PILOT BRT SYSTEM - AAYALOLO Amasaman to Tudu (GHANA COOPERATIVE BUS RAPID TRANSIT ASSOCIATION) Semi-fast service taking Expressway Serving end-to-end movements and the important interchanges at Achimota and Circle 16 Stops (Inbound and Outbound)

Ofankor to Tudu (ACCRA GPRTU RAPID BUS TRANSIT COMPANY LIMITED) Stopping service taking service lane Serving intermediate demand between Ofankor and Achimota 17 Stops (Inbound) and 16 Stops (Outbound)

Achimota to Tudu (AMALGAMATED BUS TRANSIT SERVICES LIMITED) Serving as efficient ‘shuttle’ for the demand interchanging and originating from

Achimota towards Central Accra 12 Stops (Inbound) and 10 Stops (Outbound)

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PILOT BRT SYSTEM - AAYALOLOA zonal fare structure

which allows for graduation of fares paid according to distance travelled is applicable to the Aayalolo system.

The fare zones used are namely:

Zone 1 : Amasaman to Ofankor

Zone 2: Ofankor to Achimota

Zone 3: Achimota to Circle

Zone 4: Circle to Tudu

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PILOT BRT SYSTEM - AAYALOLOMovement within One (1) Zone: y = x Movement between Two (2) Zones: y = x + 0.67x Movement between Three (3) Zones: y = x + 1.17x Movement between Four (4) Zones: y = x + 1.5x The variable (x) will only be determined by the Ministry of

Transport (MOT) in consultation with transport operators. Currently pegged at GHS 1.20…..(GHS 1 = £ 0.20) Zone 1 = 1.20Zone 2 = 1.20 + 0.67(1.20) = 2.00Zone 3 = 1.20 + 1.17(1.20) = 2.60Zone 3 = 1.20 + 1.50(1.20) = 3.00

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PILOT BRT SYSTEM - AAYALOLOAutomatic Fare Collection System

(Electronic Ticketing)

Purchased using the mobile payment system…*447*10#.......Telecom providers are partners……MTN, TiGO & Airtel).

Point of Sales (POS) Locations…7 along the corridor….. Given to the agents for GHS 4.75 per card….they sell each for GHS 5.00…each card is preloaded with a fare value of GHS 2.90

The bus is equipped with two (2) validators (Entry and Exit Validators) for on-board validation of e-cards.

Passengers are advised to ensure that they validate their cards again before stepping off the bus at the stop location.

The buses allow for 40 seating including the driver seat and room for up to 46 standees for crush capacity.

GPS system and 3G communication on board the buses. space for nursing mothers with a kinder wagon or the physically challenged.

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SOME INITIAL CHALLENGESAgitation on the part of some

drivers of the trotro services.

It was also presumed that drivers receive conflicting instructions/information from their Operation Managers.

Unreported incidents (eg. Scratch on bus).

As per the duties given, buses did not leave the depot on time.

Only 25% of business on corridor affected

Existing 77 affected operator entities transformed into 3 Route Service Companies (RSCs)

Threat of loss of livelihoods Dynamics surrounding

ownership (non-owner driver vrs owner drivers)

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MY RESEARCH WORK AT ITSTo explore ways of transition the informal public

transport service provision in Ghana.

The research is examining the restructuring processes in Ghana’s public transport service industry and their implication on inclusiveness, secured livelihoods (employment), sustainability of public transport services and improved transport services.

The research will help fashioned a suitable approach in the transition process in Ghana.

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URBAN TRANSPORT REFORMS

TRANSPORT SYSTEM (INFORMAL)Safety issuesEfficiency and

reliability challengesCapacity challenges

Employment

Institutions

Regulations

Norms and Culture

Government Policies

TRANSPORT SYSTEM (FORMAL BRT)

Improved SafetyEfficient and

reliability systemImproved Capacity

Employment

Institutions

Regulations

Norms and Culture

Government Policies

Existing System Future Improved

System

Examine how new reforms around large

systems emerge and get retain in

societyLandscape

Niche

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MY RESEARCH WORK AT ITSResearch on transition management usually results in multi-level

perspective [MLP] (Geels, 2000, 2005, 2010; Rotmans et al. 2001).

MLP distinguishes three analytical levels: niches (protected spaces with flexible actor groups and rules); regimes (stable actor networks with well-aligned rules within and between different regimes; and landscape (external environment which cannot be directly influence by the niche or regime actors).

The dominant regime structure explain incremental change and path dependence within the socio-technical system.

The ongoing reforms within the urban transport sector in Ghana is being examined within this framework.

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THANK YOU