Уроки Уроки TOEFLTOEFL

Урок 1Урок 1: : злзлiiчувальнчувальнii та та незлнезлiiчувальнчувальнii iiменники.менники.

►Nouns like things, person, place, or animals.Nouns like things, person, place, or animals.►Nouns can also be count or noncount. Count Nouns can also be count or noncount. Count

nouns are nouns that one can count; nouns nouns are nouns that one can count; nouns are countables. An easy way to check are countables. An easy way to check whether a noun is count or noncount is to whether a noun is count or noncount is to try putting a number before the nouns. For try putting a number before the nouns. For example, let’s look at the noun example, let’s look at the noun CATCAT. Can . Can you say one cat, two cats, fifty cats? Yes, you say one cat, two cats, fifty cats? Yes, therefore , the noun therefore , the noun CATCAT is a count noun. is a count noun. Now let’s consider the noun Now let’s consider the noun SUGARSUGAR. Can . Can you say one sugar, two sugars, fifty sugars? you say one sugar, two sugars, fifty sugars? No, we cannot count sugar, therefore, No, we cannot count sugar, therefore, SUGARSUGAR is a noncount noun. is a noncount noun.

Look at the examples of Look at the examples of NounsNouns

►Names of person, their relations, and Names of person, their relations, and their occupations. their occupations.

one boy…two boysone boy…two boys

one friend… two friends one friend… two friends ►Names of plans, animals, insects.Names of plans, animals, insects.

one dog…two dogsone dog…two dogs

one flower… two flowersone flower… two flowers

►Units of classification in society Units of classification in society

one family… two familiesone family… two families

one language…two languagesone language…two languages►Names of things with a definity, Names of things with a definity,

individual shapesindividual shapes

one car…two carsone car…two cars

one house…two housesone house…two houses

There are noncount nounsThere are noncount nouns

►Remember ! Remember ! These nouns cannot be These nouns cannot be counted and therefore, do not have a counted and therefore, do not have a plural form.plural form.

►Food staples that can be purchased in Food staples that can be purchased in various forms.various forms.

bread, meat, butter, milkbread, meat, butter, milk►Substances with many small partsSubstances with many small parts

rice, sugar, sand, waterrice, sugar, sand, water

►Abstract concepts, often with ending –Abstract concepts, often with ending –ness,-ance,- ence, -ity.ness,-ance,- ence, -ity.

love, beauty, ignorance, peacelove, beauty, ignorance, peace

* Groups of things that have different * Groups of things that have different size and shape size and shape

clothing, furniture, luggageclothing, furniture, luggage

There are many exeptions in English and There are many exeptions in English and here are some for count and noncount here are some for count and noncount

nouns nouns ►Let’s take the word “life”. Compare the Let’s take the word “life”. Compare the

following sentences following sentences

Life is wonderful thing. (life =noncount)Life is wonderful thing. (life =noncount)

Firefighters save many lives every day Firefighters save many lives every day (life/lives=count)(life/lives=count)

* Finally, noncount nouns can be count * Finally, noncount nouns can be count nouns when they are used to indicate nouns when they are used to indicate types: types: the wines of France the wines of France

Did you pay attention? Are you Did you pay attention? Are you ready?ready?

Yes, I want to do this Yes, I want to do this exerciseexercise

No, Let me reread the No, Let me reread the lesson first lesson first

Are these nouns count or Are these nouns count or noncount?noncount?

►Direction : Direction : click onclick on C C if a noun is count if a noun is count and and

N N if the noun is noncount.if the noun is noncount.

Child Child C N C N

Advice Advice C NC N

Rice Rice C NC N

Water Water C NC N

Happiness Happiness C NC N

Store Store C N C N

Centimeter Centimeter C NC N

BusinessmanBusinessman C N C N

Bread Bread C NC N

Hair Hair C N C N

Well done !Well done !

►Now there is one more aspect of nouns that Now there is one more aspect of nouns that is tasted quite frequently on the TOEFL: is tasted quite frequently on the TOEFL: singular or plural Nouns.singular or plural Nouns.

►Now that we’ve taken a look at count and Now that we’ve taken a look at count and noncount Nouns , let’s take a quick look at noncount Nouns , let’s take a quick look at singular and plural forms.singular and plural forms.

► This is very easy!This is very easy!► To form a plural form of a count Noun, To form a plural form of a count Noun,

simply add-s or –es to the singular simply add-s or –es to the singular form(form(remember! remember! Nouncount Nouns don’t Nouncount Nouns don’t have plural form)have plural form)

Examples of common plural Examples of common plural formsforms

►Dog-dogDog-dogss►party-partiparty-partieses►Computer-computerComputer-computerss►Table-tableTable-tabless

But, as usual, there are many exeptions But, as usual, there are many exeptions in the English and many English words in the English and many English words have have irregular irregular plural forms.plural forms.

Pay attention! The TOEFL loves Pay attention! The TOEFL loves to test your knowledge of these to test your knowledge of these

forms.forms.►Examples of irregular plural forms.Examples of irregular plural forms.►Foot-Foot-feetfeet►Goose-Goose-geesegeese►Tooth-Tooth-teethteeth►Mouse-Mouse-micemice►Man-Man-menmen ►Woman-Woman-womenwomen

►Wife-Wife-wiveswives►Leaf-Leaf-leavesleaves►Knife-Knife-knivesknives►Wolf-Wolf-wolveswolves►Child-Child-childrenchildren►Ox-Ox-oxenoxen

►Deer-Deer-deerdeer►Sheep-Sheep-sheepsheep►Series-Series-seriesseries►Salmon-Salmon-salmonsalmon►fish-fish-fishfish

►As you have already learnt, there is no As you have already learnt, there is no plural form for noncount Nouns. plural form for noncount Nouns. However , there are certain singular However , there are certain singular and plural expressions that are used and plural expressions that are used with noncount Nouns.with noncount Nouns.

►This expressions are idiomantic. Study This expressions are idiomantic. Study the following examples: the following examples:

►A piece of advice …two pieces of adviceA piece of advice …two pieces of advice►A carton of milk …two cartons of milkA carton of milk …two cartons of milk►A loaf of bread …two loafs of breadA loaf of bread …two loafs of bread►A bar of soap …two bars of soapA bar of soap …two bars of soap►A piece of toast …two pieces of toastA piece of toast …two pieces of toast►A piece of news …two pieces of newsA piece of news …two pieces of news►A slice of bread …two slices of breadA slice of bread …two slices of bread►An ear of corn …two ears of corn An ear of corn …two ears of corn

Did you pay attention? Are you Did you pay attention? Are you ready?ready?

►Are these sentences correct or Are these sentences correct or incorrect?incorrect?

Directions:Directions:►Click Click C C if the sentence is if the sentence is

grammatically correct.grammatically correct.►Click Click N N if the sentence isn’t if the sentence isn’t

grammatically correct. grammatically correct.

►There were two French people There were two French people standing outside of the bar. standing outside of the bar. C NC N

►Oceans are filled with waters.Oceans are filled with waters. C N C N► I always have my coffee with two cups I always have my coffee with two cups

of milk.of milk. C N C N ►We have thirty dollars left. We have thirty dollars left. C N C N ►The temperature has lowered 5 The temperature has lowered 5

degrees in one hour. degrees in one hour. C NC N

►The two men came to several The two men came to several agreements.agreements. C N C N

►California wines are very popular.California wines are very popular. C N C N ►Every morning I have two toasts.Every morning I have two toasts. C N C N ►Public lands in many parts of the West Public lands in many parts of the West

may be overgrazed as cattle, sheep, may be overgrazed as cattle, sheep, and wild lives complete for forage.and wild lives complete for forage. C N C N

►My father always gives me many My father always gives me many advices.advices.C NC N