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Retina and Visual System

M1 – CNS Sequence Peter Hitchcock, Ph.D.

Winter, 2009

The topic of today’s lecture is the central visual pathways. I. anatomy of the eye II. laminar and cellular anatomy of the retina III. regional specializations of the retina IV. central visual pathways V. visual association cortex VI. subcortical projections of ganglion cell axons

circadian rhythms pupilary light reflex

VI. visual information processing

Schematic diagram of the eye.

Hanes. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.

retinal pigmented epithelium photoreceptor layer

ONL; photoreceptor nuclei

INL; horizontal, bipolar ‘ and amacrine cell nuclei

ganglion cell layer

optic fiber layer

outer plexiform layer

inner plexiform layer

inner limiting membrane

outer limiting membrane

The human retina has 10 layers

light information

Source Undetermined

c - cones r-rods b-bipolar cells h-horizontal cells a-amacrine cells g-ganglion cells

The retina consists of a direct pathway, photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells. Information in the direct pathway is modified by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Gray’s Anatomy

Photoreceptors and processes of the RPE interdigitate, but form no specialized junctions. Functions of RPE: phagocytose photoreceptors transport and store Vit. A recycle photopigments absorb stray light regulate fluid levels in the sub-retinal space Retinal detachment occurs when fluid accumulates in the space between the retina and RPE and separates the retina from the RPE. This space was part of the third ventricle in the embryonic brain.

Image of photoreceptors

removed

Müller cells are a specialized type of radial glia Müller cells help maintain ionic balances within the extracellular spaces in the retina. They also form the inner and outer limiting membranes

Images of Muller cells

removed

The two classes of photoreceptors divide visible light into two domains: intensity and wavelength

Rods – dim light, monochromatic

Cones – bright light, 3 wavelength sensitive subgroups

There are several inherited diseases that result in death of photoreceptors, e.g, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration.

R. Young, wikipedia

Absorption spectra for rod and The 3 classes of cone photoreceptors

Hanes. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.

Fundus photograph of living, human retina illustrating the vasculature, fovea and optic nerve head (disc)

macula (lutea)

fovea

Regional specializations in the retina.

Source Undetermined

sclera

RPE photoreceptors

ONL INL IPL GCL

The fovea is an pit (excavation) in the retina, wherein the inner layers are dis- placed laterally.

RPE, retinal pigmented epithelium; ONL, outer nuclear layer; INL, inner nuclear layer IPL, inner plexiform layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer

Source Undetermined

The fovea contains cone photoreceptors only (no rods) at an extremely high density.

% photorecptors?

cones - 5% rods - 95% Hanes. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.

Density distribution of photoreceptors in the retina along a line passing through the fovea and optic disc.

Source Undetermined

optic nerve head

Source Undetermined

optic nerve head

lamina cribrosa

blood vessels

optic fiber layer

retina

Source Undetermined

Find your blind spot! Using the diagram below, fixate on the star, close your left eye and hold the figure about 1.5 feet from your face. When the filled circle disappears, its image is on your blind spot.

Frisko, wikimedia commons

Connections from the retina into the hypothalamus diencephalon and midbrain (only 4 will be described)

Image of visual system

connections removed

optic nerve

optic chiasm

optic tract

optic radiations

(Meyer’s loop)

primary visual cortex (area 17; striate cortex)

midbrain (superior colliculus & pre-tectum)

hypthalamus

lateral geniculate nuc.

Source Undetermined

Meyer’s loop N T T N

Cross section through optic chiasm

L

L

L

-lower retina (superior visual fields) -loop (Meyer’s)

-lingual gyrus

T T N

cuneate gyrus

lingual gyrus

N

Source Undetermined

parieto-occipetal fissure

calcarine sulcus

inferior lip

superior lip

CC

Most of primary visual cortex, area 17, lies on the medial wall of the occipital lobe

(cuneate gyrus)

(lingual gyrus)

Source Undetermined

vertical meridian

fovea

periphery fovea

lower vertical meridian

upper vertical meridian

Source Undetermined

Gray’s Anatomy

area 17 flattened and viewed from the surface, illustrating the complete pattern of ocular dominance columns

L=left eye R=right eye

Source Undetermined

These two regions are sometimes referred as the ventral stream (what is it?) and a dorsal stream (where is it?).

Source Undetermined

Cortical lesions in ventral or dorsal stream produce unique perceptual deficits

Source Undetermined

Source Undetermined

Source Undetermined

Additional Source Information for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy

Slide 5: Hanes. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed. Slide 6: Source Undetermined Slide 7: Gray’s Anatomy Slide 10: R. Young, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rod_cone_cells.jpg, PD-SELF Slide 11: Hanes. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed. Slide 12: Source Undetermined Slide 13: Source Undetermined Slide 14: Hanes. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed. Slide 15: Source Undetermined Slide 16: Source Undetermined Slide 17: Source Undetermined Slide 18: Frisko, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blind_spot_test.svg, PD-SELF Slide 20: Source Undetermined Slide 21: Source Undetermined Slide 22: Source Undetermined Slide 23: Gray’s Anatomy; Source Undetermined Slide 24: Source Undetermined Slide 25: Source Undetermined Slide 26: Source Undetermined Slide 27: Source Undetermined Slide 28: Source Undetermined