Rice Origin and DistributionTharaka Jayasinghe

Technical Sales ExecutiveA Baurs & Com (Pvt) Ltd

Outline

HistoryWorld SituationPresent SituationEvolutionary PathOryza glaberrimaOryza sativa

HISTORY

• Found -10,000 years ago• Rice cultivation 6500 years ago• First sign of cultivation about 5500 years ago

in China• Thailand around 4500 B.C• Also appeared, Cambodia, Vietnam and southern India• 20 wild rice spp

World status

• Rice is the 2nd largest produced cereal in the world

• Rice production is about -661.81ml MT (2008)• Average rice yield - 4.25 MT/ha (2008) • Production is geographically concentrated in

Western and Easter Asia with more than 90 percent of world output and consumption

• Started as wild grown crop • Today most popular variety - Oryza type• Only two of them offer an agriculture

interest for humans: -Oryza sativa - Oryza glaberrima

Present Condition

Evolutionary pathway of cultivated rice

Oryza glaberrima

• Oryza glaberrima- African rice (domesticated rice species).

• Less known than Asian rice• Originate after Asian rice• Oryza glaberrima -grown in Africa

Oryza sativa• A common Asian rice – Most popular• Indica -warm, -semitropical -tropical climate • Main types- 3• wild types- 20• First originated type

Rice distribution in Asia.

• Place of origin of Asian rice to be in the area from Assam of India extending to Yunnan of China.

• Domestication of rice in Asia may have occurred independently at about same time

• Domesticated three types of O.sativa spp.

Oryza indica

In present most distributed typeExtended to southern part of Assam then

migrated to southern and central part of India.

Mostly in Bengal area :Bengal seriesFirst type introduced to Sri Lanka in 513B.CEg: Indo-china peninsula and china

Oryza japonica

Formed at downstream sites of Yangtze river.

So it is Yangtze river series.Extended to northern part of Assam due

to temperate climate.E.g.: Korea, Japan, Russia and Syria etc.

Oryza javanica

Least distributed Asian type.

Tropical and temperate characters

Mostly extended to Indonesia ,Philippines and Myanmar

Japonica and Indica expanded to other Asian countries also:

-Korea -Japan - Myanmar -Pakistan -Sri Lanka - Philippines and -IndonesiaThe Asian rice (Oryza sativa) was adapted to

farming in the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe around 800 B.C.

Rice distribution in AfricaAfrican rice was domesticated 2,000-3,000

years ago in the Inland delta of the Upper Niger river now in Mali

The Asian rice species was introduced in West Africa at around 1500 by the Portuguese

The upper coastal part of West Africa was historically known as the “Rice Coast”

Rice distribution in Africa

10%- 30%

Share of cereal intake

0%- 5% 5%- 10%

30%- 50%

1961-751961-75 1995-001995-00

Source FAO, WARDA

Top Ten Rice Producers by Country• Together, China and India accounted for over half of the

world’s rice supply in 2006.

1. China 182 million tons (28.8% of global rice)2. India 136.5 million tons (21.6%)3. Indonesia 54.4 million tons (8.6%)4. Bangladesh 43.7 million tons (6.9%)5. Vietnam 35.8 million tons (5.7%)6. Thailand 29.3 million tons (4.6%)7. Myanmar 25.2 million tons (4%)8. Philippines 15.3 million tons (2.4%)9. Brazil 11.5 million tons (1.8%)10. Japan 10.7 million tons (1.7%).

Paddy Production Distribution(average 1999-2003)

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