10 Mughal period in India

• GAURAV NEMADE 111514030

• SAKSHI DARAK 111514055

• SHIVANAD NALGIRE 111514029

• KISHORI SATPUTE 111514056

Guided by

Prof. OMKAR PARISHWAD

Evolution of Aesthetics, Culture and Technology

INDIA BEFORE MUGHALS

• Before the Mughal invasion of 1526, the north of the subcontinent was

divided up into several independent Hindu and Muslim kingdoms.

• Many of these were culturally very sophisticated, and paintings and

architecture from many different areas survive to illustrate this.

• Hindu painting at this time in northern India dealt mainly with mythical and

religious subjects such as the exploits of the god Krishna.

• Another important group of patrons of medieval Indian manuscript painting

was the Jain merchant community of western India.

• Jainism is a religion similar to Buddhism in its commitment to non-violence

and its lack of an individual deity.

• Wealthy Jain businessmen were (and still are) pious patrons of devotional

art, and many of the most beautiful manuscripts and temples of the pre-

Mughal period were commissioned by them.

MUGHAL HISTORY

1. Family Tree Of Mughals

2. Growth of Mughal Empire

3. Mughals, their history and Architecture

4. Culture

5. Economy

6. Classes in Mughal Empire

FAMILY TREE

BABUR

1483 - 1530

• The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur.

• He was born on 14 Feb, 1483.

• Founded the Mughal Empire after his victories at the Battle of Panipat (1526) and the Battle of Kanwa.

• Defeated the Delhi Sultanate & established the Mughal Empire.

• Gained control of the whole Northen India.

• Died at the age 47 in 1530.

A portrait of Babur, from an early illustrated manuscript of the Baburnama 1589-90

The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Empire

BABUR’S TOMB

JAMI MASJID

• Humayun, was born on 17 March 1508.

• Succeeded his father in 1531 as ruler of

Mughal territories in India.

• At the age of 23, he was an inexperienced

ruler when he came to power.

• In 1540,Sher Shah of Bengal defeated

him & took over the Mughal Empire.

• Humayun conqurred the Punjab, Delhi,

Agra, and reoccupied the throne of Delhi

after an interval of 15 years.

• He died on 26 Jan, 1556.

Humayun

Tomb

KabuliBag

Humayun’s

Library

• He was born on 14 Oct,1542 also

known as Akbar the Great or Akbar.

• Mughal Emperor from 1556 at the age

of 14. He was one of the greatest rulers

of the Mughal Dynasty in India.

• An ambitious, noble commander and

the Great administrator.

• Tolerant of religions.

• Famous for his patronage of the arts.

• Died in 1605.

AGRA FORT

• Jahangir was born on 30 Aug, 1569.

• He was the fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled

from 1605.

• He was the eldest son of Akbar and was

declared successor to his father from an early

age.

• Died in1627.

JAHANGIR TOMB,

LAHOREJAHANGIR TOMB,

SHAHADARA

• Shah Jahan was born on 5 Jan, 1594. Also known as Shah Jahan I.

• He assumed the Mughal throne on 24 Jan, 1628 in Agra, after the death of

Jahangir.

• He has left behind an extraordinary architectural legacy.

• Taj Mahal was built in Agra in the memory oh his favourite wife, Mumtaz.

• Died on 22 Jan, 1666.

AURANGZEB

• Aurangzeb was born on 24th Oct, 1618 at

Dohad in M.P.

• He wrested India’s crown from his father in

June 1658, after defeating his brother Prince

Dara Shukoh’s armies.

• Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Shah Jahan

was the Governer of Bengal, Bihar, and

Orissa; Aurangzeb governed the Deccan;

and Murad was Governor of Gujarat and

Malwa.

• Aurangzeb took his own father prisoner, and

also kill his brothers and took all the Empire

from them.

• Died on 20 Feb, 1707 in Ahmednagar.

BIBI-KA-MAQBARA

CULTURE

•Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through

India.

•Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to

Delhi.

•New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements.

•Example: new language, Urdu, formed from

combination of Arabic, Sanskrit.

•Religious tolerance was a new idea that Akbar brought

with him, but this declined as other emperors came to

power.

•The Mughal empire also merged their beliefs on the role

of women and social classes into daily Indian life.

ECONOMY

• The Mughals used the Mansabdar system to generate

land revenue.

• The emperor would grant revenue rights to a

Mansabdar in exchange for promises of soldiers in war-

time.

• The greater the size of the land the emperor granted,

the greater the number of soldiers the Mansabdar had

to promise.

• The Mansab was both revocable and non-hereditary.

• This gave the center a fairly large degree of control over the Mansabdars.

ECONOMY

• The Indian economy boomed under the Mughals,

because of the creation of a road system and a

uniform currency, together with the unification of the

country

• Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals

• however, for the most part, they were military and

political centres, not manufacturing or commerce

centres.

CLASSES IN MUGHAL

EMPIRE• Society in Mughal times was organized on a feudal

basis and the head of the social system was

Emperor.

• He enjoyed an unparallel status. He was the

ultimate authority in everything.

• Next in rank were the nobility along the zamindar.

• Socially and economically the Mughal nobility

formed a privileged class. There were men of every

type and nationality among the Mughal nobles.

• Clan or family links were the most important

considerations for recruitment and admission to the

aristocratic class of the society.

• There was a large class of merchants and traders.

They had their own rights based on tradition and

protection of life and property. They also maintained a

high standard of living.

Mughal Architecture

1. Domes

2. Arches

3. Windows

4. Columns

5. Taj Mahal

6. Humayun’s Tomb

7. Buland Darwaza

MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

The Mughal Period in Indian

history is one of the glorious

periods that have enriched

India in multifarious ways. Art

and architecture has

received a great fillip during

Mughal period that has

gifted us with architectural

gems that have defined the

passage of time in there

appeal and splendor.

SPECIFICATIONS OF MUGHAL

ARCHITECTURE

DOMES

One of the attractive features of

Mughal architecture were the

domes.

It is found that domes in pre-

Mughal India have a standard

squat circular shape with a lotus

design and bulbous finial at the

top.

These dome structures were

derived from hindu architecture.


ARCHITECTURE

DOMES

MUGHAL DOME PRE-MUGAL DOME


ARCHITECTURE

ARCHES

MUGHAL ARCHES PRE-MUGHAL ARCHES


ARCHITECTURE

WINDOWS

MUGHAL WINDOWS PRE-MUGHAL WINDOWS


ARCHITECTURE

COLUMNS

DURING MUGHAL PERIOD

TAJ MAHAL

TAJ MAHAL

Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders of the world is a ivory-white

marble structure present in Agra.

It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah

Jahan to house the tomb of his favorite wife Mumtaz.

The tomb is the centerpiece of a 42-acre complex, which

includes a mosque and a guest house and a set of formal

gardens bounded on three sides by a wall.

Construction of Taj mahal is believed to be completed in 1653 at

a cost of 32 million rupees estimated at that time.

The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under

the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect

Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.

Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site for

being “the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of universally

admired masterpieces of the world’s heritage”.

HUMAYUN’S TOMB

HUMAYUN’S TOMB

The first Mughal building

to be constructed in

India in A.D 1564.

It was constructed by

Persian architect .

The mausoleum is

placed in a spacious,

square park like

enclosure.

There is a garden laid in

form of rectangles nd

squares compartments.

BULAND DARWAZA

BULAND DARWAZA

Also known as “gate of

magnificence”.

Buland Darwaza is the

highest gateway in the

world.

It is made up of red and

buff sandstone,

decorated with white and

black marble.

Total height of structure is

54 meters from ground.

The Town Planning

ConceptShahjahanabad

DELHI – THE MUGHAL CAPITAL

Delhi is a city that has seen both glory and destruction in its long. It has been

plundered, ruined time and again only to spring from its ashes to become the

capital of powerful dynasties.

Fortunately, the resilient and

enduring culture and heritage has

withstood the test of time and the

city continues to live.

The heart of Delhi can be found in

Old Delhi, 350 yrs old, yet strong

and beating. Its many-branched

arteries are narrow with age, its

veins jostle for space, and its

lifeblood is bound to get clotted at

some places at any time.

No city reflects the endless drama of

change better.

Introduction - SHAHJAHANABAD

By the time the emperorShah Jahan (1928-58) cameto the throne, the Mughalempire had ruledcontinuously over northernIndia for almost a centuryand the artistic tradition ofMughals had reached astage of maturity andrefinement. During ShahJahan’s rein thearchitectural developmentwas remarkable due to hisinterest and patronage ofarchitecture. His buildingswere characterized bysensitivity and delicateness.

Background

The Mughal period from Akbar ( 1566-

1605) to Shah Jahan was comparatively

long and peaceful; it was marked by the

development of cities. Shah Jahan

established residences in Lahore, Agra

and Delhi. In 1638, he laid the foundations

of new capital, centered around Lal Qila

or Red Fort. This was an improvement on

the citadel in Agra, because of the

experienced gained by Shah Jahan,

where limited space and narrow streets

made it difficult for the processions of his

troupes.

Shahahan

1627 - 1658

The site for the new capital in Delhi was

ideally suited as a convergence point of

land routes, being centrally located

geographical. The site was situated on the

western bank of river Yamuna where a

natural projection formed a triangle with the

land and the river.

GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE

OF SHAHAJAHANABAD

Muslim Urban Life

By Shah Jahan’s time, the Muslims in India had partially Indianized.

Under the Mughals, they were mainly an urban community, and they dislikedvillage. Muslim life was closely linked to religious event, as well as toceremonies and festivals or ritual events.

Shah Jahan was a religious person and was very particular about observingceremonies. On the morning of the most important Muslim festival Eid-i-Qurba

(the fest of the sacrificed), Muslims go to Id-gah, or place of prayer, generallysituated outside the city or village in an open space. The Id-gah ofShahjahanabad is located on the crest of the ridge, west of the city.

Spatial Structure

Urban spatial structure of Shahjahanabad was different from that of the other Mughal

Capitals, because it was planned and built by one concentrated planning effort.

Creation of architectural expression of what has often been called the patrimonial

system in its climax.

The shurafa usually were situated to the west of the place, along one of the two

boulevards at Chandni Chowk, & originated from the employer’s palace, thus

furnishing the city with an unequivocal structure.

Those professional groups delivering fresh agrarian products to the city must have

settled along the southern and south-south-western rim of the city walls (Delhi gate &

Turkman gate): this is where institutions , such as Masjid gadarion (shephered’s

mosque), Masjid kasai (butcher’s mosque) were located. They all represent “low

ranking traders”.

The closer to the core of the city the more socially recognized are the professional

settled there: weavers, producers of wool, traders of saddle- horses, oil- extractors &

manufacturers of straw goods, each of them represented by their respective mosques.

Further, in the direction of Chandni Chowk, mostly representative of the trading

professions, e.g. traders of fabrics, fish, meats and luxury goods, but also some of the

professional groups processing goods, e.g. producers of water pipes can be found, all

of them are characterized by the spatial proximity to the imperial house.

Planning of Shahjahanabad

The city was planned according

to hind planning principles of

shilpashastra from vastushastra.

The site was placed on a high

land as in the shastra and waskamukha or bow shaped, for this

ensured its prosperity.

The arm of the archer was

Chandni Chowk.

The string was Yamuna river.

The junction of the two main

axes is the most auspicious point

in the whole region and was

therefore the red fort.

The city form- morphology elements

• The urban infrastructure was laid out in a geometric pattern.

• Shows traces of both Persian and Hindu traditions of town planning

and architecture with the Persian influence largely accounting for

the formalism and symmetry of the palaces gardens and

boulevards.

The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad comprised-

• The fort

• The Friday mosque.

• The other major mosques, including the corresponding waqf

properties.

• The two main boulevards.

• The bazaars around the Friday mosque.

• The elaborate system of water channels.

• The major gardens and the city wall.

• The arrangement of these planned elements was influenced by

certain site features, which precluded absolute geometry.

The Fort & The Mosque

The Red Fort and Jama Masjidwere thorough fares that framedthe city.

From Lahore Gate ran a broadavenue with a covered arcadedesigned and paid for by JahanAra- that housed over 1500 shops.Today known as Chatta Bazaar.

The remainder of Shahjahanabadtook shape within the city wallswith its havelis mansions, mosques,

temples, Sikh shrines and thegardens of the nobility.

The walled and guardedestablishments of these grandeesincluded private living quarters forthe nobles and their harem.

The Red Fort (Palace Complex) The plan of the fort was made by Shah Jahan and two Muslim

architects. The foundation stone of the fortified place was laid in 1638.

Construction work began in 1639 and was complete in just nine year.

The palace complex, located along the western river front was built as

an ideal residence for the emperor, it was conceived and designed as

a paradise on Earth. The layout of the fort was drawn on a formal

geometrical plan actually an irregular octagon with two long sides on

east and west. It had two gates, that on the west was called the Lahori

Darwaza, while that on the south was the Delhi Darwaza. Bearing on the

cardinal points, the elements of the fort were arranged in the

geometrical pattern that reflected the life and customs of Mughal

court.

Jami Masjid

The Jami Masjid was the principalmosque of the capital, thecongregational centre and one of themost important institutions for theMuslims in Shahjahanabad. Shah Jahancommenced building the mosque in1650, and completed it 6years later. Itwas located at the central part of thecity and on a raised foundation at thetop of a hill 9mts above the street level.

The mosque dominated the walled cityas a visual as well as a spiritual symbol ofsupreme god. Its architectural designfollowed by traditional style, butimprovements were made here as well.Te courtyard was large and wasenclosed by pillared corridors. Itslayouts, having a main entrance on theeast, was geometric and the wholemosque faced west towards Mecca.Muslim urban life was closely evolvedaround the Jami Masjid.

Major Streets

The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and crooked. However, themajor streets in the new capital were designed as wide and straight. The east-west street called Chandni Chowk connected the Lahori Darwaza of the fortto the Lahori Darwaza of the city wall. It ran in a straight line forming a wideboulevard with broad vista. The Fort was visible from any place on the street.This perspective view marked a new concept of town planning for theMughal capital. Chandni Chowk is 1.4km in length and jogged right at theFatehpuri Begum Mosque. It was built as the central axis of the city..

MAJOR STREETS Another main street the Faiz Bazaar or Akkarabadi

Bazaar, was also wide and straight. It had a north-

south axis and connected Delhi gate of the fort with

the city walls Delhi gate and is about 1km in length.

These major two streets developed as processional

routes, as well as commercial arteries. The streets also

assumed importance for ritual events.

Five Main Streets The basic network of the five main streets extended from Chandni Chowk and

Faiz Bazaar to other gates and to different part of the walled city. The streets were

built as the spines of major activities and developed as commercial thorough

affairs. They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with the Jami Masjid and Turkman

and Lahori Darwazas. Their intersections formed a landmark. Important buildings

were located on these arteries. The other streets were less significant and were

mainly built as access roads to the residential areas.

MAHALLA / KATRA

There was a tendency of the cities' population to settle by

ethnic affiliations and to live in the same neighborhoods.

The urban community and the Mughal capital was

formed by such districts or wards, known as mahallas

and katras. These homogeneous units also define

cultural as well as socio-economic activities. There were

36 mahallas in the walled city. Each katra had an

enclosed space created between residential and

commercial buildings having entry to a katra made

through a gate.

These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted

as main ventilation shafts in a hot and arid climate.

Communal open space was conspicuously absent as it is

so today. There was not much need for communal open

space, other than for worship which is why the Jami

Masjid was provided with a spacious courtyard.

Thus, it is clear that planning of a residential area in the

Mughal capital did not provide for social units.

Streets, Bazaars, Chowks

The city was separated from the surrounding land by a wall and a moat.

The main thoroughfares , the secondary roads and the bazaars were

public space.

Havellis

The members of the imperial household whio lived outside the fort/

palace built large mansions (havellis) on the model of the imperial

design of the red fort. As a rule these city palaces accommodated not

only the owner and his family, but also their numerous followers,

servants, and craftsmen with their workshops. The internal organisation

of the space within the havellis was therefore also based on the strict

distinction between the public, semi private and private spaces.

Interior courtyard of a Havelli in the walled city

Notice the spill out of day to day activities in the courtyard- thus the

typology was not only suited climatically but also enhanced the living.

Streetscapes There emerges a hierarchy of

streets in the layout of the city.

The secondary streets werethe ones which entered thesouth of the city from ChandniChowk. (thus they wereperpendicular for somedistance and then assumedan organic form once deep inthe city).

The secondary street structurealso includes the streets thatare parallel to the city walls-forming a concentric ring so tosay, in the southern part of thecity. They then intermingle atchowks with the third layeringof streets, which derive theircharacter from the fact thatthey are perpendicular to themain mosque, Jama Masjid.

Bagh

The north area of Chandni Chowk was occupied by a bagh called

the Jahanara Begumi’s Garden. It was laid out in a planned fashion,

in addition to the road planning of Chandni Chowk.

CITY WALLS

The layout o the city walls was based on a geometrical planning; i.e. to say,

a polygonal plan with gateways. The four main gates were Delhi Darwaza

on south, the Ajmeri Darwaza on the south-west, the Lahori Darwaza on

the west and the Kashmiri Darwaza on the north. These important gates

were positioned according to the basic network of the city, being laced on

the cardinal points. The graphic representation of the city was indicated

geometric planning and the geometric placement of the main gates.

Conclusion The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an ideal city and a

paradise on Earth.

The design and planning methods were geometric and provided for greenareas (gardens) and water facilities.

Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the Jami Masjid, twomajor streets, city wall and gates, the Bagh, the Id-gah and the KarawanSarai.

The Red fort was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and as an ideal livingspace on a formal geometrical plan.

The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and of thecapital.

Two major streets were developed as the central axis and as processionalroutes and they were new elements in the capital; the design and theplanning method was a new concept in town planning in the Mughal capital.

Planning in the capital did not provide planning of residential areas.

The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical plan.

Urban forms and patterns developed on there own in response to theemperor’s basic need and idea and little attention was paid to the socialplanning.

Education

10 Mughal period in India