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Removable MediaRemovable Media
Removable MediaRemovable Media
Any type of mass storage device that you may use in one system and then physically remove from that system and use in another
Removable media are broken down into these groups:– Floppy drives - The traditional floppy drive– Flash memory - From flash memory cards to USB
thumb drives– Optical media - Any shiny disc technology from
CD-ROMs to DVDs– External drives - Any hard drive or optical drive
that connects to a PC via anexternal cable
How Floppy Drives How Floppy Drives WorkWork How data is physically stored on a How data is physically stored on a
floppy diskfloppy disk
How the OS logically views that How the OS logically views that datadata
Floppy Drive Floppy Drive SubsystemSubsystem
How Data Is Physically How Data Is Physically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk
In concentric circles (Tracks or In concentric circles (Tracks or Cylinders)Cylinders)
– Each track is divided into sectorsEach track is divided into sectors
– Each sector holds 512 bytes of dataEach sector holds 512 bytes of data
How Data Is Physically How Data Is Physically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk
Standard PC Diskettes Standard PC Diskettes ConfigurationConfiguration
Diskette sizeDiskette size NameName Tracks Tracks per per sideside
Number Number of of sectors sectors per per trackstracks
CapacityCapacity
5.25" Single side5.25" Single side SD8SD8 4040 88 40 X 8 X 512 bytes = 160 KB40 X 8 X 512 bytes = 160 KB
5.25" Double side5.25" Double side DD9DD9 4040 99 2 X 40 X 9 X 512 bytes = 360 KB2 X 40 X 9 X 512 bytes = 360 KB
5.25" Double side 5.25" Double side High DensityHigh Density
DQ15DQ15 8080 1515 2 X 80 X 15 X 512 bytes = 1.2 MB2 X 80 X 15 X 512 bytes = 1.2 MB
3.5" DD3.5" DD DQ9DQ9 8080 99 2 X 80 X 9 X 512 bytes = 720 KB2 X 80 X 9 X 512 bytes = 720 KB
3.5" HD3.5" HD DQ18DQ18 8080 1818 2 X 80 X 18 X 512 bytes = 1.44 MB2 X 80 X 18 X 512 bytes = 1.44 MB
3.5" XD ( IBM only)3.5" XD ( IBM only) DG36DG36 8080 3636 2 X 80 X 36 X 512 bytes = 2.88 MB2 X 80 X 36 X 512 bytes = 2.88 MBSource: http://www.karbosguide.com/
How Floppy Disks VaryHow Floppy Disks Vary
Organization of tracks and sectorsOrganization of tracks and sectors
Density at which data can be Density at which data can be storedstored
Intensity of magnetic spots on Intensity of magnetic spots on magnetized plastic surface of the magnetized plastic surface of the diskdisk
Inside a Floppy Disk Inside a Floppy Disk DriveDrive
How Data Is Logically How Data Is Logically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk ClusterCluster
– Smallest logical unit of space allocated to a fileSmallest logical unit of space allocated to a file
– On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one On a 3½-inch high-density floppy disk, one cluster = one sector (512 bytes) cluster = one sector (512 bytes)
How Data Is Logically How Data Is Logically Stored on a Floppy Stored on a Floppy DiskDisk
Ways to Format a Ways to Format a Floppy DiskFloppy Disk Format command from a Format command from a
command promptcommand prompt
Windows Explorer, right-click the Windows Explorer, right-click the 3½ Floppy (A:) icon and select 3½ Floppy (A:) icon and select Format on shortcut menuFormat on shortcut menu
Formatting Process for Formatting Process for a Floppya Floppy Creates tracks and sectorsCreates tracks and sectors
Creates boot recordCreates boot record
Creates two copies of file Creates two copies of file allocation table (FAT)allocation table (FAT)
Creates root directoryCreates root directory
Replacing a Floppy Replacing a Floppy DriveDrive
1.1. Check that computer and other Check that computer and other peripherals are workingperipherals are working
2.2. Turn off computer and remove coverTurn off computer and remove cover
3.3. Unplug data cable and power cable from Unplug data cable and power cable from old drive; unscrew and dismount the driveold drive; unscrew and dismount the drive
4.4. Slide new drive into the bay; reconnect Slide new drive into the bay; reconnect data cable and power cabledata cable and power cable
5.5. Turn on computer; check setup; test the Turn on computer; check setup; test the drive; turn off computer and replace the drive; turn off computer and replace the covercover
Removing the Power Removing the Power CableCable
The Data CableThe Data Cable
Reconnecting the Data Reconnecting the Data CableCable
RequirementsRequirementsfor Adding a New Drivefor Adding a New Drive
Empty bayEmpty bay
Extra power cable (or “Y” splitter)Extra power cable (or “Y” splitter)
Extra connection on floppy drive Extra connection on floppy drive data cabledata cable
Adding a New DriveAdding a New Drive
Slide the drive into the bay; screw Slide the drive into the bay; screw it downit down
Connect the cable and power Connect the cable and power cablecable
Change setupChange setup
Flash Memory
Same flash memory that replaced CMOS technology for your system BIOS, found another home in PCs in the form of removable mass storage devices.
Flash memory comes in two different families: – USB thumb drives and memory cards.
USB thumb drives – Are flash devices that contain a standard USB
connection. Memory cards
– Is a generic term for a number of different tiny cards that are used in cameras, PDAs, and other devices
USB Thumb Drives
Are hot-swappable in Windows 2000/XP/Vista
Don’t need an external power source
Latest systems enable you to boot to a thumb drive
Flash Cards
The way people store data on small appliances– Every digital camera,– Virtually every PDA, and many – Cell phones come
Memory cards come in a number of different incompatible formats
CompactFlash
The oldest, most complex, and physically largest of all removable flash media cards – Roughly one inch wide– CF cards use a simplified PCMCIA bus
CF cards come in two sizes: – CF I (3.3 mm thick) and – CF II (5 mm thick)
CF II cards are too thick to fit into CF I slots
MicroDriveMicroDrive
Manufacturers have repurposed the CF form factor to create the microdrive
Microdrives are – True hard drives, using platters and
read/write heads that fit into the tiny CF form factor
– Microdrives are slower and use more power than flash drives
– Cost much less than an equivalent CF flash card
SmartMedia
Competitor to CF cards and for a few years was quite popular in digital cameras
Secure Digital
SD comes in two types: – The original SD and SDIO
SDcards store only data Advanced SDIO
– The “IO” denoting input/output rather than storage cards
Support devices such as GPS and cameras To use an SDIO device,
– You must have an SDIO slot There is no way to tell an SD slot from an
SDIO slot, so read the technical specs for your device!
Memory Stick
Own something from Sony and it uses flash memory, you’ll need a Memory Stick
Sony always likes to use proprietary formats
xD Picture Card
About half the size of an SD card They’re almost exclusively used in
digital cameras – Although Olympus (the developer of the
xD technology) produces a USB housing so you can use an xD Picture Card like any other USB flash memory drive
– xD Picture Cards come in three flavors: original, Standard (Type M), and Hi-Speed (Type
H)
Card Readers
Flash Memory – PC must have a card reader in order
to access the data on the card directly
Optical Drives
CD-R CD-RW Music CDs DVD-Media
– Single-Sided (SS) – Dual-Sided (DS) formats
As the name implies, – A DS disc holds twice the data of an SS
disc – Requires you to flip the disc to read the
other side
How a CD Drive Can How a CD Drive Can Interface with the Interface with the MotherboardMotherboard
EIDE interface (most common)EIDE interface (most common)
SCSI interface with SCSI host SCSI interface with SCSI host adapteradapter
Portable drive; plug into external Portable drive; plug into external port on PCport on PC
Installing a CD DriveInstalling a CD Drive
DVD DriveDVD Drive
DVD DevicesDVD Devices
Installing a DVD DriveInstalling a DVD Drive
Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))
Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued) )
Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))
Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))
Installing a DVD Drive Installing a DVD Drive ((continuedcontinued))
Auto Insert Notification Enables Windows to detect automatically the
presence of audio or data CD-ROMs when they are placed in the drive
To turn it off is to edit the registry– REGEDT32, access this subkey:– HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\
Services\Cdrom– Change Autorun 0 x 1 to 0 x 0
Most techs will use Group Policy to make the change because it gives you much more control in multiple CD and DVD drive situations
Troubleshooting Removable Media Repairing Floppy Drives
– When a floppy drive stops working, follow these steps to resolve the problem:
1. Check for a bad floppy disk2. Check for data errors on the disk3. Check the CMOS settings4. Blame the floppy controller5. Check the cable6. Replace the floppy drive
Common Error Common Error MessagesMessages Non-system disk or disk error. Non-system disk or disk error.
Replace and strike any key when Replace and strike any key when ready.ready.No operating system found.No operating system found.
Bad or missing COMMAND.COMBad or missing COMMAND.COMError in Config.sys line xxError in Config.sys line xxHimem.sys not loadedHimem.sys not loadedMissing or corrupt Himem.sysMissing or corrupt Himem.sys
Common Error Common Error MessagesMessages
Invalid Drive SpecificationInvalid Drive Specification
Not ready reading drive A:, Abort, Retry, Not ready reading drive A:, Abort, Retry, Fail?Fail?
General failure reading drive A:, Abort, General failure reading drive A:, Abort, Retry, Fail?Retry, Fail?
Track 0 bad, disk not usableTrack 0 bad, disk not usable
Write-protect error writing drive A:Write-protect error writing drive A:
Troubleshooting Optical Drives and Discs
Installation Issues Drive does not see a disc
– Try cleaning the drive– Most modern optical drives have
built-in cleaning mechanisms, but from time to time, you need to use a commercial optical-drive cleaning kit
Burning Issues