2. special education

“STUDENTS WITH COMMUNICATION DISORDERS”

&“Development of Speech & Language”

Dr. MOHIBULLAH KHAN MARWATSUIT Peshawar

[email protected]

Cell. 03333161616Cell. 03113161616

Communication stands for the medium of interaction between the

two or more individuals

Voice, Speech, and Language are the tools we use to communicate

with each other.

Communication & Its Tools

Voice is the sound we make as air from our lungs is pushed between vocal cord in our larynx, causing them to vibrate and produce sound.

Speech is talking, It involves the coordinated muscle actions of the Tongue, Lips, Jaw, and Vocal tract to produce the recognizable sounds that make up language.

Voice, Speech, and Language

Language is a set of shared rules that allow people to express their ideas in a meaningful way.

Voice, Speech, and Language

Speech is making the sounds that become words, the physical act of talking.

Speech refers to the actual sound of spoken language.

Speech is the Oral form of communicating. Speech is Talking: using the muscles of the

tongue, lips, jaw and vocal tract in a way to produce the recognizable sounds that make up language. (Contd)

Difference between Speech and Language

Speech is the verbal means of communication. Speech consists of the following:

Articulation How speech sounds are made (e.g., children must

learn how to produce the "r" sound in order to say “Rabbit" instead of “Labbit").

(Contd)


Fluency The rhythm and continuity of speech

(hesitations or stuttering can affect fluency).

(Contd)


Language may be expressed verbally or by making symbols, writing, or expressed with gestures like Eye blinking or Mouth Movements and Body Language, used to communicate meaning and understanding what others say.

(Contd)


Composition of the Language includes the following socially shared rules:

What words mean (e.g., “Water" will refer to the transparent drinking liquid)

How to make new words (e.g., friend, friendly, unfriendly)

(Contd)


How to arrange the words together (e.g., “Ali works on Computer” rather than “Ali computer on works")

What word combinations are best in what situations (e.g., “Don’t jump off the roof. You will definitely get yourself hurt” if the first directions are ignored)


Speech and Language Disorder “A communication disorder such as

Stuttering, Impaired Articulation, Language Impairment, or a Voice Impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.”

(Contd)

Speech and Language Disorder

When a person is unable to produce Speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a Speech Disorder.

Difficulties in Pronouncing words, or Articulation disorders, and Stuttering are examples of Speech Disorders.

Speech and Language Disorder

Speech disorders may be of two varieties: 1. Articulation (the production of sounds) 2. Phonological Processes (sound

patterns). An Articulation Disorder may take the form of

substitution, omission, addition, or distortion of normal speech sounds.

Speech Disorders

Phonological Process disorders may involve more systematic difficulties with the production of particular types of sounds, such as those made in the back of the mouth, like “q” and “x”.

Speech Disorders

Apraxia of speech is the acquired form of Motor Speech Disorder mostly caused by Brain injury, or Stroke.

Problems in fluent speaking is its main manifestation.

Apraxia of speech

Dysarthria is a motor Speech Disorder that results from a Neurological injury.

Some types stem from Central damage, while other stem from Peripheral Nerve Damage.

Difficulties may appear in the shape of respiratory problems, or vocal functioning.

Dysarthria

Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder refers to the problems when the tongue is forced forward inappropriately during speech.

This is typical in infants.

Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders

Stuttering is a disruption in the fluency of an individual’s speech.

It begins in childhood and may persist over a lifetime.

Stuttering is a form of disfluency; which becomes a problem as it impedes successful communication between two parties.

Disfluencies may be due to repetitions of sounds, or extension of speech sounds, or words.

Stuttering

Language Disorder stands for the condition when a child has problems in expressing needs, ideas, or information, or in understanding what others say.

When a person has trouble in understanding

others (Receptive Language), or sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings completely (Expressive Language), it is regarded as Language Disorder.

Language Disorder

Improper use of words and their Meanings,

Inability to express Ideas,

Inappropriate Grammatical Patterns,

Reduced Vocabulary, and

Inability to follow Directions.

Common Characteristics of language Disorders

Causes of speech and language disorders include

Hearing loss,

Neurological Disorders,

Brain Injury,

Intellectual Disabilities,

Drug Abuse,

What Causes Speech and Language Disorders?

Speech and language are the skills we use to communicate with others.

We develop these skills during the first years of life.

By age 6, most children learn the basics. Talking and reading to the child are very

helpful in boosting these skills.

Speech and Language Development

A child who lives in the environment of speech and language all the time usually learns language skills faster.

Talking to and reading before the child have

significant effect on how well the child is able to communicate later.

What helps a Child Learn Speech and Language?

The first 3 years of life, when brain is developing and maturing, is the most critical period for acquiring speech and language skills.

These skills develop best in a world that is rich with sounds, sights, and consistent exposure to the speech and language of others.

(Contd)

How do Speech and Language Develop?

There appear to be critical periods for speech and language development in infants and young children when the brain is best able to absorb language.

If these critical periods are allowed to pass

without exposure to language, it will be more difficult to learn.

(Contd)


Birth Language learning starts at birth. Even new

babies are aware of the sounds in the environment.

They listen to the speech of those close to them, and frighten or cry if there is an unexpected noise.

Loud noises awake them, and they become "still" in response to new sounds.

(Contd)


0-3 months Between 0-3 months babies learn to turn to you

when you Speak, and Smile when they hear your voice.

In fact, they seem to Recognise your Familiar Voice, and will become silent at the new sound which is not familiar to them.

They will often respond to Comforting Tones whether the voice is familiar or not.


4-6 Months During this period babies respond to the word

“No". They are also responsive to changes in your tone

of voice, and to sounds other than speech. For example, they can be attracted by toys and

other objects that make sounds, enjoy music and rhythm, and look in an interested way for the source of all new sounds.


7-12 Months The timeframe between 7 to 12 months is exciting and

fun. Baby now listens when spoken to, turns and looks at

your face when called by name, and discovers the fun of games.

It is in this period that you realise that he or she recognises the names of familiar objects ("Daddy", “Mummy”, and begins to respond to requests ("Give Me") and questions ("More Juice?").


1-2 years Now the baby points to the pictures in a book

when you name them, and can point to a few body parts when asked (Nose, Eyes, Hand).

S/he can also follow simple commands ("Push it!", “Give me”, "Don't touch; it's hot!") and so on.

(Continued)


1-2 years Understand Simple Questions ("Where is your

Mummy?", “Do you want water?", "What is in your pocket?").

The child now likes Listening Simple Stories and enjoys it when you Sing Songs or Say Rhymes.

This is a stage in which s/he wants the same story, rhyme or game Repeated Many Times.


2-3 years By now the child will understand Two Stage

Commands ("Get your socks and put them in the basket") and

Understand contrasting concepts or meanings

like Hot/Cold, Stop/Go, In/On and Nice/Bad.

(Continued)


2-3 years During this period, s/he Notices Sounds

like the Telephone or Doorbell ringing and

May Point or Become Excited, get you to answer, or attempt to answer themselves.


3-4 years The child three or four year old understands

simple "Who?", "What?" and "Where?" questions, and

Can Hear and Respond to you when you call from another room.

This is an age where Hearing Difficulties may become evident.


4-5 years Children in this age range Enjoy Stories and can

Answer Simple Questions about them. S/he hears and understands nearly everything

that is said (Within Reason) at home or at pre-school or day care centre.

Your child's ability to hear properly should not be in doubt.


If you are in doubt about your child's hearing, see a Clinical Audiologist.

If you are in doubt about language comprehension, see a Speech-Language Pathologist / Speech and Language Therapist.


ANY ?

THANKS FOR LISTENING

Education

2. special education