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Teachers’ beliefs, practices and attitudes are important for understanding and improving educational processes, because they are closely linked to teachers’ challenges in their daily professional life. Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977) seems to play a major role in this. In this study we look at teachers' self-efficacy towards the domain of science education and towards technology integration in this domain. Since most students who enter pre-service elementary school training in the Netherlands graduated from secondary school without science-related courses, many lack any foundational science knowledge. This contributes to their (absence of) confidence to teach science, and it also delimits their science-teaching related PCK. In a recent study Fisser, Ormel and Velthuis (submitted) measured teachers' beliefs, attitudes and self-efficacy in relation to science education in primary education, based on a Dutch version of the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI) (Riggs & Enochs, 1990). The results for the pre-service teachers showed that the more pre-service teachers have the opportunity to experience actual teaching in the science domain, the higher the sense of self-efficacy is. Combining science education with technology integration offers even more challenges for teachers. Measuring teachers’ self-efficacy towards technology integration will be done by using a Dutch version of the TPACK survey (Schmidt et al., 2009). This survey will be complimented with the STEBI survey and, because the TPACK survey does not take into account teachers’ beliefs and attitudes towards technology, questions related to the attitude of teachers towards using technology in education will be added. The combined TPACK-STEBI survey will be distributed to Dutch pre-service primary education students and the results will be presented at the SITE symposium.
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Prospective teachers’ self-efficacy of TPACK in the science domain
Petra Fisser, Joke Voogt, Bart Ormel,Chantal Velthuis & Jo Tondeur
University of TwenteDepartment of Curriculum Design and Educational Innovation
SITE Conference, Nashville, 10 March 2011
In this presentation..
Teachers and their beliefs
Self-efficacy
Use of technology in education
Science education
Measuring self-efficacy
TPACK
STEBI
First results
Teachers and their beliefs
Teachers’ beliefs, practices and attitudes are important
for understanding and improving educational processes,
because they are closely linked to teachers’
challenges in their daily professional life
relation with
self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy: one’s perceived ability to perform an action that will
lead successfully toward a specific goal (Bandura, 1977)
Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy is a powerful predictor of their behavior in the
classroom and student outcomes
Teachers with a high sense of self-efficacy will set higher goals, be less afraid of
failure, and find new strategies when old ones fail
If the sense of self-efficacy is low, teachers will avoid the task or
give up easily (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001)
If teachers feel more confident to teach a specific domain, they teach the subject in
a different way than less confident teachers
The context of our study
The Netherlands
Pre-service teacher training
Use of technology in the science domain…
…combining two problems!
Problem 1 (Science)
TIMSS, comparative study in more than 40 different countries on
trends in mathematics and science education
The results:
Dutch children don’t belong to the top 10 of best achieving
countries in the domain of science anymore
Dutch teachers spend 30-45 minutes per week in average for
science education (this is less than all other TIMSS-countries)
85 percent biology, only 15 percent physics and chemistry
The children have a low achievement and attitude in those areas
Possible reasons for Problem 1 (Science)
Reading, writing and math are largely emphasized in the Dutch
educational system at the cost of other domains like science
TIMSS study: physics and chemistry are the subjects in which Dutch
teachers do not feel very confident
Literature: teachers who do feel confident in their ability to teach science
allocate more time to this subject in their teaching than teachers without
confidence
Our research: focus on raising teachers’ confidence in science teaching,
framed from the perspective of Bandura’s notion of
self-efficacy
Problem 2 (Technology)
Well…
There are computers
There is a good internet connectivity
There are interactive whiteboards
There is software
There are games
But… well… you know…
Possible reasons for Problem 1 (Technology)
No time
No money
No ideas
No TPACK
No self-efficacy
Our research: focus on raising teachers’ confidence in using
technology while teaching, framed from the perspective of
a) TPACK and b) Bandura’s notion of self-efficacy
Before you can increase you have to measure
Two instruments combined into one
TPACK Survey (Schmidt et al., 2009)
STEBI (Riggs & Enochs, 1990)
TPACK & STEBI
TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge), measures
pre-service teachers’ self-assessment of their Technological
Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and
related knowledge domains included in the framework
STEBI (Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument), measures
Personal Science Teaching Efficacy
(assessment of own teacher competence)
Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy
(teachers' expectations that teaching can influence student learning)
The general data
TPACK & STEBI were translated in Dutch and distributed among
pre-service primary school teachers (students)
168 students
age 16-24
25% male, 75% female
distributed over 3 years of study
Some science-domain-related data
115 out of 168 never chose to do something with science voluntary
109 did some biology-related lessons during field training
42 did some physics/chemistry-related lessons during field training
Results: TPACK questionnaire
Reliability all TPACK-items together: Cronbach’s α = 0.91
Factor analysis: 7 factors
Factor Items in factor Name factor Reliability Cronbach’s α
1 TK4 TK2 TK5 TK3 TK1 TK6 TK7 Technological Knowledge .915
2 TPK1 TPK2TCK3 TCK4
Science TPACK (?) .824
3 CK1 CK2 CK3PCK2 PCK1
Pedagogical Science Content Knowledge .798
4 TPK3 TPK4 TPK5TPCK3
Reflective Educated use of ICT .667
5 PK1 PK2 PK3 PK4 Pedagogical Student Knowledge .705
6 PK5 PK6 PK7 Pedagogical Organizational Knowledge .548
7 TPCK7 TPCK8 TPACK Leadership .803
Results: STEBI questionnaire
Reliability all STEBI-items together: Cronbach’s α = 0.85
Factor analysis:
Personal Science Teaching Efficacy
Science Teaching Outcome Expectancy
both with all the original items
Reliability
PSTE .91
STOE .66
Results: TPACK and general data
Gender correlates with
TPACK Factor 1 (Technological Knowledge)
TPACK Factor 3 (Pedagogical Science Content Knowledge)
TPACK Factor 7 (TPACK Leadership)
In all cases the men scored higher on the different factors
Preliminary conclusion 1:
Men are more confident in their Technological Knowledge, their
Pedagogical Science Content Knowledge and they see themselves
more as leaders who help others to develop TPACK
Results: TPACK and general data
Preliminary conclusion 2:
There is a positive correlation between study year and TPACK Factor 5 (Pedagogical Student Knowledge):
significant difference between year 1 and 3 TPACK Factor 6 (Pedagogical Organizational Knowledge):
significant difference between year 1 and 2 and between year 1 and 3 TPACK Factor 7 (TPACK Leadership):
significant difference between year 1 and 3 and between year 2 and 3
Expectation:
Students who are more advanced in their studies are more confident in relation
to Pedagogical Student and Organizational Knowledge and they see themselves
more as leaders who help others to develop TPACK. The third year of the study
seems to be very important.
Results: STEBI and general data
Preliminary conclusion 3:
There is a positive relation between Personal Science Teaching Efficacy
and the “profile” during secondary school and the perceived knowledge
about biology, physics, chemistry and technical systems
Expectation: Students who were already interested (confident?) in science
in secondary education and students who perceive their science knowledge
as sufficient or more will assess their own science teaching competence
higher
(No significant differences between men/women or between study years)
Results: combining TPACK and STEBI
Correlations of the 2 STEBI factors with the 7 TPACK factors:
STOE has a significant positive correlation with TPACK 1, 2, 3, 4
PSTE has a significant positive correlation with TPACK 1, 2, 3, 6, 7
What does (could) this mean?
Results: combining TPACK and STEBI
STOE measures the outcome expectancy of science education
PSTE measures science teaching efficacy
TPACK 1 measures Technological Knowledge
TPACK 2 measures Science TPACK
TPACK 3 measures Pedagogical Science Content Knowledge
Preliminary conclusion 4:
There is a positive relation between outcome expectancy and teaching efficacy
with Technological Knowledge, Science TPACK and Pedagogical Science Content
Knowledge
Expectation: the more outcome expectancy and teaching efficacy, the more
Technological Knowlegde, Science TPACK and Pedagogical Science Content
Knowlegde (but more (regression) analysis is needed)
Results: combining TPACK and STEBI
Additional results (1)
STOE measures the outcome expectancy of science education
STOE has a positive correlation with TPACK 4, Reflective Educated use of
ICT
Preliminary conclusion 5:
There is a positive relation between STOE and Reflective Educated use of
ICT
Expectation: if a teacher expects something positive from science
education, he/she will reflectively think about the added value of technology
in his/her education, while referring to what he/she learned during training
Results: combining TPACK and STEBI
Additional results (2)
PSTE measures science teaching efficacy
PSTE has a positive correlation with TPACK 6 and 7,
Pedagogical Organisational Knowledge and TPACK Leadership
Preliminary conclusion 6:
There is a positive relation between PSTE and Pedagogical Organisational
Knowledge and TPACK Leadership
Expectation: if a teachers feels confident to teach science, he/she will
have good class management and is able to help/guide/lead his/her
colleagues in using technology in science education
First ideas about further analysis
Instead of factor analysis: cluster and multidimensional analysis
Needs more time and respondents, but first results:
Multidimensional scaling: seems similar and if… than… 96% of variance explained
Items in cluster Name of clusterReliability Cronbach’s α
1 TK4 TK5 TK3 TK6 TK7 TK1 TK2 Technological Knowledge .915
2 PK2 PK3 PK4 PK5 PK7 PK1 Pedagogical Knowledge .713
3 TPK1 TPK2 TPK3 TPK4 TPK5 TPCK1
TPCK2 TPCK3 TPCK5 TCK3 TCK4
Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge .849
4 PCK2 CK1 CK2 CK3 Pedagogical Content Knowledge .783
5 TPCK7 TPCK8 TPACK Leadership .809
Why were we combining TPACK & STEBI?
TPACK stresses the importance of the interactions between Technology,
Pedagogy and Content, but in the TPACK Survey there is only a limited
number of Science-related items
The TPACK Survey measures knowledge (and skills?), but ignores the
importance of attitude (self-efficacy). Or… is self-reported measurement
actually measuring self-efficacy?
Combining knowledge, skills and attitudes is probably the answer.. And
this combination contributes to somenone’s self-efficacy
The higher the self-efficacy, the more likely someone will use technology
in science teaching
Future research related to TPACK & STEBI
More research in the combination of TPACK & STEBI
We added extra items related to science. Not reported here, but it
seems to give a broader and better view, especially when related to
STEBI needs more research
We added extra items about beliefs related to ict in education,
preliminary results seem interesting needs more research
Necessary to add items about beliefs related to education in general?
Future research related to TPACK & STEBI
The factor “TPACK leadership” seems very interesting
We believe that this particular factor will make the difference between
an ict-integrating teacher and a non-ict-integrating teacher
We will report on this next year!
More information?
Please contact us!
Petra Fisser: [email protected]
Joke Voogt: [email protected]
Bart Ormel, [email protected]
Chantal Velthuis, [email protected]
Jo Tondeur, [email protected]
And for the Dutch people htpp://www.tpack.nl