“Discovering America”

• Norse– Ericson– Hopscotch– Greenland– L’Anse aux Meadows– Maine?– Newport?

Crusades• Crusades

– Food– Venice & Genoa

• Marco Polo– Trade by sea poss.

• Gutenberg• Bubonic Plague

– Less people– More food– Feudalism– Nationalism

• Renaissance– New instruments

Prince Henry

• Prince Henry– Portugal inches along

African coast– Sao Tome

• Slaves/Plantations

• Barthomeu Dias– Genoa & Venice– Da Gama

Columbus

• Spain– Isabella/Moors

• Columbus– Bad with the ruler– San Salvador

• Bahamas

– Hispaniola• La Navidad

– Returns with natives– 4 trips– Columbian Exchange

• Goods, ppl & ideas

Magellan

• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal– Brazil only– de Gama 1498

• Cabral– Vespucci

• Balboa• Magellan– West voyage not feasible

Conquistadores

• Conquistadores– Unemployed in Spain– Cortez

• Aztec– Empire, tribute, sacrifice

• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro• Smallpox • Inca

• French– Verrazano– Cartier– Champlain

• Lived with Indians

Huguenots

• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain– St. Augustine 1st

• England– Northwest Pass– Cabot—Newfoundland– Frobisher (China)– John Hawkins Africa to

Haiti– Walter Raleigh trade/

Indians

England enters the Picture

• England supplants Spain– Henry VIII– Elizabeth

• Reform

– Drake– Roanoke Island – Armada

• Spain defends Cath.• English pond

England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt– New trade partners– Ease unemployment

• Pressure valve• 1530-1680 Pop doubled

causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company– VA London– VA Plymouth– Takes time for profit

• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold

• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,

European traditions of labor– Could have done better if

they learned to farm

– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal• Natives inferior• Almost exterminated due to

VA success

• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements– Constant encroaching

• Labor force– Indentured

• Lack of labor• Poor, willing• Cheap, abundant• 2x or 3x pay• Most migrants to

Chesapeake• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold• Extended– legally

– Stole, ran away, pregnant– Women no marriage– Freedom dues

– Headright• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses– Series of harsh rulers– Representative self-

government• Local laws only but, it set

a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland– Proprietary

• Lord B’more• Sanctuary

– But… conflict» Majority

Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east– Untamed in the west– Gov. Berkeley

• No elections for 15 years• Only male landowners &

heads of households• Monopolized fur trade w/

Indians• Bacon’s Rebellion

– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England• Pilgrims– Separatists– Too corrupt– Holland– Mayflower Compact

• Political body & legal auth• Will of majority

– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies• Thanksgiving

• Mass. Bay Colony– Covenant

• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of

Eng.– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights• Property owning males• Popular got big tracts

The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker– All males– Fundamental Orders of

CT.

• Rhode Island– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson• Comm. Directly with God

Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637– White settlement

disrupted trade– Narragansett allies– Heavily criticized

• Tried to Christianize• Indians knew only unity

stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War– Encroachment

• Surrounded Indian towns• Sassamon• Mohawk• Great Swamp• Sold into slavery• Debt, ruined frontier,

hatred• Eunice Williams stayed• Mary Rowlandson–

Redemption Rock

Trouble in New England

• Salem– Tituba

• Witchcraft• Specters

– Causes• Continual disorder

explained by blame– Indian attacks– Decline of Puritan s.– Ergot

The Other Colonies

• New York– 1609 Hudson– Albany– New Netherlands– New Amsterdam

• Manhattan• Patroonships• Headright

– Diverse– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn– Quaker– Proprietary– Indians

• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims

• Those having probs elsewhere

– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no

sex”

• Carolina– Restoration as others– Barbados

• Charles Town• Slaves• Staple crop

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence

• Georgia– Oglethorpe– Buffer/Reform

• Between two empires

– Savannah

Governing the Colonies

• Navigation Acts– raw materials– Revenue & divert trade– Only English/colonial ships– Enumerated list– Make money/ competition– Salutary Neglect

• Robert Walpole– Ignore leads to more

wealth• James II & WM/Mary get rid

of Sal. Neg.• Admiralty Courts 1796

• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay revoked– Dominion of New

England• Under direct crown control• Land titles invalidated

– Edmund Andros– Glorious Revolution

• Mass Bay restored w/ • Other colonists revoke

– Leisler’s Rebellion– John Coode

• More Indian Wars– New York

• Beaver Wars• Iroquois

– European diseases– Replenish

– North Carolina• Tuscarora

– Many enslaved– 6th Nation

• South Carolina– Yamassee

• Abuse (slavery)• Threatened Lands• Spanish intrigue

• Slavery– Portuguese

• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have

too– Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of

European economy• Middle Passage

– Deaths & suicides

– Rebellion• Stono• No overturn, no winning

fight for freedom

• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening

• First Shared

– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer• Revive piety

– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards

– “Sinners… • Religious Diversity

• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property

• John Locke– Right of rebellion

• Peter Zenger

– Religion• Deism• God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s

• The French in America– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois– FR wants fur trade

• Black Robes

– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi

– No suppression Indians– Like European goods

letting FR stay• Kept Spanish away

• Wars with France– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European• Frontier towns attacked

– Still need English prot.

– King George’s War• Louisbourg

– Colonists furious» Boston widows

• French/Indian War– Contested land

• Ohio Valley• French forts• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington» Surrenders» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians– non-committal

» Colonists meet annually

» Refused by colony & crown• Independence–

not enough, too much

– General Braddock• Duquesne– war!• Colonists refused• British feel colony bear

responsibility• Indians side with French–

less land hungry

– William Pitt• Better commanders

– Local recruitment• Finance thoroughly, but…

– Boon to colonial economy

– Turning pt.• Focus on NA not WI

– Attack Quebec– Cripple FR colonies– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe/Montcalm» Iroquois ally GB

– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover• Colonists

– Military confidence– Colonists treated poorly

» No promotions» Discipline brutal» Amateurs

• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy– Am. Headed west

• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Refused to surrender

lands– British raised prices– Several Br. Forts attacked– Many lives– Germ warfare

• Proclamation of 1763– Keep peace– Soldiers stationed here

• British problems– War debt– Colonists should help pay

for empire– Pitt’s role– Standing Army

(where?!?)– Quartering Act

• Sugar Act– Molasses Act– Rewards for capture

• Stamp Act– Internal tax– James Otis

• No rep in Parle• Direct rep here• Grenville virtual

– Sons & Daughters• Boycott

– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry• Caesar, Chas I and George

– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union• 9 of 13• Rights & Grievances

– Tax and represent redux– Jury w/o trial– Restrict on trade

• Prevent distribution– Andrew Oliver

» Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson

» All resigned

• Boycott worked• Declaratory Act

• Townsend Acts– Revenue Act of 1765– Customs collectors paid

by crown– Tax on lead, glass, paint,

tea– Writs of assistance– New York Assembly

– Circular Letter• Sam Adams• Tax w/o consent?• VA Assembly agrees

dissolved

• Currently– Taxes– Houses searched– Troops stationed at the

center of hotbeds

• Boston Massacre– March 5, 1770– Soldiers withdrawn– Townsend repealed

• Gaspée– Crown’s commission to

find perpetrators– Committees of

Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose

• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.

• Smuggled tea• Tax lowered• Favoritism• Hurt current suppliers• Hurt smugglers

• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor– 2. Mass. Charter– 3. Trials in England

– 4. New Quartering Act– 5. Quebec Act

• New borders– Land granted to

Catholics!– No precedent

– General Gage

• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances

• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response

• Continental Association– Manage boycott– Ben Franklin

» “we must hang together…”

– Colonists forced to choose sides

– Meet again in one year

• Lexington & Concord 4/75– Stockpiles– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes– Sam Adams/John Hancock

– Boston under siege

• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C– Mass Militia named Cont.

Army

• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts– Pyrrhic victory– Hessians– Ports closed– Halifax

• Ethan Allen• Canadian Invasion– Not just about MA– Benedict Arnold

• Common Sense– Thomas Paine

• Hessian’s (unpopularity)– What happened to the

family war

• Independence needed– Richard Henry Lee– “These colonies…”

• Adams, Franklin, Jeff• SC & GA edit

– All men…– Life, liberty &– Government purpose to

allow– Government derives

power– If government fails to

allow

• Issues for the new government– How to share power– Controlled by who?– Women?– Slave status

• All signers… treason

– All states write their own• Executive loses

• Battle of New York– No pursuit– saved?– Desertion– Response

• The Crisis

• British ad/disad– Army

• Do Pats measure up?

– 3000 miles***– Re-conquer judiciously

• New Jersey– Delaware– Trenton

• Hessians

– Princeton

• Americans– Good officers as well as

bad– Home game– Women

• Nurses• Domestic• Shurtleff• Pitcher

• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe– Philadelphia

• Brandywine• No accomplishment

– Burgoyne– Saratoga

• One of the biggest• French– decisive

– Repossess (revenge)– Fear reconcile

• Home-rule

• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben

» Inexperienced/» undermanned

• War in the West– Joseph Brandt

• Iroquois Alliance moved to Canada

– Dragging Canoe• Western settle.

– Indians mostly neutral to leaning British

• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones

• Bonhomme Richard

– Privateers

• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah

• Tories pledge allegiance to crown

• Tories in charge of conquered– Treason; joining Brits,

food, ammo– Penalty; house arrest,

voting, property• African- Americans join

post Charleston

• Nathaniel Greene– conciliatory– We fight…– Guerrilla (post Camden and

Arnold)» Marion» Sumter» Drag Brits inland

• Yorktown– De Grasse– Chesapeake, VA, NC– Cut their losses– “Oh God! It is all over”– “World Turned Upside Down”

• Treaty of Paris– All lands west to Miss.– Newfoundland– Independence

recognized– Property confiscated

• State Constitutions– Governors – Bi-cameral– Limit voting rights

• 25-50%

– Southern solidarity– Slaves not fully human– NJ– Quok Walker

• VA had bill of rights• Republican government

– Elect reps– Weak central gov’t

• Articles of Confederation– 1st Constitution

• Foreign affairs• Maintain army• Borrow• Issue currency

– Not backed– Not worth…

– Could not• Regulate trade• Draft• Tax• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13• No exec, no judiciary• Tariff tried

• One vote per• Ratification problems

– Western lands– 3/1781

– Accomplishments• Won war• Foreign affairs• New states

• Land policy– Ordinance of 1785

• 1st independent source of revenue

• 6x6• Education• Auction• Speculators• 640 for $1 each• Indians still obstacle

• Ordinance of 1787– Northwest Territory– 3 to 5 (equal) states

• 60,000

– Bill of Rights– Equal to other states– No slavery but…

• Fugitives

• Problems with Money– Soldiers wages– March on PHL– Paper worthless– Dept of Finance

• Robert Morris• 5% imports

– Denied (gov’t too powerful?)

• Post war depression– Rice crop– Farms confiscated– WI closed– Britain flooded states

• Spain closed Miss– No US expansion

• Shays’ Rebellion– Mass broke– Tax farmers– Confiscate land– Shays marches to courts/ arsenal

• If govt destroys rights of people.

– A of C not strong enough

• Slavery– Immediate to gradual

freedom– VA manumission – “All men…”

• Quok Walker• South… not human• NJ

• Const. Convention– Annapolis Conf.

– Madison/Hamilton• Change A of C– too weak• 55 delegates– lawyers,

rich• Closed doors

– VA Plan• Proportional or equal rep• VA Plan meant new Const• Bi-cameral• Pop. proportioned• Exec chosen by legis.

– Small states rejected

– NJ Plan• Big prob– how to satisfy

big/small states• Uni-cameral

– Tax/reg. trade• Plural execs

• Great Compromise– Roger Sherman– Bi-cameral

• House, Senate• Electoral Colleg• 3/5 clause• Slavery till 1808• 9 of 13 ratify

• Ratification– Federalists/anti-Federalist

• Fear distance power• Bill of Rights

– Delaware– New Hampshire– VA

• Bill to be added

– NY• Federalist Papers

– Failure of A of C

• First Election– Washington

• Adams

• Dept of Treasury– Hamilton

• State– Jefferson

• War• “Cabinet”– Advisers– Adams did little

• Senate

• 1st Congress– Tariff – Judiciary Act of 1789

• Supreme Ct.• John Jay• Law of the land• 1st 10 years hardly any big

cases

• Bill of Rights– Madison (promised)

• 2nd militia

– 12-10– No mention of who can vote

• Financial problems– Hamilton– fan of

elite/British– Consolidate power at nat’l

level• Tariff for “protection”• South no

• Report on Public Credit– Fed debt at par

• Speculators (wealthy stake)

– Assumption• States have stake but subservient• South not happy• Washington D.C.

• National Bank– Vault, loans, currency– Strict– Jefferson – Loose (Elastic)

• Necessary and…• Any means not prohibited by

Constitution • Political parties– 2nd term

• Whiskey Rebellion– Hamilton’s programs

• 25%• West farmers

– No protect against Indians • Bartering• Serious threat• Nationalize PA militia• Nat’l gov’t no tolerate resistance to

laws

• Frontier problems– Indians look to Eng./Sp.– US want to clear them out– Anthony Wayne

• Fallen Timbers• Greenville

– Ohio

• European problems– Revolution

• England declares war– US bound ideo to Fr– Econ to GB

• Neutrality• Citizen Genet• Jefferson resigns• British impress

– Jay’s Treaty• Hamilton’s role• Northwest

– Loyalists property?– Article V– Prewar debts? A of C

couldn’t enforce pay• Pay for ships• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.• Freed slaves not addressed• France capture US ships

– Congress increases $$$• House wants to refuse to

fund• Executive Privilege

– Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain• Right of Deposit• Mississippi• Stay out of Indian affairs

• Washington’s Farewell– Precedent– Party system– Alliances

• Election of 1796– Adams– Jefferson– 71-68– 12th Amendment

• Adam’s presidency– Problems w/ France– XYZ Affair

• Anti-French sentiment• Shipping• Talleyrand

– Undeclared war• Dept of Navy• US wins in West Indies

– Alien & Sedition Acts• Aimed at Republicans

– 14 year• Sedition Act

– KY & VA resolutions• Compact• Nullification

• Election of 1800– Adams

• A/S• Taxes for Navy• Whiskey• Jay’s Treaty

– Jefferson• Atheist• Jacobin• Sally Hemings• Burr as help• Tie• “Revolution”

• Jefferson Presidency– States center

• Compact

– Capital– Debt paid down

• Gallatin• Army/navy• Excise tax• Sedition Act• Naturalization repealed• Kept par, et al

• Midnight Appointments– Federalists– John Marshall– Marbury v. Madison– Writ of Mandamus– Judicial Review– Samuel Chase

• Foreign Policy• Tripoli• Stephen Decatur

– Louisiana Purchase• French control/empire?• Right of Deposit• Eli Whitney• Livingston/Madison• Haiti

– Toussaint L’Ouverture• Napoleon needs $$$

more

• Feds oppose• Strict v. Loose• Doubled size• Lewis & Clark

– Good relations– Flora/fauna– Water route– Oregon– Sacajawea– Louisiana 1812

• Domestic Issues– Essex Junto

• New England, NY, NJ– Feds losing influence– Burr as governor– Hamilton – Southwest Empire?

• 2nd Term– Problems w/ Britain &

France• Continental System• Orders in Council

• Impressment– 6,000 1808-1811

• Chesapeake v. Leopard• Embargo Act

– Disaster– Smuggling

• Non- Intercourse Act

• Election of 1808– Madison – Feds gain seats– Macon’s Bill #2

– War Hawks• Henry Clay• John C. Calhoun• Andrew Jackson• All anti-British

– Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison• Tecumseh• Federation• Tecumseh flees

• Causes for War– War Hawks want Canada– Florida– Impressment– Federalists oppose– Sectional vote– Orders in Council

suspended but news travels slow

• War of 1812– Ads:

• Britain tied up w/Nap• Home game• Canada target w/ little

pop.

– Dis-ad:• Small army &

old/untrained• “Mr. Madison’s War”

• Invasion of Canada– William Hull– NY Militia

• Lake Erie– Oliver Hazard Perry– Thames

• Retreating British• Tecumseh• York

• At Sea– USS Constitution

• 2 big victories

– Inland lakes– Privateers– British blockade

• Economy crippled• Treasury broke

– Bank expired

• 1814 Napoleon defeated– Chesapeake

• Washington• Baltimore

– Francis Scott Key

– Hudson• Plattsburgh • Macdonough• War too costly

– Southwest Campaign• Jackson

– Horseshoe Bend

– Treaty of Ghent• Status Quo Ante Bellum• New Orleans

– Hartford Convention• Feds last hurrah• Openly traded w/ Britain• State militias• 3/5 clause• 60 day embargo• 1 term President

• No successive President from same state

• 2/3 vote for new states• Poor timing

• Era of Good Feelings– 1816 Elections

• James Monroe• Little opposition

– Nationalism High– BUS re-chartered 1816

• Local banks

• War effort hurt

– Tariff of 1816• Protective

– Florida• Adams-Onis

– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818• Demilitarized • 49th Parallel

• Panic of 1819– Westward migration– Steamships– Wildcat– Distrust of BUS

• McCulloch v. MD

• MO Compromise– Whitney & LA Purchase

• Slavery forefront• Profitable & expanding

– Balanced Senate• Tallmadge Amendment

– Gradual Abolition– Precedent?

» LA Purchase» South too?

– Compromise by Clay• MO/ME• 36’36”

• Foreign Policy (Monroe)– Monroe Doctrine

• Great Britain• West closed• US stays out of Europe• GB motives

• Election of 1824– Caucus– One party– Crawford—Clay– Adams

– Jackson

– Jackson wins popular– Jackson wins electoral

• Plurality• House• Clay’s role• Corrupt Bargain?

• Adam’s Presidency– Internal improvements– National Road– Canals

• Erie

– National University?– Naval College?

• Election of 1828– Jackson

• Democratic Republicans• Property qual. Dropped

– RI 1842• Mudslinging• Rachel

– Adams• National Republicans

• Jackson’s Presidency– King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System

• Loyalists• Beginnings of patronage

• Jackson & Tariff of 1828– Inherited– Abominations

• South manuf. little• South sold worldwide• Slavery?

• MO fires rekindled• Denmark Vesey 1822

– SC Exposition• Calhoun• KY & VA Resolutions

• “Nullies”– Tariff of 1832– Too little– Nullified– Secession?

– Jackson… “Hang the first”

– Clay Compromise• 1833 Tariff

– Force Bill– SC repealed nullification

• Nullified Force Bill

• Indian Removal– Trail of Tears– Five Civilized Tribes

• Cherokee• Alphabet• Sequoyah• Slave owners

– Worcester v. GA• Sovereign• “John Marshall has made

his decision…”

– West to “save” them– Sauk/Fox

• Blackhawk

– Seminole/Osceola

• Eaton Malaria– Peggy wife of John– Sec’y of War– Floride Calhoun– Rachel– Cabinet resigned

– Martin Van Buren– VP frontrunner

• Bank War & Election of 1832– BUS controlled economy– Answers to no one– Controlled gold/silver– Nicholas Biddle– Clay asks for re-charter 4

years early (1832)

– Vetoed (as many others)

• Clay & National Republicans– Nomination conventions

with platforms (1st )– First third party

• Anti-Mason• William Wirt• Anti-Jackson• Morphed in with Whigs

• Killing the Bank– Mandate– Taney– Biddle tries to create

crisis– “Pet” banks– More wildcats– Specie Circular

• “Hard” currency only• Led to another panic

• Whigs & Election of 1836– King Andrew the First– Only issue– Jackson

• South hates tariff• North hates slavery• Clay hates Jackson• West lovers American

System• Anti-Masons

– Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison

• Van Buren’s Presidency– First born in “America”– “Machine-made”

• Other Dems resented

– Trouble in Maine• Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842

– Abolitionism in full swing

– Panic of 1837• Land spec.• Wildcats• Specie Circular• Wheat crop fail• Pet banks failed

– Government $$$• Buren– laissez faire• Independent Treasury Bill

– Trail of Tears 1838– Texas

• Election of 1840– Tippecanoe & Tyler too!– “Log Cabin Campaign”– Martin van Buren

• John Tyler– “His Accidency”– Anti-tariff, bank, internal

improvements

• Whig Congress– Ended Independent

Treasury

– Passed BUS• Vetoed• Mass resignations• Expelled by Whig caucus

• Texas– Mexico 1821

• Needed population• Stephen Austin• Mexico wants

– 300 Roman Cath.– Mexicanized

• Many just ahead of US law

• Many bring slaves• Mexico emancipated

1830• Austin to Mex. City• All local rights suspended

by Santa Anna– Raises army

• Lone Star Republic– 1836 independence– Sam Houston Pres.

– Alamo• Davy Crockett/ Jim Bowie

– Martyrs

– San Jacinto• Forced terms• Independence• Rio Grande• Repudiated• TX Annexation?

– No, recognize– Northern protest – Mexico– province in

revolt

• Texas attracts plenty of attention– Cotton, no tariffs

• Election of 1844– Texas biggest issue– Clay– waffled– Polk– Dem—dark-horse

• Pro-annexation– Texas, Oregon,

California– “54’40 or fight”

– Liberty Party– NY!

– Tyler sees election as mandate• Joint resolution

• Oregon– Britain losing pop. Race– Robert Gray– Lewis & Clark– Manifest Destiny– Polk cooled post-TX

• War• South not excited for

Oregon

• Oregon not excited for South or Polk

• Problems with Mexico– Polk wants Calif.– Mex. Recalls ambassador

post annex– Neuces Rio Grande

“no man’s land”– Slidell to buy– Zack Taylor to Rio

Grande

– “American blood shed…”• US declared war• “Spot resolutions”• Northerners not happy

– Henry David Thoreau

– But, Britain ready to seize

• War with Mexico– Polk hopes for quick

victories– Santa Anna offers help

– Taylor heads south• Buena Vista

– Winfield Scott• Veracruz• Together, must capture

Mex. City

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– NM & CA

• Effects of war– 1st invasion– 13,000 dead

• Mostly disease

– Experience for next war• Who did fighting?

• Slavery issue rekindled– Wilmot Proviso– Southern “Slavocracy”

• Election of 1848– Democrats– Lewis Cass

• Popular sovereignty• No stand on slavery in

territories

– Whigs– Zack Taylor• Hero • Slaveholder• No stand in territories

– Free Soil Party– Van Buren

– Amalgamation of those…• Against slavery• Pro-Wilmot• Racists not into sharing• Abolitionists• NY again!

• California Dreaming– John Sutter– Growing fast– Need government bad– Taylor encourages

statehood

– Bypass territory status– Still tied in Senate

• Nothing on horizon for South

• As precedent for rest of Mexican Cession

• Compromise of 1850– Clay– Taylor dead– Fugitive Slave Law

• Underground RR• Harriet Tubman

– CA free– permanently tilted

– NM & Utah– pop. Sov.– Slave trade in DC

• North opposition to FSL– $5 free, $10 returned– Aid in escape? Fines and

jail– Personal Liberty Laws

• Denied use of jails• MA nullify

– South losing face

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin– Harriet Beecher Stowe

1852

• Election of 1852– Democrats– Franklin

Pierce• Dark-horse• Pro-slavery northerner• “the hero of many a

bottle”

– Whigs– need another war hero• No to Fillmore• Winfield Scott• Whigs not in agreement

– End of Party

• Pierce Presidency– Pro-expansion– Wm. Walker– Nicaragua– Cuba– Ostend Manifesto– Gadsden Purchase

• Terminus?

– Kansas-Nebraska Act• Northern Terminus too?• Stephen Douglas• Two territories

– Pop. Sov.– Voided MO Comp.– North gave up on any

enforcement of FSL– New Party

• Republicans– Prevent spread– Dem becomes Southern– Rep. in South?

• Bleeding Kansas– NE Emigrant Aid– Beecher’s Bibles– South there was an

understanding– Territorial government

• Border Ruffians• Lecompton • Topeka• Pierce chooses

– Violence• Lawrence• Pottawatomie Creek

– John Brown

– Senate Problems• Charles Sumner• “The Crime Against

Kansas”• Andrew Butler– Preston

Brooks

• Election of 1856– Democrats tainted by

Kansas– James Buchanan

• Doughface• Pro-popular sovereignty

– Republicans• Fremont• No slavery in territories

– Know-Nothing• Anti-• Milliard Fillmore

• Dred Scott– Roger Taney

• No citizen• Property• 5th Amendment• MO Comp Unconst.• Rep. called opinion

– Defiance of SC– Buch. & Taney part of

“Slave Conspiracy”– Southerners incensed

• Illinois Senate Election 1858– Lincoln –Douglas

Debates• Freeport Doctrine• Douglas wins/loses South

– Split Dems• Lincoln gets attn

• Harper’s Ferry– John Brown– part II– “Secret Six”

• Election of 1860– Democrats split– North wing

• Douglas

– South wing• John C. Breckinridge (KY)

– Federal protection of slavery

• Republicans– Lincoln

• RRs, Homesteads, Tariff• NO EXTENSION OF SLAVERY

– Const. Union Party• John Bell (KY)

• Secession– South Car. + 6– Montgomery– CSA

• Republican Party forced them either now or later

• North won’t fight• North needs cotton

– Jeff Davis– Buchanan “Lame Duck”

– Compromise?• Crittenden

– Inaugural• Respect where existed• War in hands of South

• Fort Sumter– Anderson/ Beauregard– South aggressor helps

• Border states stay but– MD, MO, KY– Habeas corpus

– 75,000 for 90– Upper South secedes

• Richmond• South blockaded

– Ad South• Defensive– military

superior– cotton

– Dis-Ad• No factories– lousy

transportation– 9 million minus 3.5– state’s rights

– Ad North• Factories– RR—Navy– 22

million + immigration

– Dis-Ad • military top to bottom

– Southern Aims• European intervention

– Cotton– Warehouses full– Egypt—India– North traded grain, corn

– Diplomacy• Trent• CSS Alabama

– 15.5 million fine

– Staffing• North– 1863– subs– NYC • South– 1862– subs

– “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

– Finances • North– Nat’l Banking

System– greenbacks, bonds, tariffs

• 1st millionaires

• South– Bonds, graybacks, farm

tax– Blockade & invasion

crushed economy– Transportation suffered

– Women• Jobs– farms, industry• Sewing machine• Spies• Professional nurses

– Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix

• And the War Came– Bull Run– “picnic”– Skedaddled– South– overconfident– North– fight harder

• McClellan & Peninsula– Jackson tricks– Stuart encircles– Lee defeats

• War at Sea– Blockade becomes more

effective– Merrimac (VA)– Monitor

• On to Antietam– 2nd Bull Run– Lee invades MD– McClellan restored

• Plans found, bloodiest day, draw, Burnside

– Results• GB & France no recog.• Emancipation Proc.

– “he did where he couldn’t and didn’t…”

• Moral cause stronger• Off-year elections lost• South thought he was

starting an insurrection • Now destroy the “Old”

South

• African Americans– 180,000; 38,000 dead– 54th Mass

• Wagner, Rob’t Shaw• Fort Pillow

• On to Gettysburg– Burnside

• Fredericksburg

– Hooker• Chancellorsville• Stonewall Jackson

– Meade– Lee invades North again

• Take attn off VA• Rile peace protestors• Pickett’s Charge• “High water mark”• Gettysburg Address

– War in the West• Lincoln finds his general• Henry & Donelson

– Keep KY & open TN

– Shiloh– New Orleans– Vicksburg

• Loss of western supply • Day after Gettysburg

– Chattanooga & Chickamauga• Cleared TN of Rebels• Grant promoted• Sherman takes West

command

– Atlanta– Savannah• Total war• Live land• Sherman “neckties”• Destroyed

supplies/morale– Desertions up

• Worst for South Car.

• Elections of 1864• National Union Party– Andrew Johnson

– Democrats• McClellan

– Sheridan/Sherman seal– Soldiers furloughed – South more despondent

• Grant in the East– Lee– Wilderness—

Spotsylvania—Cold Harbor• The “Butcher”

– Petersburg– Richmond– Lee corned at

Appomattox– Davis caught in GA– Lincoln

• Ford’s Theatre• John Wilkes Booth

• Reconstruction– Economy

• Banks• Transportation• Farms• Cotton– overreliance

– Freedmen’s Bureau• O. O. Howard

– Clothing, food, medical care, education

– 1st large federal welfare– Help AA adjust to

freedom

– President Andrew John• TN• Used for Border States• Presidential Recon

– Lincoln– 10%– Wade-Davis 50%

» Congress– who has the right?

» Suicide– conquered

» Pocket-veto

– Two Camps• Moderates• Radicals

– Johnson Tries• Used Lincoln’s• Congress not in session• Personal petitions

– Granted pardons undermining

• Ratify 13th • Declare secession illegal

– Many ignored him

– Black Codes• Servility• Contracts• Sharecroppers• No land, no vote, no jury

– South Congressmen• Alex Stephens• Republicans alarmed• 12 new votes• Johnson declares

Reconstruction a success

– Republican accomplishments• Tariff, Homestead Act,

Pacific RR Act

– South gains 12 seats– Congress takes over

• Freedmen vetoed• Civil Rights Bill– vetoed &

overruled• 14th Amendment• 10 states refuse• Off-year elections

– Radicals• Sumner (Senate) &

Stevens (House)• Reconstruction Act

– 5 districts– Tenure of Office Act– Edwin Stanton– Impeached

• 15th Amendment

– Election of 1868– Grant

• 500,000 new voters

– Ku Klux Klan• Intimidate, Redeem• Enforcement Act

– Redemption• Grand-father clause,

literacy test, poll tax

– Grant’s Admin• Corrupt• Hurts Recon• Democrats win House

1874

• Election of 1876– Democrats– Tilden– Republicans– Hayes– South Car, LA, FLA– Compromise

• Hayes• Troops pulled• South RR & aid• Cabinet member• Most gains erased

• 1890s Jim Crow• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson• 1954 Brown v. Board• Solid South

– Reagan 1980