FINAL REVIEW 2nd periodYou smarties are going to do great.

Testing Macromolecules

Macromolecule Indicator Color Change

Simple

Sugars(Carbohydrates)

Benedicts Solution Blue to Brick Red in

presence of heat

Complex Carbohydrates

(Starch)

Iodine Yellow-Orange to Blue

Black

Lipids Paper Bag test Opaque to Translucent

Lipids Sudan III Red to Globby Red

Lipids Sudan IV Clear to Red

Protein Biuret’s Reagent Blue to Lavender or

Purple

Pro

tein

Com

ple

x

Sugar

Sim

ple

Sugar

Brown Paper

Sudan III

Sudan IV

MacromoleculesCarbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid

Elements Carbon,

Hydrogen, Oxygen

with ratio

Carbon,

Hydrogen and

Oxygen, no

ratio (More C

and H than O)

Carbon,

Hydrogen,

Oxygen and

Nitrogen

Carbon,

Hydrogen,

Oxygen,

Nitrogen and

PHosphorous

Function Short term energy Long Term

energy,

insulation

Structure and

Regulation of

activities

Genetic code

Example

Enzymes

Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that help

reactions get started by lowering the activation energy

necessary for the reaction to take place.

Typically will end in the suffix –ase (Catalase, Helicase)

Substrate Specific

Reusable

Enzymes

DNA and RNA

DNA

Double Stranded

Found in Nucleus

Deoxyribose sugar

ATCG

Holds Genetic Code

RNA

Single Stranded

Found in Cytoplasm

Ribose Sugar

AUCG

Produces protein

Cell Cycle

Period of growth and division for the

cell.

Interphase

G1-Cell Growth

S- DNA replication

G2- Preparation for Mitosis

Mitosis

Prophase-Chromatin Condenses,

nuclear envelope dissolves

Metaphase-Chromosomes line up

on equator of cell.

Anaphas e-Sister Chromatids

separate to opposite poles

Telophase-Chromatids start to

unwind, nuclear envelope reforms

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm is split.

In animal cells forms

cleavage furrow

In plant cells forms cell plate

Which Phase?

Meiosis

Protein Synthesis

Transcription

DNA – RNA

DNA code is put into RNA language (AUCG) in

form of Messenger RNA

RNA is single stranded leaving bases

open for it to be read.

Happens in the nucleus

Translation RNA - Protein

mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into

cytoplasm.

Pairs up with Ribosome.

Ribosome starts reading the mRNA and

signals for the appropriate tRNA

molecules with amino acids for each three

letter sequence called a codon.

Amino acids are joined together by

peptide bonds and once stop codon is found,

protein will be released.

Transcription

Translation

Transcription

To figure out the sequence

of Amino Acids, read the

RNA in sets of three.

AUG GAG AUA CAG UAA

MET-GLU-ISO-GLU-STOP

DNA Replication

DNA Replication Making an exact copy of the DNA

Happens during the S-phase of the cell cycle.

Get two strands from 1

Unzip with helicase

Add bases with DNA Polymerase

PedigreesChoosing Patterns of Inheritance

Autosomal Dominant

Males and Females are equally likely to have the trait.

Traits do not skip generations (generally)

The trait is present whenever the corresponding gene is

present.

There is male to male transmission

Autosomal Recessive

Males and Females are equally likely to have the trait.

Traits often skip generations

Often, both parents of offspring who have the trait, are heterozygous.

Only homozygous individuals have the trait.

Traits may appear in siblings without appearing in their parents.

If a parent has the trait, those offspring who do not have it are heterozygous carriers of the trait.

X-Linked Dominant

All daughters of a male who has the trait will also have

the trait.

There is no male to male transmission

A female who has the trait may or may not pass the

gene for that trait to her son or daughter.

X-Linked Recessive

The trait is far more common in males than in females.

All daughters of a male who has the trait are heterozygous carriers.

The son of a female carrier has a 50% chance of having the trait.

There is no male to male transmission.

Mothers of males who have the trait are either heterozygous carriers or homozygous and express the trait.

Daughters of female carriers have a 50% chance of being carriers.

Ecology Study of the relationships between organisms and their

environment (both biotic and abiotic)

All energy ultimately comes from the sun.

Top level consumers get the least amount of energy from their

food than any other group due to how energy is used and

transferred within the system.

10% rule. Only 10% of the available energy is available for use by

the organisms in the level above

Energy Pyramid

Shows relationships between different trophic levels of

organisms.

As you go up the pyramid, amount of available energy

decreases

As you go up the pyramid, concentration of toxins

increases.

Energy Pyramid