BS STATISTICS 8th (Reg)

Department of Statistics

University of Sargodha

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1.Standard Of Living2.Vocational Training3.Cancer

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STANDARD OF LIVING

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DEFINITION OF STANDARD OF LIVING

The level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area. The standard of living includes factors such as income, quality and availability of employment, class disparity, poverty rate, quality and affordability of housing, hours of work required to purchase necessities, gross domestic product, inflation rate, number of vacation days per year, affordable (or free) access to quality healthcare, quality and availability of education, life expectancy, incidence of disease, cost of goods and services, infrastructure, national economic growth, economic and political stability, political and religious freedom, environmental quality, climate and safety. The standard of living is closely related to quality of life. 

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FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO A HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING

A high standard of living is determined by factoring a region's gross domestic product (GDP), life expectancy, and income into the amount of wealth, luxury goods, necessities, and comforts available to a certain socioeconomic group. Those who have a high standard of living generally benefit from some form of economic stability, have good health, and enjoy some discretionary income. They do not lack for food, medical care, or shelter.

GDP is the value of all products or services generated by the region or country where the socioeconomic group resides.

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EFFECTS ON THE STANDARD OF LIVING

Everyone is keen enough to look better, eat better, clad better, house in better shelter, drive better two wheeler, have better education and so on. The set of good sand services used by people determines their standard of living. A consumer life style is made up of the ways of living an individual or group leads, which is distinct from others. It reflects the extend of satisfaction that an individual gets by use of necessities, comforts and luxuries of life and living. The standard of living of society is bound to be higher one, which is capable of making available more and more goods and services so that an average man enjoys these goods and services as they are brought within his easy reach. Advertising has been instrumental in influencing the customers to desire the goods and services beyond the bare requirements of food, clothing and shelter.

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VOCATIONAL TRAINING

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DEFINITION OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Vocational education is the education which prepares trainees for jobs and other careers at different levels, like engineering, nursing, pharmacy and law. It can be classified as a teaching procedural knowledge as it is related to the old apprenticeship learning system. It has diversified from the 20th century and it is in industries like tourism, funeral services and retail.

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IMPACT IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING 

'Impact' is a notion that is not very well understood in research. Within Australian higher education, it has been bandied about within such frameworks as the Research Quality Framework (RQF) and Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA). Vocational education and training (VET) research is not immune from these movements, and increasingly, VET researchers need also to be keeping a weather eye on the impact of their research.

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BENEFITS VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING 

The benefits of undertaking a school-based apprenticeship or traineeship include:

receiving both an education and a job being a step ahead of the competition for jobs learning the latest knowledge and skills getting paid while you learn working towards achieving a nationally recognised

qualification gaining hands-on experience in a real job gaining the skills and experience to help you go on

to tertiary study experiencing a great way to move from school to

work gaining a sense of achievemen

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CANCER

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DEFINITION

Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer also has the ability to spread throughout your body.

Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States. But survival rates are improving for many types of cancer, thanks to improvements in cancer screening and cancer treatment.

(http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/basics/treatment/con-20032378)

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SYMPTOMS

Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body is affected. Some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer include: Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under

the skin Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or

redness of the skin, sores that won't heal, or changes to existing moles

Persistent cough Discomfort after eating Unexplained muscle or joint pain Unexplained fevers

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CAUSESCancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. The DNA inside a cell contains a set of instructions telling the cell how to grow and divide. Errors in the instructions may allow a cell to become cancerous. A gene mutation can instruct a healthy cell to: Allow rapid growth Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth Make mistakes when repairing DNA errorsThese mutations are the most common ones found in cancer. But many other gene mutations can contribute to causing cancer. Gene mutations can occur for several reasons, for instance: Gene mutations you're born with. You may be born with a

genetic mutation that you inherited from your parents. This type of mutation accounts for a small percentage of cancers.

Gene mutations that occur after birth. Most gene mutations occur after you're born and aren't inherited. A number of forces can cause gene mutations, such as smoking, radiation, viruses, cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens), obesity, hormones, chronic inflammation and a lack of exercise.

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CANCER TREATMENTSDoctors have many tools when it comes to treating cancer. Cancer treatment options include: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as

possible. Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as

X-rays, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).

Stem cell transplant. Stem cell transplant is also known as bone marrow transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes blood cells from blood stem cells. A stem cell transplant can use your own stem cells or stem cells from a donor.

Biological therapy. Biological therapy uses your body's immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn't recognize it as an intruder. Biological therapy can help your immune system "see" the cancer and attack it.

Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body's hormones. Examples include prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.

Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive.

Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer. Other treatments may be available to you, depending on your type of cancer.