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4.3. Carbon cycling
Miltiadis-Spyridon Kitsos Platon IB Diploma
http://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/images/large_image_for_image_content/carbon_cycle_diagram_ipcc_900x543.jpg
http://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/images/large_image_for_image_content/carbon_cycle_diagram_ipcc_900x543.jpg
The official IB Diploma Biology guideEssential idea: Continued availability of carbon in ecosystems depends on carbon cycling.
Unlike energy, nutrients are constantly recycled within the ecosystems through chemical, biological and geological process
Inorganic reserve Producers
Basic pattern of nutrient cycling
Convert nutrients in organic substances
Chemical and Geological processes
Consumers
Dead organic matter Dead corpses,
excretions, hair, dead skin
Dead plants, leaves or bush and tree trimmings,
Saprotrophs
Decomposition
Biogeochemical cycles
Slide from
The Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to matter. Thus the availability of matter to organisms is happening through a continuous cycling.
Biogeochemical cycles is the sum of the biological (e.g., cellular respiration in the C cycle), geological (formation of limestone in the C cycle) and chemical processes (formation of hydrogen carbonate ions) related to the cycling of matter on earth
The carbon cyclehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Carbon_cycle.jpg
The nitrogen cyclehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Nitrogen_Cycle.svg/800px-Nitrogen_Cycle.svg.png
Carbon input in the ecosystems - FixationAutotrophs convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other carbon compounds – Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere or water into the autotrophs.
Revision: Outline the process of Carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in plants.
http://www.cms4schools.com/greenfield/faculty/mvolk/dark%20reactions%20picture.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Carbon_cycle.jpg/1280px-Carbon_cycle.jpg
Activity: This NASA map demonstrates CO2 concentration in mid-troposphere in 2009. Can you explain this pattern?
http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0010_1A_Book_angol_01_novenyelettan/images/img40.png
Low CO2 concentration
High CO2 concentration
Carbon input in the ecosystems – Aquatic ecosystems
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/biok4-150219124749-conversion-gate02/95/bioknowledgy-43-carbon-cycling-11-638.jpg?cb=1424350183
In aquatic habitats carbon dioxide is present as a dissolved gas and hydrogen carbonate ions - Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere or water into the autotrophs.
http://www.cliparthut.com/clip-arts/234/underwater-clip-art-234466.png
International mindedness
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification
Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem
Hydrogen carbonate ions are absorbed by aquatic plantsDiffuses down the concentration gradient
Release of CO2 - cell respirationCarbon dioxide is produced by respiration and diffuses out of organisms into water of the atmosphere
Revision: Outline the process of CO2 production during the Krebs cycle
http://www.sivabio.50webs.com/plas036.jpg
Activity: Which arrows represent respiration and why?
Clearing the Air: Livestock’s Contribution to Climate Change
Read more
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/faculty/mitloehner/publications/2009%20pitesky%20Clearing%20the%20Air.pdf
http://piedmontib7thscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/2/3/24237687/carbon-cycle-diagram-to-label-i1.jpg
Organisms thar contribute in CO2 production via respiration
• Non-photosynthetic cells of plants• Animal cells - consumers, detritivores• Saprotrophs
Release of CO2 - cell respirationCarbon dioxide is produced by respiration and diffuses out of organisms into water of the atmosphere
Revision: Outline the process of CO2 production during the Krebs cycle
http://www.sivabio.50webs.com/plas036.jpg
Clearing the Air: Livestock’s Contribution to Climate Change
Read more
http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/faculty/mitloehner/publications/2009%20pitesky%20Clearing%20the%20Air.pdf
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/images/straits_diag02.gif/$FILE/straits_diag02.gif
Graph demonstrating the long term averageNet Ecosystem Productivity) and the average accumulated CO2 removal from the atmosphere at the Alice Holt flux site.
Columns below the zero line (day 0 to 140 & 280 to 365) indicate that the forest is acting as a net source for CO2.
For the summer period (day 141 to 279) columns are above the zero line indicating that forest is acting as a net sink. The solid line indicates the average accumulated carbon balance for the site.
ANAEROBICCONDITIONS
Methane and MethanogenesisMethane is produced from organic mater in anaerobic conditions by methanogenic archaeans (bacteria) and some diffuses into the atmosphere.
https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/images/publications/sh/53/4/12fig6.jpeg
Bacteria
Alcohol, organic acids, CO2
Bacteria
Acetate, CO2, HArchaea
Methane and MethanogenesisSome of the most well known methane producing environments.
http://m5.i.pbase.com/o6/52/679252/1/115312855.NCZy9Qhl.IMGP0177pb.jpg
Muddy shores – fine sedimentshttp://www.richkni.co.uk/dartmoor/pix/foxmire/mire5.jpg
Swamps - mires
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wysypisko.jpg/1920px-Wysypisko.jpg
Landfillshttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Aune_head_mire3.jpg
Other water-logged areas
Methane and Methanogenesis: Oxidation of methane
http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/TBL01_0T2.JPG
Methane atmospheric concentration is very low in comparison to the amount released in the atmosphere.
Methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere.
Methane is gradually oxidized in the atmosphere. Hydroxyl (OH-) radicals and monatomic oxygen (0-) play an important role.
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/22/6022-004-32EBE121.jpg
Methane and Methanogenesis: Oxidation of methaneMethane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere.
Methane persists in the atmosphere for a period of 12 years.
However, atmospheric data from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and other monitoring stations indicate a gradual increase of the concentration in the atmosphere.
Formation of PeatPeat forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/22/6022-004-32EBE121.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Exposed_peat_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1226373.jpg
Waterlogged anaerobic soil
Saprotrophs may not thrive –lack of O2
Organic matter is not fully digested-anaerobic bacteria develop
pH drops, saprotrophs and methanogens are further inhibited
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01879/peat2_1879196c.jpg
Large quantities of undigested organic matter build up forming the peat.
Peat plant, Irdyn swampland, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Peat_plant_1%2C_2006.5.JPG/489px-Peat_plant_1%2C_2006.5.JPG
Peat forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Peat-bog-Ireland.jpg
Peat may be used as a fuel and is burned in old-fashioned peat plants
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Fossilized organic matterPartially decomposed organic matter from past geological eras was converted into oil and gas in porous rocks or into cola.
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/22/6022-004-32EBE121.jpg
https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/coalform.jpg
Formation of coal from peat
Layers from the Carboniferous Pennsylvanian era (circa 320 million years ago)
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/carboniferous/images/measuringlayers.jpg
Oil and natural gas are formed at the bottom of the sea or lakes due to the anaerobic combustion of organic material and the further deposition of additional material. Increased pressure and various chemical processes lead to the formation of crude oil and gas.
http://www.planetseed.com/laboratory/how-natural-gas-formed
Combustion Carbon dioxide is produced by the combustion of biomass and fossilized organic matter
Complete Combustion is a reaction in which organic matter is fully oxidized to CO2 and H2O (in the presence of O2)
Fires
Naturally occurring Human induced
http://news.psu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/threshold-992/public/forest_floor_fire.jpg
http://constantine.typepad.com/.a/6a0120a7fc3be9970b017743aa2cbd970d-pi
http://hardenup.org/media/307462/coal_fire_station_pic.jpg
Combustion of fossil fuels
Combustion Carbon dioxide is produced by the combustion of biomass and fossilized organic matter
International mindedness: The “slash and burn” practise of the Amazon farmers
For decades the Amazonian farmers are using the “slash and burn” practise to increase the agricultural land area against the rainforest. Can you think of the implications of this activity?
Slash & Burn | Part 1: Why Amazonian farmers use fire
See the series of documentaries to consider the implications of the “slash and burn” process
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/4e/b3/fe/4eb3fe4aa603ae17d31e99e70bd54143.jpg
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/542ce587e4b003527579fd2f/547c1e7ee4b00f7531d1a108/547c1e83e4b019f892a8f903/1417420419951/slashandburn.jpgSlide from
Limestone formationAnimals such as reef-building corals and molluscs have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate and can become fossilized in limestone
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/a-fizzy-rock/sci-media/images/mollusc-shell-structure/744044-1-eng-NZ/Mollusc-shell-structure.jpg
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/aquatic-mollusk-shells-11137975.jpg
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/coral-anatomy-vector-diagram-structure-polyp-polyps-tend-to-live-colonies-form-building-blocks-reef-36203292.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpg
Limestone formationAnimals such as reef-building corals and molluscs have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate and can become fossilized in limestone
http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/165/1/395/F2.large.jpg
Hard shells of dead animals are gradually decomposed. The gradual decompostion of the shells and the precipitation of CaCO3 leads to creation of limestone.
https://d1u1p2xjjiahg3.cloudfront.net/5440f0a7-273a-4823-9344-c48d83e3f685.jpg
https://www2.nau.edu/rcb7/CoquinaRpt.jpg
A rocky shore made of limestone in Mexico
Analysis of data from air monitoring stations to explain annual fluctuations.
Many field stations globally use the same standardised method. All stations show a clear upward trend with annual cycles.
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/iadv/
The Earth System Research Laboratory contains environmental data sets from many stations around the world.
We will use this data to explore trends in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
1. Choose one station2. Open the carbon cycle gases
Analysis of data from air monitoring stations to explain annual fluctuations.
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/dv/iadv/
3. Choose time series and select a subset of data of your choice.
4. Copy the data in your excel and draw a scatter graph (remember what we have discussed about graphs)
5. Discuss the trends resulting from the analysis of results
Analysis of data from air monitoring stations to explain annual fluctuations.
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=518:1:0:::APP:PROXYTOSEARCH:7
Analysis of data from air monitoring stations to explain annual fluctuations.
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (oceans)
In order to construct a diagram of the carbon cycles we need to consider
Sinks: organic or inorganic reserves of C.
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Key:SinkFlux
n.b. some of the fluxes will need to be used more than once.Original slide from
Carbon compounds in fossil fuels
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
In order to construct a diagram of the carbon cycles we need to consider
Fluxes: Transfer of element from one pool to another
Key:SinkFlux
n.b. some of the fluxes will need to be used more than once.
Cell respiration Photosynthesis
Combustion
FeedingEgestion
Death
Incomplete decomposition & fossilisation
Original slide from
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
Start from the Sinks/Pools you know well Key:SinkFlux
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (e.g. oceans)
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Original slide from
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
Start from the Sinks/Pools you know well Add the fundamental fluxes
Key:SinkFlux
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (e.g. oceans)
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Cell
resp
iratio
n
Feed
ing
Feeding
Cell
respiration
Original slide from
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
Start from the Sinks/Pools you know well Add the fundamental fluxes
Key:SinkFlux
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (e.g. oceans)
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Cell
resp
iratio
n
Feed
ing
Feeding
Cell
respiration
Death
Cell respiration
Death
Egestion
Feeding
Original slide from
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
Start from the Sinks/Pools you know well Lets discuss fossilisation and man-made intervention
Key:SinkFlux
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (e.g. oceans)
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Cell
resp
iratio
n
Feed
ing
Feeding
Cell
respiration
Death
Cell respiration
Death
Egestion
Feeding
Carbon compounds in fossil fuels
Incomplete decomposition &
fossilisation
Combustion
Com
busti
on
Original slide from
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
Start from the Sinks/Pools you know well Lets discuss fossilisation and man-made intervention
Key:SinkFlux
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (e.g. oceans)
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Cell
resp
iratio
n
Feed
ing
Feeding
Cell
respiration
Death
Cell respiration
Death
Egestion
Feeding
Carbon compounds in fossil fuels
Incomplete decomposition &
fossilisation
Combustion
Com
busti
on
Original slide from
http://youtu.be/CitOibRcCcI
Construct a diagram of the carbon cycle.
Start from the Sinks/Pools you know well Lets discuss fossilisation and man-made intervention
Key:SinkFlux
CO2 in the atmosphere and hydrosphere (e.g. oceans)
Carbon compounds in producers (autotrophs)
Carbon compounds in consumers
Carbon compounds in dead organic matter
Phot
osyn
thes
is
Cell
resp
iratio
n
Feed
ing
Feeding
Cell
respiration
Death
Cell respiration
Death
Egestion
Feeding
Carbon compounds in fossil fuels
Incomplete decomposition &
fossilisation
Combustion
Com
busti
on
Original slide from
Extend your understanding:Between which sinks would you add a flux showing volcanoes and the weathering of rocks?What additional sink would you add to show the role of corals and shellfish? What additional flux would be needed?In some environments water is unable to drain out of soils so they become waterlogged and anaerobic. This prevents the decomposition of dead organic matter forming peat deposits [4.3.U7]. Peat can be dried and burnt as a fuel. Suggest how peat could be added to the carbon cycle.Explain why fossil fuels are classified as non-renewable resources when the carbon cycle indicates they are renewed (hint: refer to the pictorial carbon cycle).Diffusion is a flux that moves CO2 from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere and back again. Taken together these fluxes are largest in the cycle suggest why.
