Amendments to Video
Restoration and JubilationWhy?
Charles IIs Cavalcade through the City of London by Dirck Stoop
painted: 16621
Reaction to ProtectorateMinority support for RepublicRepublican
opposition - dismissal of the Rump Parliament; Military
dictatorshipMilitary oppositionFailure to pay militaryReligious
opposition
Quote from reference2
Government of the ProtectorateInstrument of Government changes
voting from 40s (2) freehold to real or personal estate of 200
English desire for monarchyOffer of crown to Cromwell which he
refused
Jews Return to EnglandMenasseh ben Israel (16041657)Son of
Portuguese MarranosMoved to Madeira and then AmsterdamRan Hebrew
pressTeacher of Spinoza
4Menasseh's lack of success in Amsterdam's Jewish world stood in
stark contrast to his high reputation outside it. Indeed, after his
first book, published in Hebrew in 1628, Menasseh wrote only one
more work in that language, which in any case was dedicated to a
Christian sovereign and had an argument in Latin. Most of the
rabbi's books were published in Spanish or Latin, and sometimes
simultaneously in both.
Menasseh
Menasseh ben Israel, Rembrandt
Hope of Israel
6In 1644 Menasseh met Antonio de Montesinos, who persuaded him
that the North-American Indians were the descendants of the lost
ten tribes of Israel. This supposed discovery gave a new impulse to
Menasseh's Messianic hopes. But he was convinced that the Messianic
age needed as its certain precursor the settlement of Jews in all
parts of the known world. Filled with this idea, he turned his
attention to England, whence the Jews had been expelled since
1290.
1649 Johanna Cartwright
7Baptist living in NetherlandsJohanna Cartwright (fl. 1640s)
English civil rights activistAnd that this Nation of England, with
the Inhabitants of the Nether-lands, shall be the first and
readiest to transport Izraells Sons & Daughters in their Ships
to the Land promised to their fore-Fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob, for an everlasting Inheritance.For the glorious
manifestation whereof, and pyous meanes thereunto, your Petitioners
humbly pray that the inhumane cruel Statute of banishment made
against them, may be repealed, and they under the Christian banner
of charity, and brotherly love, may again be received and permitted
to trade and dwell amongst you in this Land, as now they do in the
Nether-lands.
Suriname1651 Willoughby governor of Barbados started
settlementTook Jews from Dutch Brazil to SurinamFort Willoughby
until turned over to Dutch
Interest in Jewish Culture
Petition for Readmission1654 Menassehs son comes to England and
gets Cromwell to support return of land confiscated by the
Portuguese1655 Menasseh petitions for readmission; approved by
Council but referred to a commission which does not act
10Arrival of MaranosToward the middle of the seventeenth century
a considerable number of Marrano merchants settled in London and
formed there a secret congregation, at the head of which was
Antonio Fernandez Carvajal. They conducted a large business with
the Levant, East and West Indies, Canary Islands, and Brazil, and
above all with the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal. They formed an
important link in the network of trade spread especially throughout
the Spanish and Portuguese world by the Maranos or secret Jews (see
Commerce). Their position enabled them to give Cromwell and his
secretary, Thurloe, important information as to the plans both of
Charles Stuart in Holland and of the Spaniards in the New World
Another PetitionMarranos who had been living in England were
threatened with confiscation because of England-Spain conflictNo
answer from CromwellCreechurch LaneCemetery
11Menasseh ben Israel failed to realize that a new era had begun
for Jews in England. His single-minded dedication to obtaining a
formal declaration of Jewish toleration and freedom of worship
blinded him to the substantial benefits which had been achieved
informally, and to the practical determination of the English
government to allow the Jews to continue living in England
unmolested. Menasseh thus alienated the leaders of Anglo-Jewry, who
were anxious to effect a smooth transition to toleration, and they
turned their backs on him.He seems to have been ill for some time
in any case, and was forced to turn to Cromwell for assistance. The
protector granted him a state pension of 100 per annum, payable
quarterly and commencing from 20 February 1657. At least two
payments of 25 each were made to Menasseh between Michaelmas 1656
and Michaelmas 1658.
Cromwell never gave a formal answer to the Jews' petition,
preferring to turn a blind eye to their presence.
Reasons for PolicyFinancial and commercial interestsPuritan
study of the Old Testament,Millenarian desire for the ultimate
conversion and redemption of the Jews.
Conjectured synagogue plan
Originalchouse with a synagogue on the first floor, large enough
to seat around 85 men and 24 women1674 ex panded to hold 2501701
about 500 build Bevis Marks 1692 the Ashkenazi (mainly German)
community rented a house and opened their first synagogue in Dukes
Place, Aldgate, with a membership of 200, less than 300 yards from
Bevis Marks. The Ashkenazi community in the main were poor, having
come to London from Europe to escape poverty and persecution. They
were mainly unskilled, and in order to survive many became street
traders orpeddlers13
Bevis Marks
14Map 1773
Bevis Marks Synagogue 1701
15The contract for its construction was given to Joseph Avis in
1699. Avis, a Quaker, refused to make any personal profit from the
work.
Social Media: Civil War and RestorationExpanded
communicationCommunication leads to formation of cohesive
groupsOfficial pressNew medium for information exchange: the coffee
house
Happy Days Are Here AgainMitch MillerNew Songs, track
7Other144672.42
