A speciation2014 printouts

Speciation

300 BIOLOGY

GB

2014

Introduction

Complete the Moodle pretopic Quiz: http://learningon.theloop.school.nz/moodle/mod/quiz/view.php?id=68826

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/svideos.html






Achievement StandardEvolutionary processes involve the following biological ideas:

Role of mutation

Gene flow

Role of natural selection and genetic drift

Modes of speciation (sympatric, allopatric)

Reproductive isolating mechanisms that contribute to speciation (geographical, temporal, ecological, behavioral, structural barriers, polyploidy)

Patterns such as divergence, convergence, adaptive radiation, co-evolution, punctuated equilibrium, and gradualism.

Scientific evidence for evolution, which may include examples from New Zealand’s flora and fauna, will be selected from:

fossil evidence

Comparative anatomy (homologous and analogous structures)

Molecular biology (proteins and DNA analysis)

Biogeography.

The BasicsTerms: ______________ – carry the genetic information required for cell growth,

functioning and replication

_____________ – alternative form of a gene (creates variation)

_____________– all the alleles of a population

_______________– movement of alleles in and out of a population

______________ - evolution of new species, new species cannot reproduce with old species

_____________ – change in the base sequence in DNA, must occur in gametes to be passed on. Creates totally ___________ phenotypes.

Changes in Allele Frequencies ___________________– massive loss of alleles due to natural

disaster, leaves a non representative population

________________– small non representative group migrate to a new habitat

_____________– random loss of alleles due to chance in a small population

Tasks Complete workbook pages 171-173

Complete Worksheet: Gene Frequency Questions

Complete Gene Pools Moodle Quiz

http://learningon.theloop.school.nz/moodle/mod/quiz/view.php?id=68828

Kahoots Genetic Drift Basics

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=a4f952ba-9dcb-4995-a247-75d30a8af5d8







Natural SelectionOrganisms _________suited to their environment mate and pass on their ____________ to the next generation ____________ the number of these helpful genes in the ____________, meanwhile those unsuited do not mate and those genes ___________ from the gene pool.

_____________ selects against the two extremes and favors the middle (2)

____________ selects against one of the extremes (3)

___________ selects against the middle and favors the two extremes, this can lead to speciation (1)

Complete Workbook pages 164-170

Variation Differences between individuals in a species, caused by

differences in the ____________________

The more _______________ in a species the ___________ chance that some of the species will ____________changes within their environment

Variation is _________during sexual reproduction, meiosis (crossing over, independent assortment, segregation) immigration and mutations

Variation must occur within the ________ in order to be passed on

Variation is ______________ by natural selection, genetic drift (bottleneck effect, founder effect), emigration and natality.

Cline Speciation

Cline Speciation – ________________of different but interbreeding organism

Ring Speciation – continuous gradient that moves in a ___________ and _________up at the two ends at which point the two species rarely interbreed as have _____________________

Tasks Read pathfinder pages 11-15, answer questions 2, 4, 6, 7

Complete Moodle Natural Selection Quiz


Complete the following online activities

http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/ns/t2_a1.htm








Speciation One species evolves into ______________that can no longer

__________________

Usually occurs as a result of __________to new ecological niches and in response to the occurrence of new variations within the species that make an organism better able to ________________ _______________________________

Speciation

There are three ways in which new species can evolve:

1. _________________________Occurs within _______________as

a result of polyploidy more than ________ sets of

chromosomesUsually occurs in ______________

Speciation2. _______________________ Occurs when a new species arises in the

______ territory as the parent species Often occurs as a result of

__________________(ie finches living in top of trees vs forest floor)

3. __________________________________ Occurs when a new species evolves as a

result of being _______________ from the parent species

_____________ territory Often occurs when there is some kind of

____________________________disturbance

Tasks:

Complete worksheet: More Speciation Questions

Complete workbook pages 178-181

Complete this online activities:

http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/sp/t1_a.htm

http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/sp/t2_tabs.htm

Kahoots: Speciation

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=f29c2dc5-9acb-4615-96c8-8f5c887a6573







Polyploidy and Aneuploidy Poly – many, _______________ = more than

one set of chromosomes

Aneu – one, ___________________ = one chromosome is represented three times instead of the usual two (one from each parent)

_____________________ usually separate during meiosis to create two gametes with haploid (n, half the original) chromosomes

Non Disjunction __________________– when homologous pairs of chromosomes

fail to separate during meiosis the _____________ can end up with: Having two copies of a single chromosome (________________) Having a missing chromosome (_____________________) Having 2 whole sets of chromosomes (___________________) Having NO chromosomes (zygote is unlikely to form in this case)

Offspring formed from gametes with the incorrect number or chromosomes can end up having: 3 or more of an individual chromosome – ________________

3 or more sets of chromosomes – ____________________

Polyploidy generally only occurs in plants and can be ____________________ as often results in bigger better crops, or seedless crops (infertile plants have no seeds!)

Aneuploidy in the sex chromosome in humans can result in:Turners Syndrome – __________Klinfelters Syndrome – _____________

Aneuploidy in an autosomal chromosome in humans can result in:________________– trisomy 21 – 3 number

21 chromosome______________– trisomy 18 – 3 number

18 chromosomes

Types of Polyploidy Polyploidy can result in both ______________________ offspring

In order to be fertile an organism needs to have an ____________number of chromosomes (so they can line up in homologous pairs and separate during ______________)

___________________– organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes from the _________________ species

____________________– organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes from _________________ species

Auto polyploidy Eg a potato produces gametes with ____________ (more than one set of

chromosomes) and mates with another potato giving rise to a new potato with ______________ (3 sets of chromosomes but all from the potato family, and likely to be _______________________ number of chromosomes)

Often occurs when plants _____________

If _________ gametes have undergone non disjunction then the offspring will be fertile as it will be have an _________ number of chromosomes -_______ or tetraploid, happens when plants self fertilize

If only one gamete has undergone _____________it will result in infertile offspring as there will be an uneven number of chromosomes – 3n or ________

Allopolyploidy Eg a wheat plant fertilizes a rye plant

If the offspring has an uneven number of chromosomes due to ______________ having occurred in one of the gametes then the offspring will be _____________

If the offspring has an _________ number of chromosomes due to non disjunction occurring in both gametes then the offspring will be _________________

If the uneven numbered gamete manages to fuse with another normal gamete and a plant with _____________ chromosomes arises then it will be a fertile hybrid – this usual occurs as a result of self fertilisation.

_____________ – made from two different species

Tasks

Complete workbook pages 161-163 and 182-184

Isolating Mechanisms

In order for a new species to arise it must not be able to reproduce with the parent species.

Prevention of reproduction can occur in several ways:

1. Pre Zygotic (______________a zygote is formed) _____________________– separated by space, river, ocean, mountain, road etc

____________________–reproducing at different times of year, active at different times of day

______________ – live in different ecological niches

_______________– different courtship behaviours

_______________– reproductive genitalia incompatible

________________– pollen grains don’t grow pollen tubes

2. Post Zygotic (once zygote has formed) Polyploidy – multiple sets of chromosomes, in an uneven number so

that offspring are infertile

____________– zygote is aborted as has chromosomal incompatibility

_______________– off spring survives but is sterile – mule

_________________– hybrid is fertile but its offspring are sterile

Tasks Complete workbook pages 173-178


Complete Isolating Mechanisms Jigsaw Worksheet

Complete Moodle Quiz Isolating Mechanisms


Complete the following online Activities:


Kahoots Isolating Reproduction

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=18bcd549-da76-465e-b365-74c9b13239f9







Evolution _________ - the gradual change in species over long periods

of time resulting in establishment of a new species, (lots of speciation's occurring one after the other over millions of years!)

_______________ of alleles exists within the population

The organisms are exposed to a _____________________such as a changing environment

Those with ____________ phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce while those with less favorable phenotypes have less chance of surviving and reproducing. ___________________________________

Each generation will be _________________________to the current environment.

Patterns of EvolutionSpeciation or evolution can occur in a variety of ways:

___________________

Common ancestor, but no longer look the same

Humans and apes from a common primate ancestor

______________________

Unrelated ancestor, but look similar due to similar selection pressures due to living in similar environment

Whales and fish look the same as both live in water but NOT related

__________________

Unrelated ancestor, dissimilar environment but still look similar

Adaptive radiation

____________________________

Species which are unrelated but have a close ecological relationship exert selection pressures on each other

Predator /prey eg flowers grow to allow certain birds to pollinate, birds develop long beaks so can get pollen

Tasks Complete worksheets – cut and paste match, Patterns of Evolution - Divergence

Read Pathfinder pages 18-22, answer questions 1-9 (these are similar to what you will get in the exam!)

Read pathfinder pages 25-28, complete questions 1-6

Complete Moodle Quiz Patterns of Evolution


Complete the following online activities:

http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/sp/t3_a1_a.htm

http://ats.doit.wisc.edu/biology/ev/sp/t3_a1_c.htm







Rate of Evolutionary Change ________________________

Slow progressive change over time

___________________________ Generally slow change but with periods of rapid

evolution Caused by rapid and extreme changes to the

environment Eg ice age, volcanic eruption


Evidence for Evolution _____________ comparison to current day

species

_______________________

________________ structures Same origins but different function

Forelimb bones of birds, humans, whales, bats

_________________ structures Different origins but similar functions

Wings of bats, birds, and moths

___________________ The more similar embryos are of different species the less time has

past since they diverged

_____________________– geographical origins of current species distributions

______________ – similarities between DNA and proteins


Tasks Read Pathfinder pages pages 18-22, answer questions 1-9 (these are similar to what

you will get in the exam!)

Read pages 25-28

Complete Evidence for Evolution Jigsaw worksheet

Complete Moodle Quiz Evidence for Evolution


Complete Evolution NZ Examples worksheets

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=8e8173c1-cde2-4238-8de3-dc2651e875f4

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=51375569-7666-4ac2-b57b-6c6dd5da647f

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=e74b4ec1-9155-4ca2-82b4-a6da4f291982

https://play.kahoot.it/#/?quizId=f3d74de6-5ae6-4480-8aec-cafc1224ce84











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Education

A speciation2014 printouts