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Elizabeth Sharman
across cultures
Literature l
""".11.Iltll...,
Longman-
-.language
Elizabeth Sharman
across cultures
culture I literature I music I language
"'".a.ala....
Longman--- ,
What's in your book?
Across Cllltllres is divided into eleven modules looking at eleven different aspectso f life in the English-speaking world.Modules 1-10 are each divided into 6 ma in units, plus a language practice page.
In each moduleyou vvill find:
FIVE DOUBLE PAGE SPREAD UNITS a-e) ~
These contain reading, listening, speakingand writing activities connected to adifferent theme for each unit.
AN OPENING PHOTO PAGE ~
This acts as an introduction to the theme of themodule, presenting the topics that will be featuredin the units that follow. It includes warm-upactivities to help you discover and express whatyou already know about the subject.
it1i~~?
~~~14
In Modules I, 3, 5, 7 and 9 you will also find:
....An ENGLISH EVERYWHERE spread (unit f)These give information about an English-speakingcountry outside of Britain and the USA.
---. ~-
---
....A LANGUAGE & CULTURE PAGE (unit g)
Another text relevant to the module presents grammarand skills connected to the general theme.
In Modules 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 you will also find :
Module 11- Links to literature ~
Module 11 looks at extracts from plays, poemsor novels written in English, from Shakespeareto the modern day. The texts connectto the themesof the units in Modules 1-10.
A SOUNDTRACK spread (unit f ) ~These look at music and song lyrics from theEnglish -speaking world.
" This is the numberofthe module(1-11) and the unit (a-g).
" This boxtells you the topic ofthe unit, thecountries you will look at, and the vocabularythat you will practise. There is also a list oflinks to other units connected to this one.
" This is the titleofthe module.
" This is the topicofthe unit.
" This tells you the meaningofdifficult words in the texts.
L-__'" Exercises with an EP symbol giveuseful'practice in exam-style tasks .
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...There are at least two readingtexts ineveryunit. There are lots ofdifferent types,and many are real-life texts that have beenpublished in the English-speaking world.
...Reading, listening,speaking andwriting activities help you to explorethe texts, and to compare life in theEnglish-speaking world with yourown culture.
Table of contents
Unit page
• • • 7
la Two ordinarydays Daily routines UK and USA Cultural differences 8
lb Home swap Houses UK and USA Facilities in a house 10
Ie Modernfamilies Families UK, USA and Australia Family members 12
ld What's in your basket? Foodshopping UK and USA Food 14
Ie Time out Leisure activities USA Leisure activities 16
11 English everywhere: South Africa 18
19 Language & Culture: Diana's day 20
• • • • 21
2a Four nations British national identity UK Nationalsymbols 22
2b British Islands The geography of the UK Features of a landscape 24smallerBritish islands
2c The seven natural wonders Natural wonders USA and Canada Adjectives 26of America of America of measurements
2d Climate extremes Extreme weather Australia and USA Weather and 28natural disa sters
2e Town... andcountry Urban and rural UK The city 30lifestyles
2f Soundtrack: A world of music 32
2g Language & Culture: Oldor new, big or small, Oxford's got it all' 34
~lTJr.r. mr:'l1ID1 Irrm~i;n.'n-~ .t'"l-.... ~ 35
3a England: a historical tour English history England and Scotland Historical events 36
3b Britain's colonial past British colonia lism Britain, Ireland, India, Wordbuilding 38Singapore, Hong Kong,USA, West Africa,West Indies
3c The British at war British history UK Military words 40
3d Historyat the movies American history USA Historical events 42
3e The USA: makingthe news Am erican history USA Historical events 44in the20th century
46
48
3f English everywhere: Jam::a::.:lc::a'--- _
].g language & Culture: A short history....:o....:f....:A....:us....:t....:ra....:li....:a -r-r- -r-' r-~
49Module 4 - States and systems4a UK parliament: tradition... British politics UK Politics 50
andchange
4b The upsand downs The Britishmonarchy UK Monarchy 52i of the British monarchy
4c The land of the free The US Constitution USA Historical documents 54
4d US law: show business... The US legal system USA Crime 56andbig business ..
4e National celebrations National days Scotland, Ireland, National celebrations: 58USAand England food, drink, songs
,4f Soundtrack: Protestsongs 60
4g language & Culture: TheUS government 62
Unit page
• • 63
5a Too much too young? Educating very UK Education and exams 64young children
5b Students at home... and abroad Higher education UK Education and exams 66
5c Highschool culture Belonging to cliques USA and Canada Aspects of American 68and being popular highschool lifeat school
5d Cyber High On -line education USA Words connectedtostudying 70
5e Starpupils Spec ialist performing UKand USA Performing arts 72arts schools
5f Eng lish everywhere: Canada andWales 74
5g Language & Culture: Choices, choices... 76
77Module 6 - Global markets6a Overworked andunderpaid Working life in hospitals UK and USA Employment/Hospitals 78
6b Downshift ing Escaping from UK Words connected 80a stressful lifestyle with breadmaking
6c The global supermarket Supermarkets USA, UK and Kenya Business/ 82asbusiness Food cultivation
6d Whenthe tourists stayed away Crisis in the tourism UKand USA Tourist attractions 84industry
6e UK + EU = OK? The UK's relationship UK Metric and imperial 86with the EU measurements
6f Soundtrack: Themusic business 88
6g Language & Culture: Business letters 90
91----!:.~~~
Module 7_' ~~~Sportand leisure~"~" '_'T~" , ~,'
7a The FriendlyGames The Commonwealth Britain and its Names of countries/Sports 92Games ex-colonies
l--- -- --7b Extremesports Extreme sports Australia Sports equipment 94
7c Mall rats Leisure time spent Usa and UK Leisure facilities 96
I--in shopping malls
7d Popular television Rea lity TV programmes UK Words connected 98and soaps with television
i--- -- --7e Holidays Holidays UK and USA Types of holidays 100
7f English everywhere: Australia 102
7g Language& Culture: FitzGym 104
105Module 8 - The arts8a A child could dothat Modern art Scotland Art 106
8b The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings UK Literature andmyth 108and otherepic myths
8c West End musicals Musicalsin London UK The theatre 110theatres
8d Hollywood kids Child stars USA Fi lm stars' 11 2of Hollywoodfilms
8e Dancing in the streets Breakdancing USA Movement 114
Sf Soundtrack: Cinema music 116
8g Language & Culture: I capturethe castle 118
Unit Topic ICountries IVocabulary Ipage
tt9
9a The UK press UKtabloid Heat and hot weather 120and broadsheet~wspa pe rs
I I9b Texting Sending text messages UK Telecommunications/ 122
The language
Iof text messages
9c Internet innovations New internet USA Telecommunications/ 124technology__
I USAand UK
Computers
9d Internet cheats Internet plagiarism Wordbuilding 126by students ~
- l lnternetlThe languagege Language change How newtechnology World 128has affected of text messagesthe English language
9f Englisheverywhere: The Republicof Ireland 130
9g Language & Culture: Thenetworked home 132
t33Module 10 - SocietylOa Positive discrimination Positive discrimination UK Education/Discrimination 134
in education
lOb Immigration Citizenship USA and UK Immigration 136I and citizenship
'10c G1obalisation Globalisation and the USA and world Protest/Marketing 138anti-globalisation and advertisingmovement
10d Working mothers Working mothers, the USA, UK and Australia Children and childcare 140birthrate and childcare
10e Caring for the elderly Institutions UK Care of the elderly 142for old people
101 Soundtrack: Changing societies 144
tOg Language & Culture: TheSaga story t46
147• • Links to literaturelta William Shakespeare Henry, England and Saint George (from Henry V) 148
ltb William Wordsworth Composed uponWestminster Bridge, Sept. 3. 1802 149
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 149- -- ----ttc Jane Austen Emma passes judgement (from Emmal 150-----ttd JamesFenimore Coope.!..- Maguademands justice (from The Last of the Mohicans) 151
t t e Harriet BeecherStowe Property and possessions (from Uncle Tom'sCabin) 152
ttl Charles Dickens An English lesson at Dotheboys (from Nicholas Nickleby) 153-- --ttg George Bernard Shaw Eliza enters society (from Pygmalion) , 154
l.tt h WiIfred Owen Parable of the Old Man and the Yo ung 155
lt~irg i n i a Woolf Shakespeare's sister (from A Roamof One 'sOwnl 156--!.1L John Steinbeck A crimethat goes beyond denunciation (from The Grapes of Wrath) 157
tt~ylan Thomas Do Not Go Gentle IntoThat Good Night,
158
ttl Zadie Smith A clash of cultures (from White Teeth) 159
Everyday life
I)Which of the photos on this page do you thinkwere taken : in the USA? in the UK? in South Africa?
ElWhat do you know about homes. schools andfood in those countries? Howarethey different tolife in your own country?
Everyday life
Topic a Daily routine sCountries a UK and USA
CUltural differencesVocabulary aLinks a lb . re. 5( . IOd
Two ordinary days
33, Regent Avenue
l eedsWest Yorkshire
lE3 SOXUK
3rd March
Dear Tracey
Thanks for your letter - f 've finally found an American penfriendl To ansWer someof your questions: I 'm 16 . My dad 's a computer techn ician and my mum work s in aafad ory. I 've got two younger siste rs - Kirsty and laura. You say that you don'tkno w anything about life in th e UK, so I'm going to tell you about a typicai da y inOur house.
My mum gets up really ear ly, before 6.00, because she has to leave the house at6.45. The rest of us get up at 7.00. We don 't sit down together for breakfast _ it 'stoo chaotic. We ieave the house at 8 .15. Dad drives to the centre of town, and Iwaik With my sisters to the bus stop. School starts at 9.00. We have lunch at schoolat 12 .30, and lesson s fini sh at 3. 30. SOmetimes we walk home. We get home at thesame ti me as Mum - 4.00. She gives us sOmething to eat at about 6.00, becausewe're astarv ing, but Dad doesn't get hom e until after 7.00, because the traffic canbe really bad . She and Dad eat a meal at about 8 .00, while we're watChing IV ordoing our hom ework. Mum and the girls go to bed at about 10 .00 and Dad andI astay up watc hing films On aSKY. I have to go to bed at 11.00. I don 't know whyDad doesn 't go to bed the n too, because he aiways falls asleep in the middie of afi lm and goes to bed at about lam!
Tell me about a typical day in your house,You can ema il me on [email protected] wishes
Simon 's mum Simon's dadSimon
................ ..Get up .. ...... .
..................Leave the house ....... ..
............ ..... .Get home .......
...... ...... .. ....Have dinner .. . ......
...... ..........Goto bed ...... ...
r ead .Before you L Ie and their houses. W~lchnLookat the photos of the p.eo~ ? What time do you thinkcountries do youl~hin~~~~~~~ m.they: start schoo . co
e ; d complete the tahle withEl Read Sim~n's letter to Tracey anthe correct times.
(iHte?. '&itab< 6M th-1iM.t
5" q=''U~ 1ollowourMake sure~::V1VAl GUIDE!EVERYDAY ldn't have any
5 1. You shou log your. t before you eros problems chang anks st ay
1. Look n~_ British t raffic money because ~ don'tthe roaon the left. open all day _ \;~driveS 're travelling by bus, close at lunch t s a;e open
2. If you 't have to buy a 8 Most large shop d 4pm onyou do." advance. J ust pay . between roam anticket 10 Sundays.on the bus. mething tof ou order so ,
3. J Y . k in a cafe,eat or dnnt pay for it
member 0 •re . given It.when you re'ntraducesyou
4. If someone lnew, greetto someone. "HeUo".t hem by saylOg ,
, ki s them. "DontIS" d "thank you
"please an .5. Use .d soundlOg
a tot, to avci
rude. a send6. If you want t need to look
Postcards, youd Post box.for a re
factory a a bulldinprett y III qu ite q w here th ings are manuf act ured
SKY III a sate lli te TV company
starving III ext remeI hu10 stay up III to not y nqr y ( li teral ly . dyinq of hgo to bed unqer ]
- 21 8
from Tra~Y GarofalO
10 . \1il Simon Smith
'. "....
.-;.-' : our day
c
,. .
Tracey:)
OK _ yOU asked for it! Here is a normal day with my family.
My mom and dad get up at 6. 30, and Mom makes breakfast
for us all. My brother Tom and I get up at 7 .00. We're lucky,
because the school bus stopS right outside our door! Weleave the house when we see it coming around the corner!
That' s at eight o'clock . our school day starts at half past
eight, and we eat lunch at school too - at 12 o'clock.
Lessons fini sh at half past three, but we don't usually get
home until 5 .00 , because Tom and I stay at school to do
sport and music after the lessons. Dad leaves for work at
7. 30 (he's a dentist) , and he gets home at 6 .00. My momdoesn't work. We all eat dinner together at about half past
seven. Then we do homework , play compute r games or surf
the Internet until bedtim e (10 .00) . We don't watch much TV
in our house.So that'S it - apretty boring, huh?
Hi Simon!
ID Now readTrace 's .1. four ways in whi ~h t~~~' 1 to Simon and find:2. other ways in which the" sch~o l days are the sameir sc 0 01 days are differeni
Vocabuw "[] Read Ihe Everyday survival . .1. to ask for food or drink in gu~de. Findwords thaI mea .2. to tell someone wh a cafe, restaurant etc n.3. to speakto sam 0 another person is ' .
h" eone or m k .t e first time. ,a e a gesture, when you m
4. the opposite of' I' • eet for5 th po rte .. e box that you put letters in when"'Wh' h you want to send them
... tc of Ihe tips in h .a. buying things and t e text dealts) with:b. how to behaveWit~SI~~ money?c. how to use publi t a er people?d h c ransport?. owto avoid an accident? .
e. the postal system? "
L;sten;niii E p (DUsle tstayi . . ~ 0 a conversation bsurvi~~I';u~~:~~a:~d his h?st.Tick t~':;::~~ :~~eigthn student
e mentions, m e
1. driving~. kPaying for things in cafes 0. rssmq 0
4. talking politely 05.finding a postbox 0~. ~UYlng bus tickets -, 0. ank opening hours 0
8.shopping on a Sunday BaCD~i ste n again. Note doexercise 6 are differenl in t~:f~~~ the topics you licked inS. e'gn student's country.
_ Qe a k '" q~How is life in the UKandIn your country?Discusswi:~~h~S~ differenl or similar to lifeass.
Everyday 'ifeTopic a Houses
Cou nt r ies a UK and USA
vocabulary a Facilities in a houseli nks a la. re
I Home swap
Our 'Home Swap' this month concentrates
on the Keane family from England,and the Miller family from south Carolina, USA.As usual, our families had a two-week holidayin each other's houses, and we interviewed themat the end of the stay. So how did they Dcope?
wewere pleased to find that therewere threebedrooms," said George. But the kidseweren't impressed. "Mum and Dad's roomwas OK, but our bedrooms were really
George and SandyMiller and thei r children,Helen(17) and Daniel(8), had a shockwhenthey first saw the Keanes' three-bedroomaterraced house in Gloucester. " It's 50
smallI " said Sandy. Where will we all
sleep?"But inside, the house wasmoreDwelcoming."It'sbigger than it looksfrom the outside,and
small!" acomplained Daniel. The Millersfound it difficult to live in a housewith onlyone bathroom . At home they have twobathrooms and three toiletsI "And we havea study,where we keep the computer, anda playroomin the basement, " saidHelen. " InGloucester we had to all stay in the livingroom together or go to our bedrooms." Sowas there anything positive about theexperience? "The house was beautifullydecorated," said Sandy, "and it was veryDCOSY. It was April when we stayed in thehouse. but theweather wasterrible. Wewerevery grateful for the carpets, the centralheating and a real fire in the living room."Another good point for George was thegarden. "Wewere verysurprised by the large,
B efore ypY readg Whichthings are common in houses inyour country?
o a studyo a basemento carpetso central heatingo a real fireo a gardeno a barbecueo a swimmingpoolo an air-conditioningsystemo a security system
BeadingEl e p Read the.magazine article. Which house (the Englishone or the Amencan one) has got:1. other houses attached to it?2. the most bedrooms?3. small bedrooms?
4. a room justfor games?5. a feeling of warmth inside?6. lots of colours inside?7. a pretty garden?8. a lot of electronic systems?
I!lt e P
d~atch the people w ith their opinions of the house they
s aye m.~. ~ eo~g eM~: lI er a. " It was strange not having separate3' Hanl YM·'II er rooms for using the computer and. e en I. er playmg games."
~. ~~n~ 1 Mill er b. ::1loved playing and eating outdoors!"6' K ty ~ane c. The house was so big it looked like it. a eane ~ el o n g e d to a famous person!"
7. Bethany Keane d. I was really impressed by thegarden."
e. "Two of the bedrooms were toosmall."
f. "The house was warm and colourful"g. " I didn't like the garden orthe decor '
much."
to be impressed D to be have a positive react ionto cope D to succeed in do ing something difficultto compl ain a to protestcosy III warm and co mfor tabledu ll Q plain and bor ingen -su ite (bat hroom) a a ba throom t hat is attached to a bedroomand not shared with the rest of the house
to fid~le with D to try with dif f iculty to operat e somet hingcomplicatedhuge D very bigterraced. hous e D a house that is joi ned to gether w ith oth ers in a rowwelcom ing a pleasant. making you want t o st ayyard D the open a.rea around an Amer ican hou se. consistinq oflawn. qerue n. patio. etc
long garden at the back of the house. Wecouldn't really enjoy it because of theweather, but it was obvious that the Keaneshad put a lot of work into it. It was w elldesigned and fu ll of beautifu l plants andflowers. Actually, I th ink British people haveabit of an obsession with housesand gardens_ there are so manyN programmes about
them !" •
Tim and Katy Keane and their children,
Bethany (8), Charles (9) and Joe (16),couldn't believe thei r luck when they arrivedat Washington Drive,Greenville. "The houseswere allenormous," said Tim. " I expected tosee film stars coming out of them!"The Millers' ho use has five bedrooms, astu dy, tw o bathrooms and an extra
downstairs toilet. "OUf bedroom wasa huge, and it was lovely having an a ensuite ," said Katy. " It w as like staying in ahotel ! " "We didn't see mu ch of thechildren for two weeks I " says Tim . "Theywere either in the computer room, in thebasement or outdoors." The weather wasfin e for the Keanes' visit to South Carolina,so th ey made good use of the Mi llers'a yard. "Th e Millers had sports equipmentand a perma nent barbecue in the ir yard,"
said Joe. "And their neighbours had aswimming pool, which we used once. Itw as great I " "The children really enjoyed
the yard," said Katy, "but I found it a bita dull. I like nice English gardens w ith lots
of fl owers. All the M illers had we re a fewtrees." And Katy didn't think mu ch of thedecor, either. " It was all very smart andclean," she said. "but it wasn't verycolourful. It 's obvious that Americansspend more time outdoors than theBriti sh! We had good weather, but luckilywe didn 't need to use the air-conditioningsystem. The Mi llers had lots of securitysystems and alarms that we had to afiddlew ith every night and morning - tha t was
complicated enough! " •
4/10
[] Look allhe lables of scores for the two houses Whichhouse scored the mosl in each calegory? '
The Millers' scores for the Keanes' house
Space:
8/10
8/10
7/10
6/10
10/10
6/10
28/40--- --
Decoration:Garden:Tota:-I-"---
Comfort:
The Keanes' scores for the Millers' house
Space:
Comfort:
Decoration:
Garden:
Total
S peakingIIIDis.cuss Ihese questions with a partner,1, Which house sounds nicerto you - the English house orthe
American one?2, Wou ld you like to try living in another family's house for two
w eeks?3. How do the Millers' and the Keanes' houses diff er from
homes In your country?
[;I Think abou~ your ideal house, How many rooms would ilhave? Would .1be old or new?
/ 1~.I LC I TOpic a Families
Countries a UK. USA and Austra lia
Vocabulary a Fam il y members
Links a IOd. IDe. ttc . II i. 111
I Modern familiesW hat is a "trad itio nal" family nowadays? Wit h mo re andmore couples choosing not to get married, and with th enumber of divorces end second marriages increa sing. the ideaof the "trad itional fam ily" (two marri ed parents, an averageof two child ren, g rand pare n ts living nearby) is rapidlyd isa pp earing in some countries. Here arc so me pe rsonalexamples and statistics from th e English- speaking world.
Families in the USA in the UK
Marriages that end in divorce 50% 33%
Famil ies with only one parent 25% 25%
Children wholiveina 50% 33%single-parent home at some time
Children whose parents 33% 40%aren't married
Single parents whoare men 10% 109 I'm Callum, and I live with my
parents in Cambridge, in the eastof England. We moved here when Iwas five because of Dad's job, butmy mum comes from the north ofEngland, and Dad comes fromScotland I've got a grandma inEdinburgh and a granddad inYorkshire. And I've got two cous inswho live near London, becausethat's where Dad's sister and her
husband live. We see my cousinsabout three times a year, and wego up to Edinburgh every New Year,but I can't remember when I last
saw my granddad in Yorkshire. Healways sends me presents, though!
VocabularyEJ Match the words to the definitions.My name's Meera, and I live in Wolverhampton, near
Birmingham, in England I live with my parents , mybrother and my sister. My grandmother lives next door.My mum was born here in Britain, but my grandmothermoved here from India in the 1960s when my dad wasa little boy. My dad has two sisters - Auntie Sunita
and Auntie Rani. Auntie Sunita lives in the same streetas us, and Auntie Rani lives in Birmingham, which isonly 15 miles away. They're both married, and I've gotlive cousins. We see them almost every week.
Someone is always visiting our house, or we go toBirmingham to see them. And two years ago we allwent to India to see our family there.
1. ex-wife/ex-husband2. latewife/late husband3. second wife/second
husband4. stepmother/stepfather5. stepsister/stepbrother6. half-sister/half-brother
a.someone that is marriedtooneof your parents, butisn't your parent
b.someone who hasthe samemother. or the same father. asyou. but not both parents
c. someone that you were marriedto in the past who is now dead
d.the child of someone thatis marriedto one of your parents
e.someonethatyouwere marriedto in the past but are nowdivorced from
f. someone that you marrywhenyou have alreadybeen marriedto someone elsebefore
every other a alte rnate
I'm Ben, from Portland, Oregon,and my family is a bit
complicated! I've got a sistercalled Ella, but three years ago myparents got divorced and now bothof them are re-married. We livewith my mom, Julie, and mystepfather, Bob. Bob's got adaughter called Daisy, but shedoesn't live with us, she lives withher mom. My father's name isPete. He and his second wife havejust had a baby boy, Charles, soI've got a new half-brother!
ead"nBl Read the texts andfind out how manypeopleCallum,Meera,Ben andTrudi share a house with .
[)~Underl i n e thecorrect alternatives to complete thesentences.1. Callum's aunt and uncleI grandparents live near London.2. Callum oftenI sometimes seeshis cousins.3. Meera's auntsboth live nearI far away.4. Meera oftenI rarely sees her cousins.5. Daisy is Ben's half-sisterI stepsister.6.Julie is Pete's ex-wife I stepmother.7.Trudi's mum and dad live in different placesI together.8. Tru di never sees her dadI sees her dad regularly.
SpeakingoRead the statistics aboutfamilies in the USA and the UK.Which of the children in this unit lives:, in a single-parent family?, in a stepfamily?
suburbs a residential areas around the eeqe of a tow n or city
My name's Trudi, and I've got a sistercalled Beth. Our mum and dad are
divorced, so we live with just our mum inthe a suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. Ourdad has an apartment in the centre o f town,and we spend a every other weekend there.After school every day we go to ourgrandma's house and have a meal there,because our mum doesn't finish work untilsix o'clock. She collects us at half past six,except on Wednesday evenings when we goswimming with ou r dad,
o How do youthink that the same statistics would be differentin your country?
~What are the advantages and disadvantages of the fourfamily situations in thetexts? Discuss with a partner.
Lisfe -no(DListen to Jamesdescribing his family situation andanswer thequestions.1. Who are: Rachel? Louise? Richard?2. What is James's opinionof Ric hard?3.Who is the oldest child in the house?4. Why doesn't James like Louise's behaviour?5. What does their mum saywhen James and Rachel complain
about Louise? •6. What happens whenthey havean argument with Louise?
Spe a k in a11) Discusswhat youthink Jamesshoulddo about his familysituation.
Everyday lifeTOpiCa Food shoppinq
Cou ntries a UK and USAVoc abulary a Food
Links a 3b. 6b. 6( . 7( . IOc
I What's in your basket?Nevv markets - shopping for food in the 21st century
M aking a long trip to the supermarketand queui ng for hours used to be th enormal weekly routine for British andAmerican sho ppers. But since the 19905,th ere is .1 better \\'(1 )' to get yo ura gron -rics. Supermarket shopping onthe Internet has e boomed in the UKandtill' USA.The major supermarkets have their ownwc bsitc s. and if y O ll order on- line withthem, for a s ma ll ex tra slim such asSa/ £5 th e superma rkets will do yo u rsho pping fo r yo u and deliver it to yo urdo or. If y Oll sho p with them regularly,th ey'll ' remember' yo ur favo urite itemsso y O ll ca n o rder the m next time
witho ut scorch ing for them!These days th ou sands ofpeo ple in the UK a nd theStat es reg ula rly do the irsupermarket shopping in this WilY.
In contrast, in ma ny rural areas of Britainthere has been il return to the traditionaloutdoor market. Farmers' markets. wherefanners sell their products direct ly to thecus tomer, had practicall y e d icd out inBritain becau se of the attractio n of thelarge supermarkets, but they ha ve beene rcsu rrcct cd recent ly, both to helpfar mers make mo re profit s, a nd toprovide customers with 'real' food again,such i1S fresh meat, eggs, vegetables and
A stall at a farmer'smarket.
Home deliveries arecommon these days.
a prcserves. Organic food ha s beco mevery popular, and some producers a runa 'box service'. wh er e the )' delive r aweekly box of fru it and vegetables toyo ur doo r. Cus to me rs ca n't select thefood - they just receive whatever is a inseason- hu t it is aguarantccd to he freshend free from che micals, and now youcan often order these on-line too!
rBefore you readD Who shopsfor food in your family? How often do they goshopping?Where do they buy the food from?
ReadingEJ Read the text about food shopping.Which different ways ofshopping for food does it mention?
El E P Underline the correct alternatives in these sentencesabout the text.1. It is cheap I expensive to order your supermarket shopping
on-line and have it delivered.2. Supermarket websites canI can't rememberwhat you have
ordered in the past.3. Farmers' markets have always been well-supportedI have
recently become popular again.4. Organic food has a lotofI nochemicals in it.5. The customerl producer decides whatfruit andvegetables
are used in a 'boxservice',
o Look at the websites and answer the questions .1. From how manydifferent countries do the frozen ready
meals come? What doyou think a readymeal is?2. How muchdoes a box from the organic food companycost?3. What sort of food does it contain?4. What food is depicted on the delicatessen web page?5. Imagine you are having a picnic at the weekend.Which of
the foods would you like to order?
to boom a to grow very quicklyto die out a to disappear co mpletelyqrccenes a everyday items of shoppingto guarantee a to promise
In season a gro w ing natu rally at a particu lar t ime of yearpreserves a preserved fru it and vegetables. particular ly jamto resurrect a to make ali ve aqain some thing that was deadto run a to cr qentse
Virtual shopping
Ool L_.:.i 0?!-r....... It"d hlQ.ld Homt s._
J&,lhttp:/ / w_ .betterway.co.ul<.
The beston- li ne deliyou can f ind!
.:. Cooked beefand ham
.:. Fresh dipsand salad
.:. Olives
.:. Pate
.:. Salami
.:. Sandwiches
.:. Sushi
D __··~·. -
"'.,
1cucumber4 lemons1bunch of spinach
1lettuce1box of beansprout s
3 apples4 oranges4 pears1avocado
Zucchini
3 :.i ....d Jt.lINcl Hootnt k irWl
,&. Jhllp:/1"' .......betterwa y.( o.l,Ik
$35 reg ular box content s
Frozen foods
00 To:
.....
Organic food delivered to your area
.&1M!" I www.OI'9anidood.CO.uk
o
Red potatoes
1yellow onion1bunch of carrots
1red cabbage1bunch of bananas
[J
: :: ~:eu~rsee~:~:d sorbets t o re ady meals and snacks,n from Our superb range of frozen food
.:. Chickenand turkey _burgersand steaks
.:. Chips, wafflesand potato shapes
.:. Cream cakes and desserts.:. Fish breaded/battered.:.Fish cakes and fish fingers.:. Ice cream and sorbets.:. Party food
.:. Pies.:. Pizza
~ .:. sausages and sausage rolls.:. Readymeals American
and MeXican.:. Readymeals - Chinese.:. Readymeals Indian.:.Ready meals - Italian
• .:. Readymeals Vegetarian
~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:::= ::::---- ---
mWhich of the foods on the websites can you put under thesecategories?
Meat and fish:
Vegetab les:
Fruit:
§peakjngEiI Discuss in pairs. What are the advantages anddisadvantages of getting your food from: a) a supermarket b) asmaller shop or a market? Think about:>price.>choice of products .>quality of products.>convenience.) service.) ecologica l reasons. '>w ho gets the profit.
Bread and pastry:
Sweets:
Ii!Write a shopping list in English of twelve of your favouriteitems of food .
Spe a k in a /Bea d in gmHave you ever tried to do virtual shopping?Are there any supermarkets in your area where it is possibleto buy on-line?With your teacher's help visit an English-languagesupermarket website with the shopping list that you compiledin exercise 6.
Everyday lifeTop ic a Leisure activities
Countries a USA
vocabulary III leisure activiti eslin ks a la. 5c. r c. Be
I Time out..
LEISURE USA QUESTIONNAIRE
1 How ofte n do you do these activities? write ofteJl , sOlflelilJl fSor new,.,
• Aerobics• Computer activit ies• Cooking• Cycling• Dancing• Goi ng to the movies• Readi ng• Shopping• Swimming• Walking• watchi ng TV
2 Now n umber th e acti vi ties that yo u do in ord er, w ithnu mb er I as you r favouri te .
3 Which ot her activi ties do y Oll do in your free time th at aren' tlisted above?
b~dy-moldinq a that make the bod . sedentary a sitti nq dow nset a qroupskinny a very thinstationa ry a not movinq . fi xedworkout a a session of .physical exercise usuer .• Y In a gy m
12
10
8
6
4
-- Ages 6-11
-- Ages12-17 The New York Times
Kids need exercise,but what kind?
by Rand! Hutter Epstein1963-70 1971-74 1978-80 1988-94
Percentage of young peoplewho are overweight (1963-1994).
100
90
80
70
60
J 5040 ______30 ____________
2010
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Haley Moran-Wollens is not an aelite
athlete. She is a 13-year-old who, like lotsof other teenagers, wants to be fit. And, likea growingnumberof teenagers whose parentscan afford it, she has a personal trainer.
In her case, the trainer is Rodi caVranceanu- who charges $75 an hour forafter school a workouts at Radu PhysicalCulture, a gym in Midtown Manhattan .
become Teen Fit members. They tend togo for the astationary bicycles and weights,said Cindy Breakfield , sports manager,who added that perso nal trainers were
available for the younger a set.
The Eastcoast Athlet ic Club in PortWashin gton, NY, has a program calledExcel, which offers personal training at$45 an hour to children aged 12 to 17, saidChristopher Patti, the fitness director.
"It's a sad a precedent," said RichardKillin gsworth , a scientist at the Centersfor Disease Co ntrol and Prevention inAtlanta. "We are teachin g a behavior thatit's O.K. to be asedentary all day excep tfor the one-hour exercise class. In the pastdecade, our children have lost the idea ofwha t it is to enjoy be ing yo ung and
physically active."
Some health experts a hail the trend ,
saying that too many children do not getenough exercise. But others disagree.
Re dinmRead the newspaper art' I1. When does Halev go to t~Ce ega~~ answer the quest ions.
2. Howmuch does h V .3. Howald are the T:;~~rsonal t rainer cost?4. Howa ld are the memb~~:emb e rs of the Spectrum Club?
Eastcoast Athletic Club? 01 the Excel program at the .
5. How much does a . .Athletic Club? personal tramer cost at the Eastcoast
~' ~hho is Richard Killingsworth?, Vdoes he disagree with .
8, Do all hea lth experts thi ~ ttersonal training for kids?a bad idea? n a~person a l training for kids is
5 e kint) With a partner, write five 'vour classmates enjov sport~ues~,~ns designed to find out ifget each week . Ask our ' ~n ow much exercise theeveryone's answers VThenquest,ons to the class and note d~wngraphs or diagrams: present the results in the lorm 01
--At the Spectrum Club in Valencia,
California, children aged 13 to 17 can
Though per sonal training is by nomeans the norm for American children, asmall but growing number of their parentsare paying the membership e fees to privategym s for aerobics, weight lifting, andabody-molding activities once considered
for adults only.
"I don't want to be the askinniest," Haleysaid. "1just want to work out. But a lot ofpeople do it for the nice bodies, even at
my age."
Befere you listenEJ look at the questionnaire A - - -popular in your country? . re the activities on the list
El Complete the questionna ire lor vourself.
I!IWork with a partner 0 -dteenage girl would co';'p~e~~:hhow v
ou thin~ an Americane quesncnnarre,
Liste i n[] Iml(j) li sten to Kirsten A .completing the questionnai an men can 16-v
earold,
answers the same as you e~~::t:~I~11n her answers. Are her
Sgeakingm,lml l ook at the graphs Whleisure activities of voung' A at do theVsuggest about themen cans?
Perc:ntage of teenagers taking dailyphysical exercise.
A crowdedpedestr ian street .
~
Vocabulary III Everyday activit iesLinks III 21. 7a
Reac:lingEl Lookat the mapand readthe Information File on SouthAfrica, then answer the questions.1.What is the second biggest ethnic group in South Africa?2. Howmanycapital cities does South Africa have?3.Which is the largest of the capital cities?4.Where is it in the country?5.Which part of South Africa getsthe mostrain?
I!l Read the website. Complete the table with the correctinformation aboutlzak.
Before ypu readD Doyou know anythingaboutSouth Africa? Can you nameanySouth African cities or anyfamous South Africans? Whatsports is the country famous for?
Topic III Ever yd ay li fe in South Afri caCountries III Sout h Af ric a
Everyday life
Total area III 1.2 million sq. kmTotal population III 43 million
Ethnic mix III75 %Black147, White Afrikaans
3'10IndianCapital III Pretoria (qovernment)
Cape Town + Bloemfontein (law)Populo of capital III Pretoria: 650,000
Cape Town: 1.000.000Bloemfontein: 150.000
Government III A republic with a presidentClimate III West coast: dry and arid
East coast: wetter, with forestveqetation
Dm~eGJ(ij)eDDem ~DI!J~South Africa
EnglisheMSouth
v----- JI~I 1fI.
18
.aparthe- id 0 t he- political syste-m Inmulti -racial D involvin
sUburbs 0 re-side-ntia l :r~:;~'e-tf',om di.ffe-re-nt e- thnic qroups
u s de ctne s
:.i .;i!. e wlStet 4 R.1ooIo:l HiomIt S.... ch ~tso... lmi9t'
00To: ..&. Ihttp://www.swanepoel.co.za
H·IMy name's Izak Ford. I go to Swanepoel Boys School in
the asuburbs of Cape Town, and this is my school's
I .website. Here's a picture of one of our classrooms. There
are 25 students in my class. Before 1994, when we had the aapartheid
system, black students and white students were educated separately,
but my school is now amult i-racial.
We go to school from Monday to Friday. Our school day starts at
7.40 am, so I get up at about 6 o'clock, but that's OK, because it 's
hot and sunny then . We have to wear a uniform . I hate it ! We study
the usual subjects - Science, History, Geography, etc., but we also
study Afr ikaans (which is our first language), English and Xhosa, a
local African ianguage . We have two short breaks, one at half past ten
and one at half past twe lve. The school day finishes at 2.15. Afte r
lessons we can do sports such as rugby, hockey and swimming , or
artistic activities like music and photography. In the evening we do homework and watch TV.
My favourite shows are ER and Friends. For dinner we always have meat or chicken with rice
and veget ables such as sweet potato. At th e
weekends we go to Tyger Valley, which is a huge
shopping mall in Cape Town, and we often have
braais (barbecues). South Afr icans eat a lot of
meat!
Tell me about your typical day!
You can email [email protected]
Usual dinner;.
Evening activities: - ..
oAnswer the questions
~: ~~~~~;~~c~~~~ f,~~~~~:ust~dents only?
3. What does h thOk . p.
4. When does h~ h~~e~ hlskschool uniform?
5. What can stUdents dorea s at school?
6. What is a braai? at hiS school after lessons?
W; Of;
mFill in th~ table in exercise 3 f .
and what dIfferences are there bortwyourself. What SImilarities
e een yOU and 'zak?
0 1n g.raups,write a text to a on . '
Desc"be your school and th~ d .,. website for your school.
mentIOn everything that mi al y r~utme there. Remember to
a student from another cou~tht Sound mteresting or different tory.
. .............
.............
Town/City;
Name;
Nationality;
Name of school;
Number of schooldays per week;
Schoolday'-..
First I . From ......... a m toanguage;
" ......... p.m.
Other languagesstudied; .
Favourite TVprogrammes; .
Weekend actiVities' ..
= .
Gram ma r III Present tense review (present simple. present continuous. present perfect )
Skills III Using sequencing words to order sentences in a paragraph
I Langua
•
e& Culture
I!J Presentsimple, presentcontinuous or presentperfect?Complete the text with the correct formof the verbsin brackets.
GRAMMARD Read the text quickly. How is Diana's day different to yours?
B Lookat the verbshighlighted in the text. Write them in thecorrect column in the table. Then saywhy eachtense is usedeach time.
Presentsimple
live
Present continuous Presentperfect
SKiLLSoRead the text and underline the sequencingwords IFirst .. .,etc). What doyou think the man's job is?
Mfj dad gets "1' eve'1J dafj at 4.00a.,.,.Ftr-st l1e l1~s ~ sl10wer~~ puts 0"'" I-1tsu"",tfot1"\ll. . "'rt1e "", l-1e goes dowv...statrs ~~ l1~s
brett R.fttst. t-te ~lwa tjs l-1 ~s a coo~d brettR.fttstwttl1 baccw eg gs, s~usttges tt"",d bea "",s!Next, l-1e cl-1ecRs itlts bt~ ~"",d v.<.. ~ R.es suretl1ere ~ re ""'0 problev.<..s.A.ftertl1~t, l-1e ctjcles to worR. tt"",d sortseve'1Jt I'1 L....g for tl'1e dafj .FtLIIA lltj, l1 e ctjcles rou"",d lots of l-1ouses ~~deltvers tl-1t~s to people.
~ Put the sentences a-e in thecorrect order to make aparagraph. Thenrewrite the paragraphusing thesesequencers to improve it.
My school day (1) starts (startl at 8.00am but I (2) ...... (get up) at6.30am. First. I (3) ...... [qet dressed) and then I (4) ...... (have!breakfast. Every day I 15! ...... (catch) a bus to school. It 161 ......(leaveI at 7.30am.Thisyear I'm in 10th grade and 1(7) (study! a lot of subjects.I (81 ...... (just start) Italianthisyear. It (9! (be) really interesting.School(101...... (finish! at 1.00pm and I always(11 ) ...... (have) lunchwith my friends.Sometimeswe (12) (play)football whilewe (13) ...... (waitl forthe school bus. I (14! (justwinl afootball competitionwith myschool team.
After that Finally First Next Then
a. I go to bed at midnight.b. I drive to work.c. I get dressed andhave breakfast.d. I get up at 7.30am.e. I work until 5.30pm.
(J Choose your favourite popstar, film star or sports star.Imaginetheir daily routine and write a paragraph about it.Rememberto use sequencers.
o the four nations of the UnitedKingdom
o small and remote British islandso the natural wonders of the USA
and Canadao extreme weather in the USA and
Australiao life in London and in an English
villageo popu lar music in the USA,
Ireland, Jamaica and SouthAfrica
o a British city
Habitatsand hOnJelands
[J Look allhe pictures of thedifferentenvironments.Which onedoyou think is of:the USA? Australia?England? Scotland?
El Ingroups, make a list of asmany British citiesand American slatesas you canthink of.Then compare lists. Which group hasthe most?
2t
Habitats and hOnlelands
/~ r cprc III British national identi tyCountr ies III UK
Vocabulary g Nationa l symbolsLinks III zb. Sa. 4a . 4e. Sf . 6e. 9f. tte
I Four nations
. DOl:Jm ~Ol!~
EnglandTotal population a 49 million
Capital a LondonNational day a April 23rd
(St Georqes Day )Nat ional symbols a Red rose. lion.
bulldog
Total population a 5 millionCapital a Edinburgh
National day a November 30th(St Andrew's Day )
National symbols a a Thistle. a tartan
om~l:Jm(ijJeD
Scotland
WalesTota l population a 2.5 million
Capital a Cardiff
In 1922 the south of Ireland was madeindependent from Great Britain(England. Scot land and Wa les) andbecame the Republic of Irela nd.Northern Ireland remained joinedpolitically to Britain . and the UnitedKingdom was born. While this was apopular decision with most IrishProtestants. it was unpopula r withmost of the Catho lic population. whowished Ireland to re main a unitedcountry. Conflict between these twogroups came to crisis point in the 19705with the terrorist activities of the IRAand the arriva l of British soldiers. Eventoday. the Northern Irish populationremains divided between Unionists (orLoy alists ). who wa nt to remain a partof the United Kinqdom. andRepublicans. who oppose it .
rBefore ou readD What's the difference between England, GreatBritain andthe UK?
Vocabulary.E) List the national symbolsfrom the Information Files underthese categories.
Plants:
Real animals:
Mythical animals:
Abstract patterns:
[] Read the text about Northern Ireland and answer thequestions.1. How manycountries arethere in Great Britain?2.When did thesouth of Ireland becomeindependent fromBritain?3. Howmany countries arein the UK?4.Whatdo Northern IrishRepublicans want?5.Whatdo Northern IrishUnionists want?
5 eakinIIILookat the photos in the magazine article. What specificcountries do the people in each photo comefrom? How canyou tell ?
Rea ingID~Read the Information Files on England, Scotland andWales. Which of the countries:1.has the largesVsmaliest population?2. has a national day in the spring?3. has a national day in the autumn?4. has a blue and white flag?5. has a red, green and white flag?
Readingrn~Read the article . Match the beginningsandthe endingsofthe sentences.1. Welsh and Scottish sportspeople get annoyed when2. If England andScotland playa rugby match,3. People enjoy St Andrew's Day and St David's Day now, but4. Some buildingsin England used to display the Union Jack,
but now
22
" Hi13 ,~~r ~a::odiJ ~ yellow sprlnq flower (narcissus) tartan a checked . colour
thistle a plant with h e~ pattern used on text iles 1Union Jack a the re~ ar~. eaves and a purple trow er
. W rt e and blue f1aq of the United Kinqdom ...- .....
•
symbols of England .
Scotland and Wales and there often isn't a" Union Jack to be
seen.Away from the sports
apitch. the nationalsaints' days of StDavid in Wales and St Andrew inScotland are starting to be marked withlarge celebrations in the same way thatSt Patrick' s Day has always heence lebrated in Ireland. And the n ag of St
George can be seen in Englandonpublic buildings and churches wherethe Union Jack used to be. WithScotland and Wales now having their
own parliaments. there iseven extreme talk of an'English IndependenceMovement'. and somepeople are wondering ifthe United Kingdom will
last into the nextcentury.
Who arethe British?T he UK is a
confused nationwhen it comes to
national identity,especially in relation tomajor sport ing events.Comment ators proudl yrefer to the country'sinternationallysuccessful sportspeople
as 'English' if theycome specifically from
England. Welsh and Scot tish athletes,
however, areusually given the generallabel 'British' without any recognitionof their individual homelands.But it's when the countries compete
individually. especiallyagainst each other. that theidea of a 'united kingdom '
becomes completely lost.
At football and rugbymatches there has been astrong revival of theindividual flags, songs and
a. they display their own symbols db. they show the Englis h II an flags, not British ones .c th' agod' th:Y~ r~n,t referred to as 'Scottis h' or 'Welsh'. Y in t use to cele brate them much. .
ListeningEI~(J) li ste n to leenagers fNote down where they co f rom each o! the four countries.
me rom and their ages.
0 (J) li slen again. Who feels that they are:
British?
Irish?
English?
Name Country A Scottish?
Dean European? .........., ~ .
Claire Welsh?
J aso n
Emma
WritingI1lWrile a paragraph about ' .national flag, Ihe national d~our ~o~ntry. ~nte about theyour country 'united' a yan I e national symbols. Isseparate idenlity? ' r are there some parts of it that have a
Habimts and ho....e.ands
TOpiC CI The qeoqr.aph v of the smaller Brit ish islandsCount ries CI UK
I British islands
Vocabu lary a Features of a landsca pelinks a 2a. 3c. Sf . 6b. 7e
D id )'o u know th at 'the British Isles' doesn't just mean the two large islands of Brita in andIrela nd . but hu ndreds o f o ther small islan ds around their coasts? J\ lan)' of these islands a reinhabit ed , and a lo t of them are popular touri st destinations.
J\tan, Isle ofLocation: In the Irish Sed betw eenGreat Britain and Ireland.Area: 572 sf). km .Cltm a tc: Cool summers and a rnildwinters.Gl'ograph)': Hills in no rth andsouth, valle, ' in centre.POpUlilliol;: 73,873.Nalionalit,,: j\ larix (a uorsc-cc ltic).languagc~: English, but theancient Ma nx language is beingrevived .Coverument: gBritish dep endencywith its own parliament called theTyn wa ld, Election s every 5 years.
Daily flightsto the Scilly Isles
TheScilly Isles,withtheir subtropicalclimate and exotic flowers, areonly28 milesfromCornwall, and arethemost southwesterly point of theBritish Isles. Enjoy the 20-minuteflight fr om Penzance to StMary's,the largest island, in one of ourhelicopters.
Why not make a day of it?After exploring St Mary's, you couldtakeaboat tovisit the famous tropicalgardens and gshipwreck museum onthe island ofTresco.
Flight ttmes
gFares
Penzance-St Mary's: every hatf hour from 7.30 to 18.00
St Mary's-Penzance: every hatf hour from 8.00 to 18.30
£80 adult, £60 chitd/ gOAP (day return)
~ ). j J{ British depende ncy a a te rr itor y that has its ow n elect ions and• , governme nt. but th at is ruled by Britain- tare a the price of a journey
m ild a w ar m and comforta blenorse a fr om ancient Scandinavia
OAP II old aqe pensionershipwreck a the ru ins of a ship th at has been dest roy ed at seato slope a to have an Incline fro m a high poin t to a low poi ntunm issable a som eth ing t hat you mu st definit ely see
\\ 8ack
: 00 To:
:3 :.i(",., R.1otd Homt
.&. ~ :" Www.channelislands.co,uk
Pr int $toe", ily
( h a n n e I I I s s
The Orkney Islandsill Trave l informat io n: Be warned - the Orkney Islands.
off the nor th-east coast of Scotlan d, are very remote I
Ai r: Flights opera te from Glasgow (90 rnins),j. Edinburgh (90 mins) or Aberdeen (45 mins). There are
plenty of internal flights within the islands.
1 Sea: Ferries leave Abe rdeen in the evening and arriveIoooioI in Lerwick in the morning.
~ The geography of the Orkneys is fla t and ratheruninteresting , and the climate is wet, but the islands'ancient history make them an eunrnissabledestination . There are 1,000 prehistoric monumentshere - the most in Europe. And rare birds and flowersare a popu lar attraction in spring and summer too.
Before y'o u readEl~Look at the text s quickly. Which text has come from:t. an encyc lopedia? 3. a postcard?2. an advertising 4. a guidebook?
leaflet? 5. a website?
ReadingID Readthe texts . What are the names of the islands, orgroups of islands, that have been enlarged on the map (1-5)?
[)~Which texts mention:1. the history of the islands?2. the climate of the islands?3. the wildlife of the islands?4. transport to the islands?5. the government of the islands?
III~Are these sentences true or fals e?1. The helicopter flight from Penzaneeto the Scilly Isles is short.2. Tresco is the biggest of the Scilly Isles.3.The Isle of Man is to the east of Great Brita in.4.The Isle of Man has its own language and culture.5.The Channel Islands are in Scotland.6. Guernsey has a lot of mountains.7. You can fly between the different Orkney Islands.8.There are many ancient sites on the Orkneys.
5 1? akingeWhich of the islands you would most like to visit andwhy? Which other places in Britain would you like to visit?I'd like to go...I'd also like to visit.. .
WritingEi Write a postcard to an English-speaking frien d from oneof the islands you've read about, or from any other islandthat you know.
25
Habitats and homelands1;--
i 2cI
Topic III Natural wonders of AmericaCountries a USA and Canada
Vocab ulary a Adjectives of measurem en tLinks III 2d. Sf . 7e
I The seven natural wondersof America
2 Giant Redwoodand Bristlecone Pine Trees <California)General Sherman, a giantredwood tree in theSequoia National Parkmeasuring 84metres tall, isthe largest plant intheworld. It isalso 3,000yearsold,butit isn't the oldest tree inthe worldIThat's also inCalifomia.ThebristleconepinegrowsintheWhite Mountains, and it isthe oldest livingthing onearth.Themostfamous, named Methuselah, isover 4,000 years old.
1 Death Valley<California)Death Valleyisa 250 km valley between twoCalifornian mountain oranges. It is the hottestand thelowest place in the USA, and at onefamouspoint - Badwater Basin - youarrive atthe lowest place inthe western hemisphere(86 metres below sea level). Summertemperatures inDeath Va lley can reach 54°C,and for several months of theyearthe averagenight-timetemperature is over 27"C.
3 The Grand Canyon(Arizona)TheGrand Canyon,eroded overthousands of years by the Colorado Riverand itse trlbutaries, is400 km long. It is2,000 metres deep at its deepest pointand30km wide at its widest point. It isoneof the mostimportant geologicalsites in theworld (some of therocks areover 1,800 million years old) and it ishome to a great diversity ofwildlife.
rBefore y-o u readD Look at the photos. Doyou recognise any of these places?Can you locate numbers3,5, 6 and7 on the map?
Vocabulary-El Putthe adjectives into six pairs of opposites.deep high large long low narrow shallow short short smalltall wide
ReadingID illE)Read the texts quickly. Which of the natural wonders:1. are partly in Canada?2. are further north than Ca nada?3. are in California?4. consist entirely of water?
oRead the texts again. Complete the tables with the correctstatistics .
Length DepthDeath Valley: ................. Death Valley: .................Grand Canyon: ................. Grand Ca nyon: .................Height WidthGeneral Sherman: ................. GrandCanyon: .................Old Faithful: .................Niagara Fa lls: .................
Age SizeGeneral Sherman: ................. La ke Superior: .................Methuselah: .................Oldest rocks inthe Grand Canyon: .................
• ••to erupt a to eject something viole ntlygeyser CI a spr tnq t hat eje cts steam and hot waterglacier D a large mass of icera nge D a group of mou nt ains
spring a w here water comes up from below th e ground . f ormingthe start of a riv ertr ibutary a a small river th at flow s in to a lar ger riverw ilde rness a a w ild . nat ural place
5 The Great Lakes(Michigan, Wisconsin,Minnesota and Ontario,Canada)The Great lakes (lakes Superior, Michigan,Huron, Erie and Ontario) form the largestsystemof fresh water on earth,conta ining18%of theworld'ssupply. l ake Superior isthe largest and thedeepest. It hasthelargest surface area of any freshwater lakein theworld (81,000 sq. km) and holdsenough water to cover theentirecontinentsof North and SouthAmerica witha third ofa metre of water.
4 Old Faith ful(Idaho)Much of theYellowstone NationalPark (whichextendsinto Idaho, Montanaand Wyoming) isvolcanic rock, andthereareover 10,000ageysersand hotasprings inthe park- the biggestconcentration in theworld. The mostfamous geyser, ca lledOld Faithful, aeruptsabout every 75minutes. Theeruptions last for1-5minutes, andshoothot water upto 50metres in theair.
6 Glacier Bay <Alaska)aGlacier Bay is a awildernessof mountains, glaciers, estuaries,beachesand lakes which was covered by iceonly200 years ago.The glaciersof Glacier Bay arestill retreating, revealing newlandscapes every few years. Glacier Bay is now a nature reserve andis usedextensively for scientific research.
7 Niagara Falls (New York Stateand Ontario, Canada)The Niagara Falls are formed where the Niagara River flows betweenLake Erie and Lake Ontario.There are two main waterfalls:theHorseshoe Falls in Canada and the American Falls in the USA.Thefallsare 55 metreshigh, and 160,000 cubic metresof water flowsoverthem everyminute.
5 eak ingIi) How can humans posea dangerto natural features such asthe ones in this unit?
Listeningo~(!)You are going to hear a ranger talking about thenegative effects 01 tourism on the Grand Canyon. Guess whichof the following environmental problemshe will talk about,then listen andsee il you were right.o littero fireso danger to animalso erosion ofpathso noiseo traffico vandalism
~ (I) listen again andanswer the questions.1. How many people visit the Grand Canyon each year?2. What two problems can pollution cause in the canyon73. Which two months does the ranger say are particularly hot
and dry?4. What are two ways in which visitors start fires?5. Why should visitors not feed the animals in the canyon (two
reasons)?
Sp-eakingmDiscuss in pairs. Whatarethemost-visited attractions inyour country (natural or man-made)? Are they being damagedby tourism? Is anything being doneto preservethem?
27
Habitats and ho....e.andsTopic Q Ext reme weather
Countries Q Australia and USAVocabulary a Wea th er and natura l disas ters
Links a zc. 7f
I Climate extremesH ow does the wea ther affect yo ur day-to-day life? Docs it influ en ce wh atclo the s you put o n? Whethe r you put an umbrella in your bag or not? Incertain parts of the wo rld, people's actua l su rvival depends on the wa yth at they adapt their lives to the extreme weather conditions of theirenviro nments.
Extreme heatTem peratures in the Austra lian outback the central desert a rea of Australia - canoften exceed 50 U( for the slimmermo nths. New hou ses are so metimesspecifica lly situated toward s the east orwest, to avo id the summer sun. The ir roofsare insulated to stop heat getti ng in, andtheir wood is specially trea ted to resist thehea t. Due to the strength of the su n over
th is part of the world. Austra lia has thehighest fate of skin cancer in the world.Since 1981, there has been an officialcampaign by the Australian gove rn mentto encou rage Australians to prot ect the irskin from the sun. Forest fires arc anotherresult of consistently high temperatur es.Thes e have become more and morecommon in the past few years, evenhappening aro und the city of Sydney.
Snovv and extremecoldValdez in Northe rn Alaska is used tobattling aga inst the elemen ts. The townwas relocat ed in 1964 afte r anearthq ua ke and tidal wave completelydestroyed it , and it currently has therecord sno wfall for the who le continen tof North America - 7.7 metres per year.Snow and ice are part of daily life forAlaskans. Ma ny tow ns, includi ng th esta te cap ital Jun eau, are acces sib le on lyby sea or by air, as roads eithe r do n' texist or are blocked for most of the yea r.Some houses are b ui lt w itho u texcavat ing any found ations , and mosthave specia l stro ng roofs to su pport thesnow, and features such as windows thaton ly open e inwards so tha t th ey aren'ta rip pcd off by the Arctic wind.
•
7100
I 7050
]~g!
7000
4
Change in sea levelin Nevvlyn, Cornvvall, UK
Global temperature risedue to greenhouse gas emissions
20001980197019706950 +'--~-""'-~"""""-~""T''''''-~T'"
1960200019501960-1
28
\ :; . .. ,~fi'Jj~ cellar a underground room
concrete a cement > sand· watercrust a hard outer coveringfunnel a a utensil with a wide mouth that gradually reduces to asmall holeinwards a towards the interior of somethingon average a normally
to pun down a to destroyto rip a to tear one thing vtctentty from anotherto shelter a to cover and protect yourselfshutter a a cover for a windowto spin a to turn quicklyworth a value
HurricanesThanks to its coastal location and tropicalclimate, Florida is the American state mostregularly hit by hurricanes. aOn averagea hurricane happens along the Floridacoast every 3 years. Most cause somedamage to buildings and vehicles butsome, such as Hurricane Andrew in 1992,can cause devastation. Andrew was theworst hurricane in America's history andcaused 65 deaths and $26 billion a worthof damage to property. Not surprisingly,Floridans spend a lot of money protectingtheirhomes from hurricane damage.They
prefer e concrctc walls to wooden or metalconstructions, and most windows anddoors have hurricane eshutrers. Somenew ho uses are also being built withspecial reinforced rooms for eshelteringfrom hurricanes.
TornadoesTornadoes happen during storms wh enwarm air and strong winds begin toaspin upw ards. These distinct afunnelshaped wind s can cause great dam agealong their paths. Central states such asKansas and Oklahoma sec the majorityof the USA's tornado es. In fact, there isa famou s tornad o 'route' through tenmidwestern states which is known as'Tornado Alley'. I Iomcs in that area oftenhave sto rm acellars where families canshelter from the weat her.
Earthquakes111e San Andreas Fault is a break in theEarth's e crust that lies underneathCalifornia, causi ng se veral smallearthquakes eve ry year. Most of theearthquakes are not even noticeable, andthe last large one happened in 199..J..However; a catastrophic earthquake nearlydestroyed San Francisco in 1906. Scientistssay that it is possible that anothermassive earthquake may happen in thefuture. but the)' predict that the)' willrecognise the warning signs years beforeit happ ens. As a precaution againstearthquakes, some older buildings inCalifornian cities are being a pulled down.and there is very little new building alongthe fault line itself.
El Read the text quickly and note down all the words that youcan find connected to weather.
a. Australiab. central USAc. northern USAd. southeastern coast
ofthe USAe. western coast ofthe USA
ReadingI!l lmJRead the text again and matchthe weather conditionsto the geographical areas.1.earthquakes2. extreme heat andforest fires3. hurricanes4. snow and extreme cold5.tornadoes
[) Answerthe questions about the text,1. What health problem does the sun cause in Australia?2.Whywas Valdez rebuilt inthe 1960s?
3. Can you drive to the state capitalofAlaska?4. How often do hurricanes hit the Florida coast. on average?5.Where do most ofthe USA's tornadoes happen?6.Whenwas the last serious earthquake inCalifornia?7. Whydo scientists say that peopleshould not panic about
a future major earthquake inCalifornia?
oHow are houses and house-building in certain areas oftheUSA and Australia influenced bythe extreme weatherconditions there?
S/?eaking0 l ook at the graphs showing climate change overthe last 60years and answerthe questions.1. Which graph shows informationaboutthe world, and which
graph shows information about Britainonly?2. Whatdothe horizontal axes of both graphs indicate?3. Whatdoes the vertical axis of the first graph indicate?4.Whatdoes the verticalaxis of the second graph indicate?5. Whatdoyou thinkmight have caused these changes?
WritingEil Write aboutthe climate inyourcountry. Whichregionsgetwhich type ofweather? Do any regions get extremeweather?Hasthe climate changed overthe last 100 years?
29
Hab;ta~ and homelands
/~ TOpiC a Urban and rural li fest y lesCountries a UK
Vocabulary a The citylinks a 3a. ee. 8e. llb. lie
II Town...
My home - love it or hate it!by Ali KJ,QZQI'l
A I live in f3 lackheath inSovth London. London's one of th e large5tand mo5t excit in9
cities in th e world, and there are advantages and disadvantages to livin9 here.
13 The "lain advantage is that there's a lotto do and see. In the centre of Lond onthere are touris"t attractionS' like Madam TVHQlIdJr alld the Science Morev"",and th ere are all kinds of parksand histori c bvildin9S. I sv ppose that We don'talwaysamake the "lOst of it. We onlyvisit places like the Tower of London when
One of ou r relativeS' COmeS'to v;,it{
C Secondly, London isa 9reatplace for enterta inment. All the neWf,lms Come he re
first, and if We wantto 90 t o a pop co ncert or a bi9 sports events, there's always
somet hin9 ri9ht aon ovr doorstep . And of cev rse t he shoPpin9 isqrec't - there'severythin9 from department stores like Harrods to Camde n Market.
D A not her advantage of livin9 in London isthat yov can tra vel easily and qvickly
acroSS the city on the vnder9rovnd. And we've 90t railway stations and airportsto ta ke yov anywhere in the world.
E La5tly, London is trvly cosmopolitan. ~id s at my school are from lots of differentcvlt vres, bvtthat doesn't5top vSbein9 friends. It's900d to mix with people from
different a bac k9rov nds. It stops yov from becomin9 a narrowminded.
F f3 vtthere are SOme major problems if yov live in London. Likemo5t other ca pital
c it ies, it is noisy, poll vted and con gested wit h traffic. The t raffic problem is So
bad t hatthey have recentl y introdvced a conge5tion acharge for cent ral London.Drivers noWhave t o pay if t hey wantto ta ke th eir car5to t he
city ce nt re. Hopefvlly thatwill improve the sitvation.
G Secondly, thin9sare veryexpensive here - apparently it 'smore
expel1 S' ive t o live here than to live in any A meric an ci ty . forexample, if yov 90to the cinema in the centre of Londol'l it can
cost yov £12. And to 90 jv5t one st op on the vnder9rovnd can
co5tyo v nearly £1.H f3vt the worst problem ebect livin9 in Londo n is that, in genera l,
people aren'tveryfriendly. Nobody will talk to st ran9ers or help
peopleinthe 5treetif they are intreoble.They don'ttrv5teachother, and I think that's beca vse they are scared of becomin9
victimS' of crime. LO l"ldof'l J,ar the J, i9hert crime rate ill the
country.
J f3vta in spite of t he se ne9ative points, I still wov ldn't want t o
live ovtside of London. It's myhome -r lcve it or hate it'
....... Leisure Choices
....... Multicultural London
....... The Cost of Living
....... Famous Sights
.......Transport
backqround a the type of hom e and family t hat someone has___.. charqe a dema nd fo r money
in spite of a Iqnorinq
...and country
Before y'o u readO The places in the photos onpage JO areall in Lnndon. Can youidentilyanyof them? Can youthink of anyotherfamous places inlondon?
ReadingEl lmJRead Ali's essay. Match the paragraphs A-I with thesetopics........ Conclusion....... Crime and People's Attitude....... Environmental Problems....... Introduction
I!JFind the namesof all the places in the photographs in Ali'sessay.
o lmJComplete the summary of the essay. Usethese words:
activities expense home multicultural principal shopsunfriendliness variety
For Ali, the (11advantageof living in London is the (2)ofthingsthat there are to seeanddo. He thinksthat the 131.the choice of leisure (41 and the transportaregood. and helikes the fact that London is a (51 city. The disadvantages forhimare thetraffic. the 161. people's (71 andthe crime.but he doesn't want to leave his (8).
mak e the most of somethinq a use some th inq fo r your benef itnarrowminded a conservat ive and prejudicedon y our doorst ep a very near to your home
mRead the postcard andfind out:1. the name of the village.2. where it is.3.how manypeople live there.4.what facilit ies it has got.
Sneakingrn Is living in the country better than living in the city? Whatare the advantages anddisadvantages of living in a smallvillage?
ListeningElI (1) Listen to Alice talking about her life in Gladwell. Findatleast two advantages andtwo disadvantages of living therethat shementions.
0 (1) Listen again and answerthe questions.1. Why did the village shop have to close?2.What other facility in the village might close?3. Does Alice think that everyone in the village is friendly?4. What time doesthe last bus leave fromthe village?5. How many buses are there on Sundays?
WritingI1lWrite a paragraphaboutthe contrast between rural andurban life in your country. What problemsare there for peoplewho live in thecitiesorin the country?
Hab;m~ and hOnlelands
Topic III Popular music stylesCount ries III USA. Jamaica. Ireland. Sout h Afr ica
Vocabulary a Types of mu siclinks III If . 31. Be. 9 f
No woman, no cryNo woman , no crylittle da rlin' don't ashed no tearsNo woman , no cry
No wo ma n, no cry (repeal 4 li"u's)
Ev'ryt hin g's go nna be alrigh t (repeal 8 limes)
No wom an , no wom an , no wo man, no cryNo wo ma n, no eryOh, my little da rlin ' please don' t shed no tearsNo wo ma n, no cry, yeah
Said, sa id, sa id I remember when we used to sitIn th e go vernment yard in Trench townAnd the n Georgie would make the fire ligh ta l .og wood burni n' through the nigh tThen we would cook a co rn mea l porridgeOf which I'll sha re with you
'Cause I remember when we used to sitIn th e government yard in Fren chtownObserving the hyp ocritesAs they would a mingle with the good people we meetGoo d friends we have had , oh good friends we've lostalon g the wayIn this br ight future yOll ca n't forge t your pastSo dry your tears I say
So, no wo man , no cryNo, no woman, no wom an, no cryOh, little da rling. don 't shed no tearsNo wo ma n, no cry
1\ 1)' feet is my onl y e cerriagcSo I've go t to push on th rou ghBut while I'm go ne...
Em inem
~~ Lose Yourself
Urban USA .These styles of music evolved in the 1970s inNew Yorkand Los Angeles. Black youths startedto mix rhythms and melodies from existingrecords and then add poetry about their lives onthe streets. The lyrics of their records are oftenaconfrontat ional and competitive, and most ofthem deal with modern social problems. Eminemis one of the few successful white artists in thistype of music.
Bob J" lade)'~~ No Woman No Cry
Rural USA
Jamaica ..Popular music is a key part of everyday life in
Jamaica, even forming apart of the island'sRastafarian religion. Itssuperstar was Bob Marleywho came to worldrecognition in the 1970sand 80s, and todayJamaican music hasevolved into 'dancehall',an electronic form ofdance music.
Sha n ia Twa in
~~IYou're Still the One
This type of music developed inthe 1920s from the folk music ofthe midwestern states of theUSA, and it has a distinct'cowboy' feel to it. Nashville,Tennessee, is the official homeof this type of music, and it is stillgrowing in popularity today. Garth Brooks, oneof its top artists, has sold over 100 millionalbums, and is the most popular solo artist ofall time. In recent years Shania Twain hasgiven this music a stylish modern look.
SoundtrackA world of music
3Z
ballad a a slow . romantic sonq,I:O~_-I ceerteqe a horse-drawn transport
confrontational a anqrily opposinq scmetnmqcorn meal porridqe a flour made from corn. cooked with a liquidloq wood a wood cut for a tire
to rninqle a to be mixed withto rely on a to depend onto shed a to releaseunaccompanied a without any musical instrum entswhistle a a simple cheap metal instrument. like a flute
Enva,~~ Orinoco Flow
IreIand """"""""""""""""""""".,.""""""",."""...""..""",Irish folk music hasevolved over hundreds ofyears and arelies on thevoice and traditionalinstruments such as theharp, violin, drum andew hlst le. The two differentsides to Irish music areenergetic dance music andhaunting aball ads withly ri cs that tell a story.Eny a, from CountyDonegal, came to fame inthe 1990s, Her melodicvocals keep the traditionalIrish feel to her songs, butshe uses electronicsy nthesisers widely too.
Ladvsmith Black Mambazo,~~ Ra i n , Rain, Beautiful Rain
South Africa ..".""""" " """""." """" "".Black South African m iners, fo rced t o work far away fromhome, developed a style of competit ive, aunaccompaniedsinging to he lp pass t heir days, ladysmith Black Mambazo , achoir who sing in this style and who took t heir name from theirhome tow n of Ladysmi th, came to inte rnational notice in the1980s. The ir m us ic m ain t ains the traditional African sinqinqst yle and uses lyrics with a religi ou s t heme, sometimes in theirnative Zulu language and sometimes in English.
VocabularyEJ look at the map. Which countries do you associate with thefollowing types of music? Insert them in the correct text.traditional Celticmusic rap traditional Zulumusic reggaecountry and western hip-hop
Reading!!l 1!ID Read the texts. Match the eventsto the decades.1920s 1970s 1980s 1990s
1.Enya became popular.2. Bob Marley was most famous.3.Hip-hop music began.4. Ladysmith Black Mambazo became world-famous,5. Country and western music began.
oAnswer the questions about the texts.1. Which town is the country andwestern capital of the USA?2.Who is the biggest-selling solo recording artist of all time?
3. In which two American cities did hip-hop begin?4.Why is Eminem's success unusual?5. Which instruments are common in Celtic music?6. In which industry did l adysmith Black Mambazo's style
of singing originate?7. Which languages do l adysmith Black Mambazo sing in?
Listeningm(!) l isten to the song No Woman No Cryby Bob Marley, thenlook at the lyrics. Saywhich of these features you think areimportant in a reggae song.
a. Romantic lyricsb. Political or social messagec. Use of a lot of different inst rumentsd. Beat and rhythm
Se.eakingrn Discuss in pairs. Doesyour country have a traditional formof music? Doyou like it? What are the most popular forms ofmusicin yourcountry?
33
Habitats and ho.nelands
Gram mar Q Comparative and superlative adjectives. prepositions of placeSkil ls a Speaking: giving directions
Language & Culture
HI GH STREET
~
"::i ~~ ~
Post. §: • CllristChurch MERTONSTREETOffice ;:;:l College ••
en CorpusChristi MertonCollege College
Old or nevv, big or small,Oxford's got it all!The city of Oxford is situated 50 miles west ofLondon. The Cotswold hills are just beyond Oxfordwh ere yO ll ( a ll gel so me lovely views over the westCoun try from th e high er poin ts, and the RiverThames starts its journey near the city. Oxford isfam ou s for its Univers ity and its co lleges.
One of the best ways to sec the be aut iful buildin gsand archi tecture is to do a wal king tour around thecen tre. You can visit the university's largest college,Christ Church, and visit England's smallest ca thed ralthere! Go to Me rto n Stree t whe re y O li can see someof Oxford's most beautiful arch itecture. MertonCollege is o ne of the three o ldest colleges in Oxfo rdwith the oldest library in the country. If you wantto sec so me bigger co lleges, Balliol and Saint John'sare further out of town, so ta king a bu s is a bett eridea. If it's more mo de rn architectu re you prefer thengo to sec the new Busin ess School nea r th e railwa ystat ion.
AsllmoleanMuseum
Calfa"Towef
QUEEN STREET
• TrinityCollege
• Tourisllnformalinn
BROAD STRE ET
GRAMMAR(J Read the description of Oxfordand find the places that itmentions on the map.
8.The river Cherwell passes Magdalen bridge.9. From Sa int Giles, Balliol College is Trinity College.10.If you walk down Beaumont Street from Saint Giles, the
PlayhouseTheatre is .....
El Complete the table with words from the text.
Bl Lookat the map. Complete the sentenceswith the correctprepositions of place.
1. The main post office is ChristChurch college.2. Corpus Christi college is Merton College.3. If youwalk down Cornmarket Street,Carlax Tower is .4. The covered market is the High Street and Market
Street.5. Fromthe High Street, Lincoln College is Brasenose
College.6. The cinema on George Street is the Playhouse
Theatre.7.The smallestcathedral in England is Christ Ch urch
college.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
(1) ............ older (2) ............
(31 newer newest
141 (5) ............ biggest
161 sma ller (7) ............
181 ...... lovelier loveliest
high (9) ............ highest
110) ............ more famous most famous
good (11) ............ best
large larger 11 2) .....
far 113) ..... furthest
modern (14) ............ most modern
Excuse me. 11) Canyou tell mewhere the nearest postoffi ce is?Yes, of course.(2) ?Well, nottoo far. You can walk there in aboutfiveminutes. We're in Broad Street just now. You need towalk to the crossroadswith George Street and (31 .Cornm arket Street. 141 Cornmarket Street, (51 .all theshops until you cometo thetraffic lights atthebottom.16) the traffic lights onto Saint Aldate's.171 and after a short distance, about 50 metres downSaint Aldate's, you'll seethe main post office. (8) .19) .Good luck!
Local:Tourist:Local:
Tourist:Local:
Tourist:
[J Someone is asking for directions at the Tourist InformationOffice. Complete the dialogue with the correct expressions.Usethe mapto help you.
Gostraight across Thank you very much ~1J"tIfIrm;Keep on the right hand side turn left intoWalk straight down You can't miss itIs it far from here? go past
o You're outside the main post office in Oxford. In pairs, usethe mapof the centre to ask for and give directions to theseplaces:1. The Rand olph Hotel2. The PlayhouseTheatre3. Christ Church College4. The bus station5. The cinema in George Street6. Thetourist information office
near next tounder
in lront 01opposite
behind between inon the left on the right
34
I.inks vvith the past
D Look at the photosonthis page. Doyouknow anyof the people? Can youput them in chronologicalorder? Whatpartdid theyplay in British and American history?
• the history of Britain from theRoman occupation to Elizabeth I
• thestoryof Britishcolonisationfrom Elizabethanto Victoriantimes
• ordinary British people'sexperience of the two WorldWars.
• the history of the USA fromthe17th to the 19th century
• ways of reporting the news in theUSA in the 20th century
• piracy and the slave trade inJamaica
• the early history of Australia
a Match these dates with the events in British and American history.
1066153417761914192919451969
a.Th e USA declares independence from Britain.b.The Second World Wa r ends.c. The beginning of the Great Depressionin the USA.d. The Normans invade Britain.e. An American man walksonthe moon.I. England breaks awayfrom the Catholic church.9. The First WorldWar begins.
35
Links vvith the pastTop ic a Enqlish history
Cou ntr ies a Enqland and ScotlandVocabu lary a Historical events
Link s a ze. ze. 4b . ae. 6d, lla
I England: a historical tour
Discover England's fascinating early historyon our exclusive non-stop one-week t our.
DAY 1 ~Hastings, East Sussex
Ourfirst stop is the beach at HastingswhereWilliam the Conqueror's armies arrived from
d' 1066 then we visit Battle Abbey,
Norman Ym , dbuilt by William to celebrate his victory, anwatch actors in period costume a re-enact thebattle and the death of the English King Harold.
DAY 2 ~Tilbury Fort, Essex
Elizabeth I's reign was a golden age ?f seaexploration, discovery and military victory,
On the second day of our tour we visit the exact, 1588 ELizabeth gave her famousspot where, in ,
speech to her troops on the day before theyfaced the much superior Spanish Armada - and
defeated them!
DAY 3 ~The Tower of London
London's most famous a landmark w~s built byWilliam the Conqueror in 1078, bUt,ltS best- rknown historical connections are with the Tude
h Two of HenryVIII's six wives, Annemonarc s. h d dBoleyn and Catherine Howard, were a be ea e
here at his command. After his death, hisdaughter ELizabeth was imprisoned. her.e by herolder sister Mary. But when Mary died in 1558,she was obliged to make Elizabeth her successor.
DAY 4 ~ . ., Stonehenge, Wlltshuemornmg ·
aft ernoon - Bath, SomersetOn Day 4 we visit the WestCountry, sto~ping at.mysterious Stonehenge, buiLt by the nat1:,e CeltlC
, d 2000 BC and then spendmg theBritonsaroun 'afternoon at Bath - once the Roman a spa town
5 l' (fhe waters of the a qoddessof Aquae u 1SSuUs') . The tour includes a visit to the famoushot a springs and Roman baths.
I'Vocabularya Write thesewords in the correct column of the table,
Military action
abbey army battle tortmonarch monastery navysuccessor defeat troops
invasion kingdomoccupation reign
victotv
Religion
R eadingEl lmlComplete the table with the missing datesand namesfrom the text
Date Event--- ----Stonehe!:!ge built by nativ_e_B_ri_to_n_s_ ---,-__
Roman invasion of Britain under Julius Caesar. -Norman invasion of Britain under ..... "..
Before you readEl The people and places in the pictures are all important inEnglishhistory. Can you identify any of them?
1509-1547 £leig.!:! ~Ki n g..:::.:., ..,,",.., ~ " , ..,~
England breaks with Rome and forms the Church of___.:.:E:;.:ngland __~_
1553-1558 Reign of Queen :::: 1
1558-1603 Reign of Q':'.':e~ 1
==_-=D..:e.:.:fe..:at of the Sp anish Arma da
q
• ••1lt'ru;,~ to behead a to ki ll some one by cutting t heir head off to re -enact a to re-crea te by using drama
dissolution a breaking up spa a a tow n whe re there is a mineral springgoddess a a female qod spring CI w here wa ter comes up from under the groundlandmark a a prominent feature in the landscape tr ibe a an et hnic group of peopleIe ion a a division of the Roman arm y (consist ing of about 5.000 men) to wail a to make a sound like a miserable cry
DAY 5"fStratford-on-Avon,Warwickshire
N~ tour of England is com;te w~thout a ~~i~h~OElizabethan Stratford-cn-Avon, blrt~~Lacemost famous writer of that age - W~Lha~Shakespeare - and home to ma~y hlstoncbuiLdings. In the evening we W1U see a play atthe world-famous Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
DAY6"f .Fountains Abbey, Vorkshtre
On Oay 6 we travel north and visit the majesticruinsof Fountains Abbey. perhaps the best
exampleof the destruction caused ~Y Henry -40VIII's a Dissolut ion of the Monastenes (1536 )when Henry sold all the buildings ~nd land t,hatbelonged to the Catholic monast~nes. The ~mghad broken away from the Cathollc church 101534 and made himselfthe Supreme Head of the
Church of England.
DAY 7"fHadrian's Wall,Northumberland
A final day we visit the most famous~y~boln our ., H dnans
of the Roman occupation of Bntam - . aWall Although Julius Caesar led the firstinva~ion of Britain in 55 Be. it was un?er theEmperor Hadrian that the Roman ategl~ns .reached the most northern point of then gmpt reand built a wall from coast-to.coas~ asprotection against the Scottish a tobes.
(Days 8-11)
Why not extend ~our holidayand take our optional four-daytour of Scotland too?You'll learn all about the origins of these
famous symbols of Scotland: .• the haggis: some say that this Sco~tl~h
favourite (meat and cereal cooked insidea sheep's stomach) originally came from
Scandinavia . .• whisky : was it made accidentally 10
medieval times. when wet cereal was left
to ferment? . .• bagpipes: used to frighten enernles with
their terrible a wailing sound. perhapsthese musical instruments were broughtto Scotland by the Romans.
• the kilt: worn by Scottish tribes becauseit allowed them to move easily. it waswarm, and it could also be used as a
blanket.
[J Answer the questions.1. Why did the Romans build Hadrian's Wall?2, What was the Roman namefor the city of Bath?3,What famous Roman site can you still visit there?4. Who fought the Battle of Hastings, and who won?5. Who built the Tower of London, and when?6. Name three famousfemale prisoners at the Tower of London,7, What happened to the Catholic monasteries during Henry
VIII's reign?8.Who was the monarch during Shakespeare's lifetime?
Vocabulary(11 Read the text about the Scottish tour. Name:1. a Scottish musical instrument2,an article of Scottish clothing,3, a Scottishdrink.4, a type of Scottish food,
o~Which of the things from exercise 5:a, could be used to sleep in?b. were used as protection from enemies?c. might have originatedwithout the help of humans?d. gavefreedom of movement?e. might havecome from a country outsideScotland?
SpeakingElI What was happening in your country during these periodsof history?Who were the key people and which places areassociated w ith them?
WritingO Write a table of key datesfor your country, lik e the one inexercise 3.
Links vvith the past
Top ic a British colonialismCount ri es a Britain . Ire land. India. Sinqapore. Honq Konq. USA.
West Afr ica. West Indies
Vocabulary a Wordbuildinqlinks a ld . 3d. 31. 4c. 4e. 6c. 7a. 91. lid . li e. 111
I Britain's colonial pastFood from the ColoniesH ow did the following everyday foods sha pe th e history of Britain , Irela nd and the USA?
SpicesIn 1600 the East Indi a Company was formed
"'; . . under Elizabe th I to compete with Dutch traders" . ,oC': -.::"~ in the or iental spice trad e. The co mpany was;~ .... give n a monopoly on all egoods imported to
ft.. Engla nd from Asia. From the 1750s the companybecame more ambi tiou s, sta rting to invad e and conquer partso f India . It was now the biggest company in the world. andalso an un offici al ar m of the British govern me nt. w hen QueenVictor ia came to the th ron e in 1837, the whol e of Indi a wasun der British rule, and she was made Empress of India. whenshe d ied in 1901, the British Empire had expanded so mu chthai it includ ed o ne fifth of the total population of the world .
QueenVictoria with Indianservants.
SugarAs tea and coffee grew in po pular ity in Britainin the 18th century, the dem and for sugar toe sweeten the m also grew. Suga r pla nta tions in
~ the west Ind ies ow ned by Euro pean colonists..- needed more wor kers, so their owners imported
slaves from west Africa. A circu lar trade develop ed and islandssuch as Jamaica and the Bahamas became British colonies. Shipsfrom Britain carr ied cotton and metal goods to Africa, wherethey were traded for slaves, \VI1O were taken on a three- monthvoyage to the \-Vest Indies.They were trade d with the plantationowners for sugar, and the sugar return ed to Britain . a GeorgianBrita in, especi ally the ports of Liverpool and Bristol, gre \v richon the profi ts o f the slave trade, a tu rn ing i.l blind eye to thecruelty and the suffering involved.
The slave trade.
Healing the past
I n recen t years Bristo l City Council hasbegu n to publicly ack nowledge th econ tribut ion that the slave trade made10 the city's wealth. In 1999 a foot bridgena med Pcro 's Bridge was o pe ned ,na med after an African slave wh o wasthe se-rvant to a rich Bristol family, andthe plaq ue below can be see n on theWil li o f the city's Ind ustrial Muse um.
T his lett er ap pea red in the Bristol Evening Post about the possibili ty ofbuilding a new co nce rt hall to repl ace the city's old o ne. The old concerthall is named after Edwa rd Colston, a business man who beca me rich fromthe slave trad e in the 18th century.
qqq
mwm~J~ cro p III plants grown for human use to sweeten Q to make sw eet
to forg ive III to pardon to turn a blind eye a t o igno re somethinq t hat you kn ow is w rongthe Georgian period III the per iod 1714-1830 in Brita in. w hen Georg es to wrong D to hur t or o ff endI. II and III were t he kin gs yield III the amo unt produced in a cro p
oads III thin 5 t ha t ar e bou ht and so ld
Tea PotatoesThe East India Company also held a monopolyon the import of Chinese tea, which becamepopular and fashionab le in the 18th cen tu ry.Trad ing posts a rou nd China such as Singaporeand Hon g Kong so on became co lo nies. At th e
same time, people in America, whi ch the British had colonisedin Elizabetha n times, were prot esting about high taxes on theimpor t of common goods from England. A revoluti onarygroup called the Sons of Liberty began tu rning bac k Britishtea ships from American ports, an d in 1773 they threw teaworth thousands of pounds into Boston Harbour. The 'BostonTea Party' was the first of many acts of rebell io n tha t q uicklyled to war with England and, in 1776, to Americanindependence.
. ·/lIu'r trrm., tlurJw;,!l/ tlu (;'-(1!llt'J III 'tltl ' I~ J'Iuiv Into thr I&Vrr ,(1' Hurtnn
The Boston Tea Party in 1773.
Pota to es, origina lly from Colombia, wereintroduced to England by Elizab ethan exp lorers .Sir \Valte r Raleigh g rew them on h is land inIreland, which in those days was under Britishru le. The Irish , poor and con stantl y a t war
in te rna lly or with the Eng lish, began to n-lv o n this e r- ro p.wh ich wa s easy to grow an d produced a go od e yicld. Thepoo rest fam ilies at e nothing else . But in the IH40s a fungusinfect ed the crops and more tha n o ne mi llion people died ofh un ger. Another two m illion emigrated, mo st ly to Nort hAmerica. and d de-populated In-land remained un der Britishru le u ntil 1922.
The Irish potato famine of the1840s.
rBefore you read(] Lookquickly at the English everywhere units in this book.Which countries do they deal with? Why do youthink thatthere are so manyEnglish-speaking countries in the world?How did the English languagetravel so far?
El Lookat the photos of the foods.How could these thingshavehelped to spread Briti sh influence aroundthe world?
2 became a British colony as a result of thesugartrade in the 18th century.
3 became a British colony as a result of thespice trade in the 18th century.
4 was a British colony from medieval timesuntil 1922.
5 was a British colony from the 16th centuryuntil 1776.
6 was never a British colony.
1 and became British coloniesas a result olthe tea trade in the 18th century.
Vo c a b u laryI!J Complete the table wi th w ords from the texts.
Sl?eakingoDo youthink that Britain should feel guilty about itsinvolvement in the slave trade? Dogestures li ke the onesmade by Bristol City Council help to heal the past?Discussw ith the class.
IIILookat the texts about Bristol on page38and answer thequestions.1. Who was Pero?2.What is significant aboutnaming a bridge after him?3. Why was 1997 an appropriate yearto put up a plaque in
memory of African slaves?4. What position did Ian White havein 1997?5. What do you think Philippa Gregory's book is about?6.Who was Edward Colston?7.What does the writer of the letter think aboutEdward
Colston?
Ireland
settlement
noun(the place)_
India
--_.c..;.:: .
-_ _-noun(the person)
China Hong KongSingapore
verb
to colo::n.::i::se:.-__ .
to .
to trade
Reading[] ffif) Insert the names of the countries in the correctsentences.AmericaJamaica
39
,- 1I
/ 3c I
Links ""ith the pastTopic a British history
Count ries a UKVoca bulary III Military words
Links a 2b. 3e. ue. llh
II The British at war
40
•
The:J h/l.yt. I:u" tuLkL"a v~ w.:J0Y\t.~ fLakK"a
~od<I.:J AAd 1CM l-m :JOV L~ _Itu :J0lH" "''''''aM.ke, l.lke" :JOV aw..ae M "'~ "'" L_aLMr:JeJ\t.lo<:J wL~k ~ rLflt- "'~ ",,,,,'~ It-''a~ . 1~"ltwL~~ h/l.ni ~"'""""a ~ke:J will. eL~kU _Itt
'" """" of Me 0(' ltLu Me. YOV ovak~ ~o =Me L""':J ~"'pl\tL kt.tMe~ AAd a"'~ _~, L~ o..lOVld
_Itt :JOV lllVak, upeWill.:J U ~ke kt.tMe~
awobblu fro...~~o~ evt.r:J KMe llJlUll.
Yu, 1ao!- "':J food W'Lak~ ••• AAd :JOV CM be~ I
llUJ<l:J~ ao fO(' wppu. 1"'''' ~",ltL"a :J0lH" ...o.v<a.AAd t"-K"a oJ.!. 1CM.
Yu, 1dL.d rtMe",bu 'DoU.:J'~ bLr~:J, AAd I
h/l.yt. ~,,~ kU '" l<.Hlt- b<Ul.ae of "':J ~eaLMe"~
uhd.k~"'~ fO('.
IlopL"a :Jov "'rt '\lIae welL
fro... :J0lH" lovL"a _
r" .Before you read£) How was your country involved in the first and the SecondWorld Wars? What dates do you give to those wars in yourcountry?
B~Match these captions to the texts A-D.1. British public information poster from World War II.2. Extract from the diary of Thomas How es, an English soldier
w ho fought in World War I in France and Belgium.3. Government leaflet delivered to every house in Britain in 1940.4. Letter to his father from Ted Poole, who joined the Brit ish
army in 1918 and w as killed at the age of 18.
Vocabul ry '111 Match the military words to thei r definitions.1. shrapnel a. exploding missile2. Cavalry h. the point on a battlefield whe re3. shell soldiers meet the enemy4. bayonet c. sharp point fixed to a gun5. Infantry d. soldiers on foot6. front line e. soldiers on horses
f. pieces of metal - the resultsof an explosion
•f ake a non genu inefellow III manto get mixed up III t o be co nfusedt o keep w at ch III to be obse rvantto lunqe out III to make a sudden forward movem en tto st ay put a to not moveto w obble III to move dangerously. as if going to fa ll
A.R.P. warden III mem ber of the Air Raid Patrol who qe veinst ructions to the public about bomb att acks fr om t he airto ache III to hurtbeyond description iii impossib le to descr ibeb lizzard III bad snowst ormcel lar a und erground roomto cl ear out III to remove
... ,.-----------------------------------------....w;m:~
WHAT TO DO
. ith the War OfficeIssued by the Ministry of ln fo.m.lation in co.(:~raU~~yW I
and the Mini stry of Hom e ecun
If the
INVADERcomes
AND HOW TO DO IT
Part of London in ruins.
IV
Be ready to help the military in any way.but do not block roads Ul1l1l ,o.rdered todo so by the military authon ues.
VIIn factories and shops. ~\l managers.andworkmen should orgamse some systemfor resisting a sudden attack .
vnThink before you act. but think ~lways.of your country before you think of
yourself.
IVDo not give any Genna n.anything..Donot tell him anything. HIde your toadandyour bicycles. Hide your maps. Seethat the enemy gets no petrol.
If the Germans come, by purachutc .'\eroplane or ship. you must remat~~\'here you are. The order is a 'Stuy put.
nDo not believe rumours ~nd do n~ts read them. \Vhen you recelve an order.I~ake quite sure that it is a true order andnot a efake order. Most of you know.our policemen and your a A.R.P.~\'arden s by sight. You can trust them.
ll\aKeep watch. If you see anythingsuspicious. note it carefully and go at~I~ce to the nearest police ~f~cer orstation. or to the nearest nnlttary
officer.
ReadingC Answer the questionsabout the two First World War texts.1.What was the weather like nearthe front line in France in
April1917?2.What reference doesThomas Howes make to newspaper
reports of the war?3.What did Ted Poole think about his military training?4. What two questions do you think his father had asked him in
an earlier letter?
m~Match these commands to the instructions I-VII in theSecond World War leaflet.a. Be observant.b. Hide things that the invader needs.c. Make a plan for your place of work.d.Don't move.e. Put the needs of your country first.I. Don't follow false orders.g.Wait for commands before you act.
rnWhat is the intention of the poster?
Before you listenfjl Were any members of your family directly involved in theFirst or Second World War? Doyou know anyone whoremembers the Second World War?
Listeningo(j)Listen to Betty remembering what it was lik e to be ateenager in England during the Second World War and answerthe questions.1. Howald was Betty duringthe war?2. What does she remember about the day that Britain entered
the war?3.What was her father's job?Did he go to war?4. What happened to her home town duringthe war?5. What did she do in 1945? _6.What are her feelings about the war now?
Speakingo Does the British experience of the First arid SecondWorldWars seem similar or different to people's experience in yourcountry?
41
Vocabulary a Historical events
Links a 3b. 3r. 4 ( . ae. lOb. lid. lieTOpic II America n history
Countr ies II USA
Links ""if:h f:he pasf:
History at the movies
Amistad (1997)Steven Spielberg 'sAmistad
reveals theterrible treatment
that slaves received during
their transportation byship to
America. It concentrates on the
real-life atrial of agroup of
African slaves who, in 1839, revolted on ship and
killed theirmasters.
The Scarlet Letter (1995)
Set ina community of early
esettlers ineast-coast New
England, the film stars Demi
Moore as Hester Prynne, whose
husband is in England and who
hasa baby thatcannot be his.
Hester is punished by the villagers, buther story shows
the ahypocrisy of the religious community she lives in.
~2000)Mel Gibson stars in thisstory
of America 's fight for
independence from British
rule. Gibson plays a plantation
owner who is at first
_ ...111 ereluctant to fight against the
British, but who gradually realises that his country's
freedom and future depend on it.
Through thE' summer, thE' Arts cinerne presents a season of
films basE'd on Arnortcen history in thE' lr", ts" and 19th cE'nturiE's.
The Last of the Mohicans (1992)
Based on Cooper's
classic book, Daniel Day Lewis
plays Hawkeye, a white
man eraised bythe native
Mohicans, who fights on the
side of the British against the
French in their colonisation of North America
and Canada.
How the West was Won (1962)
A classicwestern starring
some of American cinema's
biggest names, including John
Wayne, Henry Fonda and
James Stewart. This epic story
shows us three generations of
a 19th-century family as they travel from theeast
coast to eestablish a new community in the west.
Gone with the Wind (1939)
We open ourseason with this ,..---,
popular classic. aSet in Georgia
during the south 'swar against
the northern states, Gonewith
the Wind tells the story of how
Scarlett O'Hara sees her
traditional way of life destroyed, and how she
rebuilds a life for herself and her family.
• ••to ban a to make illega lto est abl ish a to buil d from nothinghypocrisy a telling people what to do. but not doing it yo urselfto raise (a person) a to help and look after someone as they growre luctant D not wanting to
to set (a story ) a to locat e in ti me or placesettlers a t he firs t people to build a community somewhereto surrender a to st op l ighting and agree to losetria l D a leg al proc ess of judgement
!1IlmlComplete the table with the missing dates and the names of the films.
. .
The historical accuracy
©G8
[3 The Civil WarIn the 19lh century, sta tes we re crea ted in the wcsl,whe re se tt lers took lan d from the NativeAmerican s and farmed it. The so ut he rn states usedman y slaves fro m Africa and th e Caribbea n onthei r plan ta tio ns, but the northern statt-s wan ted toa ban slave ry. In 1861, eleven southern states leftthe USA and set up their own Confederacy. A civilwar lasted until 1865, when the southern statesa surrend ered and their slaves were freed.
1776, th irtee n states declared independe nce fromEnglan d. A war be tween th e English ar my and theAme rica ns lasted unt il 1781, wh en the Un itedStates of America beca me an ind epen dent co un lry.
l eft: Declaration ofIndependence,4 July 1776.byJohnTrumbull.
Right:Artilleryunitonparadeat theircamp duringtheAmericanCivil War.
Film
..........................................................................................................
............................................................., .
. .
. .
...... , , .
The camerawork
eG8
The dialogue
eG8
The story
cG8
Event
English Purita~ettlers move to America
The use of slavery in the south:-- _
The French Wars-'---'--
The Declarati o~f Independen_c_e _
Settlement in the w estern states
The American Civil War
The main character
eG8
Date
17th century__
17th - 19th century
....... ce ntury
17 .......
....... century
18 ....... - 18 .......
oQ) li sten again and note down the reasons for his opinions.
ReadingEl lmlRead the paragraphs about American history and the stories olthe films. Which period of history lA, B or C)does each ofthe films deal with?
Before you read(J Do you know any of the films in the photos on page 42? Do you know who the stars are or whatthe films are about?
l:l European Settlement and the French WarsIn the 17th cen tu ry, se tt lers from Eng land andfrom Hollan d started to make th eir home inAmerica. 1\la ny of them were from sma ll religio usgrou ps wh o suffe red persecution in Europe. In the18th cen tury, France fought Eng land for co ntrol ofCanada and the nort he rn border. Both sides usedthe help of Native Americans, but Engla nd wo nthe war in 1763.
Listening0 lml(j)Listen to someone giving his opinion about The Patriot. Circle his general opinion of the following things.
oAnswer the questions about paragraphs A, Band C.Who:1.won the French Wars? 4. was King of England in 1776?2.won the War of Independence? 5.helped the Europeans in the French Wars?3.won the American Civil War? 6.w ere forced to work on American plantations?
o The War ofIndependenceAfter th e French\ \'a rs, so me USstates began torebel egeins tco ntro l andlaxa tio n byEngland and itsking, Geo rge I II. In
.ttI'
landmarksin American history
SpeakingEll If you have seen any of these films , tell the class your opinion of them. Talk about: the characters, the story, the camerawork,the music.
r· I
/ 3e I
I.inks vvith the past
TOpic a American historyCou nt ries a USA
Vocabula ry D Historica l eventsLinks a 3( . 9a. lI j
In 1999 the Newseum, a museum of journalism in Virginia, USA,asked journalists and historians to select the top 100 news storiesof the 20th century. Here are their top 10.
(
The USA: making the newsin the 20th century
1 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Nagasaki
2 First man walks on the moon
3 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. USA enters World War II
4 The Wright brothers fly the first powered aeroplane
5 Women in the USA given the right to vote
6 President John F. Kennedy assassinated in Dallas
7 Nazi concentration camps exposed
8 World War I begins in Europe
9 The end of racial segregation in US schools
10 The US e stock market crashes. Beginning of theGreat Depression
1945
~~j~rb roadc a s t a a tr ansmission by rad io or televisioncoverage ell amount 01 reporti ng of an event----t slant ell inc li nati on in a certain d irec ti on
Reporting the century
stock market ell w here shares in companies are bought and so ld 1to update 0 to make more curr entviewer 0 member of a TV audience "Ir"~-'"
During th e Greet Depression of the1930s, when the USA su fferedfin.mr ia l cri sis, poverty and hu nger,Presiden t Frankl in D. Roosevelt begana ser ies of radi o a b roadcn sts in wh ichhe addresse-d the Anu- ric'an people ina friend ly, info rma l WilY. These fifteenminu te ta lks, brondr.i st in the('\'('nings , b ecame known as his'fireside cha ts' They made cJ g reatimpress io n o n th e pe ople, helping tosu..tain th eir morale th ro ug h d ifficulttimes . O n Decemb er 8th , 194 1. th e d ayafter th e ja panese ou nck on th e USnd\')' tlt Pearl Harbo r. 90 millionAmer ica ns listened 10 Roosevelt referto December 7th as ' d dan- wh ich will
live in infamy' and ask Co ng res s toc!edtlre war on Ja pan . The declarati onhappen ed th e sa me da y, an dRoosevelt's firesi de cha rs con tinuedthroug hout th e w.u:
Althoug h rad io wa s the most po pu larform of mass media during theSeco nd \\'orld \\'ar, around 100
million Am eri cans also watchedimages of th e wa r's events a t theirloca l cin emas ea ch week. Sho rt newsfilms, called 'n('wsrce ls', were made byfilm co mpanies such as Fox andParamou nt . often wit h a propagandaa sldnt, and shown before evcry mai nfilm, They were e updatcd twice d
week so that aud iences co u ld he
in formed of im portan t events of th ewar, such as the dropping o f thea to mic bomb and the de-at h of thepres ide nt in 194 5.
The USA W dS the wo rld's firs t T Vsocie ty', with 90% o f America n homes
owni ng d TV by 1960. In 1969, when600 million people watched the firstmoon landings o n TV, over a th ird ofthe audience was Amcrtcon . II wa s thebiggest TV audience in th e medium's
history, even tho ug h the pictures,recei ved by a satellite sta tio n in
Austra lia. were bl ack ,1 1l<1 wh ite andindistinct. The American networksshowed co ntinuous a cove ragc ofApo llo I I's th ree-day jou rn ey frornHorid.r to the moon. \VI1('11 NeilArmst ro ng, Buzz Aldr in ,1IHI xlich .rc-lCollins entered the moon's o rb it it
wa s the middle of the n igh t. Therewere no video recorders in those da ys,so th e ne-tworks told o viewers to go tosleep with the TV so und turne-d downlow, and promised to wake thr-m with
a lou d a la rm just before th e SjMn 'naftlanded .
Before you listen(J Which olthe events in the top ten list are illustrated by thephotos on page 44?
El Can you put the events from the top ten Jist intochronological order? Do you know the exact years of anyof them?
Listeningl!J~CDListe n and check your answers. Complete themissing years in the top ten list.
Speaking[] What different ways of reporting the news can you th ink of?Which of these forms of communication existed before the1970s?
ReadingIIIRead the text. Which form of media is covered in eachparagraph? Which form of media isn't covered?
o Answer the questions about the text.1. Who was the President of the USA during the Great
Depression and the Second World War?2.What were his 'fireside chats'?3. On which date did the USA declare war on Japan?4.What were newsreels?5. How often was a new newsreel shown to the public in US
cinemas?6. How many people watched the first moon landi ngs on TV in
1969?7. What we re the names of the three astro nauts?8. Wh ere on earth y;ere.the pictures received from space?
SpeakingEll Discuss . Is the list on page 44 a fair summary of worldevents of the 20th century, or is it too 'American'? What werethe important 20th century events 'or your country?
WritingoWrite your own list of top ten 20th century events. either forthe world or for your own country.
..A large 18th century
colonia l building.
vocabulary g Wordbu ildinqLin ks l:I 2f . 3b. Sd, 7a . li e
rcprc III Jamaican historyCountries a Jamaica
Links I/Vif:h f:he p a s f:
..Ahistorical print of
Captain Kidd and hispi rates.
English everyvvhereJamaica
In 1655, Jama ica, a Spa nish colony,was tak en by the British andbecame notorious as a ba se fore piracy, The u nofficia l capita l, Pe rtRoyal , was the b iggest porl in theEngl ish co lon ies at tha t time,po pula ted by pira tes, slave trade rs,rUIli:HvdY slaves and crimina ls.
OGJGJc::JGl[jj)fiJDOc::JGJ GJOl!(3Jamaica
Total area CI 11.000 sq. kmTotal population III 2.7 million
Ethnic mix III 91/0 Black9 10 other
Capital III KinqstonPopulo of capital III 600 .000
Government III A democracy w ith a prime minister.Granted independence from the UKin 1962
Climate a Coast : t ropical. hot. humidInterior: milder
Before you readD Doyou know anything about Jamaica? Can you nameanyJamaican towns or anyfamous Jamaicans?What type ofmusic is the country famousfor?
ReadingB l ook at the map and read the Information File onJamaica.Answer the questions.1. Does Jamaica share a border with any other countries?2. Where in the country is its capital city?3. How many people live in the capital city?4.When did Jamaica become an independent state?5. Is it hotter on the coast or insidethe country?
46
:J Il ; r ,------------------------------------------""", ;)III brethren a brothers
----I chlllinq a very friqhte ninqeuerccn a qold coinfleet a qroup of Shipsto flourish a to be rich and successfulto loot a to steal
Speakingrn Do you think that Jamaica sounds like an interesting placeto visit? If you went there, would you be more interested in itshistory, or in its hot weather and beaches?
Vocabulary0 lmJCompletethe sentenceswith new nouns lonned lrom thewords in brackets. All the missing nounscan be lound in this unit1.The main business of Port Royalwas (pirate)2. Slaves we re imported to work on Brit ish (plant)3. Slaves were the property of their (own)4. During a , slaves attac ked their masters. (rebell5.The of :· in Jamaica didn't happen unti l 1838.
(abolish/slave)6. Jamaica celebrates Day an the first Monday in
August.lindependent)7. Jamaica now has 2.7million [inhabrtl
Walking ToursBegin your tour at Sam Sharpe Square, named after theslave who led the Christmas Rebellion 011831. In the 18thcentury, Jamaica was the largest producer 01sugar in theworld and British plantation owners imported 700,000slaveslrom West Alrica. Although the slave trade was officiallyabolished by the British government in 1807, Jamaicanplantation owners relused to give up their slaves. SamSharpe was an educated slave and a Baptist preacher wholived in Montego Bay. By reading newspapers, he learnedabout the abolition movement and he spread the wordamong his lellow slaves. He organised a peaceful estrikelor the 28th 01December, iust after the Christmas holiday,when he knew that the sugar cane was ready and neededto be cut quickly, but other slaves grew violent and thegovernment sent soldiers to end the rebellion. 300 slaveswere executed lor their part in the protest, includingSharpe, who was hanged in this square in 1832.Take a look at 'The Cage' in the northwest corner 01 thesquare - a prison built in 1806lor runaway slaves and drunkBritish sailors. Its bell was rung at 2pm every afternoon towarn slaves Irom the country thalthey had an hour in whichto leave the town.
~
A Britishplantation
ownerin a 19th
century print.
I!J Readthe plaque about Port Royal and answer the questions.1.What did people call Port Royal in the 17th century?2.The plaque mentions four men: Morgan, Nelson, Benbow and
Teach. Which tw o do you think were pirates and whic h twodo you think we re officers in the navy?
3. How was the town destroyed?
o lmJRead the extractlrom the tourist guide. Are thefollowing statements true or lalse?1. Sam Sharpe was a free man.2. He knew about the abolition of slavery in Britain.3.He wa nted to make a violent protest against slavery.4. He wa nted to protest at the end of December because it was
an important time for sugar-grow ing.5. He was killed during the rebelli on.6. Slaves from the country had to leave Montego Bay at 3pm
every day.
47
Links lNith the past
Gram mar a Past tense review (past simp le. past continuous. past per fec t )Ski lls g Writing a summary
Language & CultureA short history of Australia
1 Austra lia's first people were the Abo rigines. They haveoccupied the continent for a t least 50,000 yea rs, and befo rethe Europeans ar rived in 1788 thei r popu lation was pro bablybetween 300,000 and 750,000. They occupied a lot of th enorthern terri lo ry.
GRAMMARDRead the text A short history of Australia quickly and find
~ out why the British f irst settled in Australia.
El l ook at the verbs highl ighted in the text. Write them in thecorrect column in the table. Then say why each tense is usedeach time.
2 Allho ug h Capta in James Coo k had sa iled the len gt h o f theeast coas t in 1770 th e British d id no t se ttle in Aust ra lia until1788. The first ships arrived and broug ht 1,000 econvicts fromEngla nd. They called the erca where they landed New Sou thVVales.
3 Historians sti ll argu e tod ay abou t why the British se tt ledin Aus tra lia. Some SdY that Britain W dS Irying 10 find ne-wplaces to se nd co nvicts because British prisons were toocrowded. Others say that th e British wanted 10 usc Aust ralia'snatural reso urces or that they were auom pting 10 stop o therEuropea ns from clai ming Aust ra lia.
4 Aus tra lia's wh ile populati on grew slow ly after 1788. 1\105 1
oft he people were eithe r co nvicts or former convicts who hadfinish ed the ir Dsentences.
S in the 18305, more migran ts arr ived in Austra lia from Britainlooking for a new life. Sheep fanni ng had a lrca dy develo pedand miln y peopl e found jobs on farms. Ncvv co loniesappear ed ca lled Victo ria, w estern Aust ra lia, Tasm ania endQueens land. They la te r became the Slates of th eCo m monwealth o f Australia.
convicts l:I people foun d quil ty of a cr imesentence a the pun ishment qlven to som eone w ho has comm itted acr ime
Captain Cook landing at Van Diemen's Land,now Tasmania, in 1777.
Afte r the European sett lement in Australia in 1788, almost 5million people from 200diff erent countries (6) ....... (immigrate)to Australia . They (7) ....... (look) for new lives away fromproblems in th eir own countries and they (8) ....... (hope) to startnew lives. They (91 ....... (lind) new lives in Australia and (10) .......(make) it their home. If the Brit ish (111 ....... (not invade)Australia in 1788 it could have been very different.
Past simple
werePast continuous Past perfect SKILLS
oRead the text again and match the paragraphs (1-5)with thetopics below.a. Why the British sett led in Austr alia.b. Growth of the w hite population.c. Development of the States of the Commonwealth.d. Australia's f irst people.e. The British sett lement 01Australia.
48
I!l Complete the text below with the correct form of the verb inbrackets (past simple, past continuous or past perfect).
The Aborigines (1) were (bel the first Australians. There arefewe r aborigines now than when the European settlers (21.......(arrive) because a lot of Aborigines (31 (die) from diseasesbrought by the settlers. In 1921 , there (41 (bel only 61,000Aborigines in Australia. By 1991 , this number (51....... (increase] to270,000, wh ich is approximately 1.5% of the Australian population.
l1l Read the text again . Delete any sentences which you thinkrepeat information or give non-essential information .
oNow look at the remaining sentences. Can you rewrite anyof them so that they give the same informati on but using fewerwords?
~Now write a summary in 90 w ords. Use linkers (and, but,then, etc .) to join the sentences that you selecte d andshortened so that the summary reads smoothly.
States and systel11s
[J Canyou name any of the people or the buildings?Which country do they belong to: Britainor theUSA?
D
ElMatch the people in the photos (A-DI to thebuildings (1 -4).
States and systemsTopic a Briti sh polit ics
Count ries a UKv ocabulary a Polit ics
Links a 2a. Sf. 6e
UK parliament: tradition...In the 14th century, the British parlia ment split into twod ivisions, the (louse of Lords, which included the e b ishopsand the aristocracy (or 'pee rs'), and the House of C0 l11 m On5,
which included representatives of the ordin ary people. Thetwo I louses still exist today, but over the centuries theelected Ilou se of Com mo ns ha s becom e the mo re powerfu l.The Lords, whose me mbers arc no t elected and whotradi tion al ly inherited their seat in the I louse from theirfathers, no longer have the au tomatic right to block newlaws. The British parliamen t is one of the oldes tparliam entary systems in the world. an d foreign ers are oftena puxzlcd by some of its ancient customs. Durin g debates inthe House of Commons, for exa mple, members are notpermitted to refer to each other by name, bu t mu st use thetitle 'The Honourable Member".The Lord Chance llor, whocontrols debates in the House of Lords, must sit on the'woolsack', a seat filled with woo l tha t orig inated in the 14thcen tu ry when wool was a symb ol o f Britain 's prosperity. Thepositio n of the Lord Cha ncellor will soon be abolis hed. Thisis just one of the rad ical cha nges tha t have been imposedon the 700-year-old parl iament in recent years, inclu d ingthe creation of a sepa rate Scottish Parliam ent and we lsh andNo rthe rn Irish Assemblies.
• Vocabular't:(J Match the political words to the ir definitions.1. candidate a. to ask for people's votes2. to stand b. a position in parliament3. to elect c. a formal, contro lled argument4. seat d. to give someone the most votes5. debate e. a law that parliament passes6. Act f. a person who w ants your vote
Before ou readB Do you know what the photos on this page represent? Whatis an English Lord?
Readin111 Read the text on this page and answer the questions.1.Whi ch has the most politi cal power - the House of Lords or
the House of Commons?2. Which House has members who used to inherit their places
in pa rliam ent?3. What must members of the House of Commons call each
other during debates?4.Who sits on 'the woo lsack'?5.What is its symbolic meaning?
to back Q to suppor tto be tried Q to be leqally jUdqedam a a proposal for a new lawersncp Q a hiqh rank of priest
by -election a an election for a slnqle seat in par liam ent t hathappens when some one dies or restqnsto launch Q to st ar tpuzzled a conf usedturnout a th e number of voters that vote in an election
...and change British voter " turnoutin recent elections
lORD'S PROPOSAlfOR AlOWER VOTING AGE
Conservative peer Lord Luca f. proposed a new voting a e o~ ~ Crudwell and Dingwall has
his" Bill has"been launched ~t th :' and a campaIgn supportingat 16 Campaign is " backed b e'
douses of Pa rliament. The Votes
groups, and the reformers hYa WI e range of political and youthargue, young people can lea~~e s~ strong case. At sixteen, theyconsent in Scotland) be com ~?Ol, marry (withour parentalCourt and join some ~ections ~~ntYhe Jrectodrs
f, " be tried in a Crown
arme Drees.
General (national) elections1997 2001
72% 59%
Local (council) elections1998 2003
29% 35%
European eleclions1994 1999
36% 23%
~tarch 24- WlJ3
TIlE GUARDL-\x
Lord Ox fuird was one of 92peers with inherited titles allowedto stay in parliament after thepas.<;ing of the Hous e of Lords Actin ;,\ovember 1999. wh en morethan 600 dukes. marquesses ,earls. viscounts and barons lost
The son of a \VaT hero andthe gr-J.ndson of a prime
. minister arc among the 81candidates standing in a House ofLords a by·election tomorrow.following the death in January ofhereditary peer Viscount oxfuird.
Peers stand .in Lords by-election
their he reditary right to a seat in
the Hou se .The 92 hereditaries were allowedto srav as a concession to theoppo;ition and the go\"emm~ntagn.--eO that any of the 92 who ~Iedwould be replaced in a by-eled.1on.
--.---- ----- -- -----------o~Read the two texts on this page and choose the correctalternat ives.1.Lord Lucas wa nts people to be able to
a. marryb. join the armyc. votewhen they are 16.
2. His supporters think that 16-year-olds are old enough for thisbecause :a. they already understand a lot about politics.b. they already have a lot of responsibilities .c. people in other countries can vote at that age.
3. ln 1999, the government took away seats in parliament froma. 92 hereditary peers .b. nearly all hereditary peers.c. members of the House of Commons.
4. When a hered itary peer now dies,a. an election takes place .b. their son inherits the ir position in parliament.c. their position in parliament disappears.
Before ygu listen111 Look at the stat ist ics about voter turnout in Britishelections. Why do you think the statistics are like this?How often, roughly, do the British have elections?
[i'IQ)Listen to two young British people talking about politics .For each person, answer these questions.1. How ald are they?2. Are they intereste d in politics?3. Have they ever voted?4. Are they going to vote in the loca l elections?5.Would they like the voting age to be lowered to 16?6. Why (not)?
e61 Discuss in pairs . How often do you have elections in yourcountry? Do you think that more or fewer people vote than inBritain? What is the att itude of young people in your country topolitics?
~iD.:gmResearch the answers to the following questions, thenwrite a paragraph about the way your country is governed .> Is the parliament divided into diffe rent houses, like the UK
parliament?> How many members of parliament are there?> How ofte n are they elected?>What are the main political parties?> What is the leader of the government called?> How is he/she chosen?> What party does the current leader belong to?
States and systems
Topic a The Bri tish monar chyCountries a UK
vocab ulary a MonarchyLinks a 3a
The ups and downsof the British monarchyT he British peopl e have had ~ monarchy for over ~ thousand ye~ rs. The relationship between lhc monarch andthe people has suffered some ser ious crises in the country's history, bUI the monarchy ~I IY~Ys seems to recover.
Revolution:Charles IThe b iggest cr isis in the mona rchy 'shisto ry ca me in 1649 when the kingwas actua lly co ndem ned to deat h byparlia ment. Cha rles I wa nted themon a rch y to have 1110re power, and in1629 he dismissed the parlia me n t andruled for II years wi thout il.In 1642 a Civ il \Var broke ou t betweenth e Royalis ts and the su ppo rters ofparliament. the Round hea d ... underOliver Cro mwel l. The Roundheedswon, Charles was behe aded end themonarchy abolished. England W<1S, inr-ffcr- r. a republ ic fo r I I yea rs, gove rnedby a Lord Protecto r (first Cromwell an dthe n his so n). But in 1660 the age ofthe Res toration began w he n Cha rles 'sso n, Cha rles II, was m ad e king.
QueenVictoria celebrating her DiamondJubilee in 1901 .
Retirement:Victoriawhen Q ueen Victo ria's hu sb an d,Prince Albert, d ied in 1861, the Quee-nsuffered a terrible de pressio n. Shee w ithdrcw from public life a nd spentmore time at her pa laces in Sco tla ndand o n the Isle o f wight tha n she di din Lond on. For over 20 yeMs shee pcrfo rm cd no n ation al du ties. Peoplebeca me critical or th e mona rch y a nd,in a time of h uge industria l a ndscientific prog ress, me mbers o fparl iament began to talk abou trepub lican ism . But Victo ria n-covcn-dand in 1897 her Diamond lubl lo-.celeb ra tin g d reco rd 60 ycars o n th ethrone, wa s d g rea t public rela tionssuccess w ith hu ge process io ns,ceremo nies and pub lic ce leb rat ions.
tBefore ygu readD Can you identify any of the royal people in the photos? Canyou nameany members of the current British royal family?
V o cabylaryEl Complete these 'royal' words. Findthem in the texts if youare not sure.1.The son of a monarchis a p .2.The daughter of a monarch is a p .3.The special chair which a monarchsits on is a th..4.The ceremony where a monarch is created is a c .5. The person who wilt become the next monarch is the current
monarch's h .6. A royal residence is a p .
ReadingIIIComplete the table with the correct datesfromthe text.
The English Civil War begins
The execution of Cha rles I
The Restoration of the monarchy
Death of PrinceAlbert
Victoria celebrates60years on the throne
Edward Viti becomes king
Edward Viti abdicates
Elizabeth II becomes queen
Prince Charles marries Princess Diana
Prince Charles and Princess Diana divorce
Princess Diana dies
Elizabeth II celebrates 50 years on the throne
o ImJWhich British king or queen:1.became less popular immediately after the deathof Princess
Diana?2. became very privatewhen her husband died?3. cameto the throne because his brother abandoned it?4.couldn't get married and become monarch?5. had a coronation in 1660?6. wanted to take power away from parliament?
o Read the newspaper article on page53andanswer thequestions.1. Find:
a. the nameof the Queen's husband.b. the nameof the Queen's residence in London.c. the name of the street in front of her residence.d.the titles ot two patriotic songs.
2. How manymembers of the public, according to the writer,sangto the Queen on her jubilee day?
3. Why doyou think the crowd was 'red, white and blue'?4. What impression doyou get of the success of the jubilee
celebrations?
Befgre you listen[11 Can youname anyof Queen Elizabeth's children orgrandchildren?
ListenfjI <J)Listen to Gary, Emma and Lindagiving their views on themonarchy. Who supportsthe monarchy, who opposes it andwho has no strong feelings about it?
boost a an improvementcheer a when people shout to show their appreci ationto crown a to be t he climax ofto discharqe a to do a dutydrop a redu ct iontcw -kev e not ve ry visi bl e
outdate d a old-fashionedto perf orm a to dore ndition a performanceto th reaten a to promise danq ert hunderous a as loud as thunderto withdraw a to retire from ot her peccre's co mp any
Tragedy:Princess DianaIn modern time.., people bcg.m to secthe monarchy dS a o utda tc-d . but theroya l fclmily wa s g ive n cl tremendouse b oost in 1981, wlu-n Prince Charlesmarried the popular Princ(,ss Diana.Dia na became on in ternatio na lsu perstar, more popular than herhusband from whom she divorced in1996.\\'hen she d ied in d rar rravh in 1997mdl1Y people ocr-used the roya l fa m ilyof treating he r bcHlly du ring herma rriage end aba ndo ning her afterhe r divo rce.The Queen a nd Prince Ch.ir k-ssu ffere d a hu gc a drop ill po pu lari ty,and th ey were ad vised to moderniseand bcronu- lcvs fo rm al a nd dis tant .Celebrations for th e Que-e-n's Co lde nJu bi lee ill 2002 we re delilH'ra tl' ly keptg low- key, as th e o rg ,lIlis('r s feared tha tthe public would not he interested .
Abdication:Edvvard VIIIWh en George \' dinl in Jdlllhlr y 19)6,his heir Edward wa s in love with atwi rc-divoro..d American woman,\\'dllb Sim pso n. Ilis fdmil y and thegove rnme nt divapproved of .\ IrsSimpson, but Edward wan ted toma rry her. In the end he WdS forced tochoose between h is love and th ethrone , a nd he chose to abando n th ethro ne . In December of tha t yea f, fivemont hs before h is plan ned coronatio n Edward VIII and Mrs Simpson.and wit h wa r g th n 'dtl' n ing th e world,Edwa rd VIII odd n-svcd th e nation byradio .md told th em that "I havefound it impossible to CMfY o n thel1('dvy burd en o f res po ns ib ility and toe di sch argc th e duties of king ...witho ut th e lu-lp and suppo rt of thewoman I ]0\,(' ''. I lis brot her George VIloo k his place at th e co ro na tion, a ndproved to be a s tro ng monarch. \Vhe nGcorgc's daug hter, Princess Elizabeth,carn e to the th rone in 19.52 th emonarchy wa s o nce aga in ex tre melypopu lar. Asea of flowers for Princess Diana.
THE DAIl.YTELEGRAPH June 5th. :::00:::
nation responded with g cheers.applause and enough flagwav ing to iransfortu the M~llinto a patriotic sea of red. white
and blue.Three times the crowd broughttheQueenand PrincePhilip tothe balcony of BuckmghamPalace and three time s theywere repaid in song, as thehuge mass of spectators sangLand of Hope and Glory andGod Save the Quee n.
Three balcony appearancesand more than a million
voices raised in a athund~rouse rendition of the NationalAnthe m g cro wned theQueen·s Golden Jubileecelebrations yesterday.On the day that the Queenspoke of her 'g ratitude. respectand pride' in the nation . the
B y CAROLl~E D AVIES
A jubilee sea of red,white and blue
sQ Which othercountriesstill have a monarchy?Doyouthinkthereis anyplacefor kingsandqueens in the21s! century?
m~(!) listen again and complete the sentences in themost appropriate way.1. Gary has a goodopinionof:
a.the Queen and all her children.b. the Queen andone of her children.c. the Queen 's children,but not the Queen.
2. Emma wants the royal family:a. to pay for themselves.b. to be abolished.c. to be moremodern.
3. Linda thinks the monarchywill survive because:a. the young generationare very popular.b. the Queen works very hard.c. they neverhave any problems.
States and systems
Top ic a The US Constitut ionCoun tri es a USA
Vocabulary Q Historical documentsLinks Q 3b. 3d. 4d . lOb
II The land of the free
,., ,. ·1'..... -<:>./~"'.~i.'1....~, .... I~ __' ••:~'~. - ,- '. - ". -
The American Declarationof Independence
This is part of the original American Declarationof Independence,written by ThomasJefferson to challengethe Brit ish government on July 4th 1776.
The unani mous declaration of the thirteen Un ite dStates of America... we a ho kl these trut hs to be sel f-evide nt, that all me n arccreated eq ua l, that they arc e endo wed by their Creat orwith cer tain e unalienable Rights, that ilmo ng these ar c Life,Liberty and the e pursu it of Happiness.
The American Constitution
This is the introduction to the American Constitut ion, writtenby membersoflhe newly-independent USgovernment in1787.
W e the Peop le of the United Stales, in Order to form a moreperfect Union, estab lish Justice insure domestic Tranquillityprov ide for the common defense pro mote the gene ral\Vdfart'. and secure the B less i n ~s of Liberty to ourselves andour Poster ity, do ordain and establish th is Constitution for theUnited States of Ame rica.
DWhen andwhy did America become an independentnation? What is a nation's 'constitution'?
eEl Read the extract from the Declarationof Independence.What is its main message?a. The USA will be a more religious nationthan Britain.b. God intended all people to have the samerights and
freedoms.c. The USA will make all its people happy.
The Amendments
These are some of the 27 amendments added to theConstitut ion by different governments over the years.
Amendmentl 1791
Congress sha ll make no law respecting an establishmentof religion, or prohib iting e the free exerc ise thereof, ofa abridging the freeclom of speech, o r of the press, or therigh t of the people peaceably to asse mble, end toa petition th e Government for a a recl ress o f grieva nces.
Amendment II 1791
A well regulated militia bei ng necessary to th e secur ityof a free State, th e right of th e people to keep and bea rArms shall not be a in fringcd.
AmendmentXIII 1865
Neithe r slavery nor a involuntcry servitude... shal l existwit hi n the United States, or any place sub ject to thei rjurisdiction .
AmendmentXIX 1920
The righ t of citize ns of th e United States to vote sha llnot be deni ed or abri dged by the United States o r byany sta te on acco unt of sex.
AmendmentXXV 1967
In case of the removal of the Preside nt from office orof his deat h or resignat io n, th e Vice Presiden t sha llbecom e Presiden t.
AmendmentXXVI 1971
The right of citizens of the Un ited States, who are 18years of age or older, to vote, sha ll not be deni ed orabridged by the United States o r any sta te on accountof age.
I5l Read the introduction to lhe American Constitution. Whichof the underlinedphrases mean the same as the following ?1. Defend the people.2. Make sure that there is peace in the country.3. Make sure that we andthe peoplethat come after usare free.4. Make surethat the people are treated in a fair way.5. Look after the pe ople'sneeds.
e~Read the Amendments to the Constitution. Match themto thesedescriptions.a.The abolition of slavery.b.The lowering ofthevoting agefrom21to lB.c. The right of the vice presidenllo take command if the
president is killed.d.The rightof women to vote.e.The right of the people to carry guns.f. The right of the people to free speech and religion, including
political protesl.
to ebrt dqe III to CUt. make smallerappeal III when someone cnenenqes a leqa l decisionto be sworn in III to accept an of fic ia l position in a formal ceremonyto craft III to createto deem III to be lie veto endow III t o pro videfo unders III the peop le w ho wrote t he or ig inal Constitutionto head III to go in a specific direct ionto hold III to believein the event Bush should be inc apacitated III in case Bush is unableto fu nctionto in f rmqe III to violate
invo lu ntary serv itude III betnq somecne's servant when y ou do n'twant t o beneat III l ant ast icto petition III t o ask for some th ingpursuit III attempt to getredress of qr tevences III m aking nq ht som et hing th at is not fai rto roll back III to reversetar ma c III th e piece 01 qround where aero pl anes land and take offt he free ex ercise th ereof III the f ree dom to practise it ( rel iqion)unalienable III that can not be t ake n awayundisclosed III secr etworrisome III Iriqhteninq
The Constitution's 27 Amendments:the vvays vve embrace their spirit every day
FIRST AMENDMENT (1791)B ill Gazzo, 81, of Hampton,was furi ous when he got h isnew property ta xassessme nt in 2000. After aneappeal, Allegh en y Cou ntycut his assessment.111en, for the next year; it roseagain ,That's when he pickedup a sign and a headedDowntown to the CityCounty Building with afew doz en others, Gazzohad nev er taken pa rt in ade mo nstration before. "Itwas OK. It was a lillienois y, cold. There were il
lo t o f othe rs." Ill sassessmen t has since beena rolled back 10 the 2001level and he just got a
letter from Allegheny County say ing it will stay a tthat level u ntil 2003.
SECOND AMENDMENT (1791)W hen she took up arms herself a few years back, Catherinex tontcst of Coraopolis "was scared to d ea th" at the idea ofcarrylng ,1 gun. l lcr job in ind ustrial sales somet imes took herto places she found e wo rrisomc, Her husband encouraged herto get trdin ing and now, on so me travels. she takes a long ahandgun. "l've got these two rea lly a nea t kids th at I wouldlike to COI11C home to ," she expla ins toda y Like man y in th em idst of the debate over ha ndguns, .\ lo ntest believes the
m~Read the texts on this page andmatch them with thecorrect amendmentfrom exercise 4.
mAnswer the questions.1.Why did Bill Gazzo demonstrateagainst his local
government?2. Has his situation improved since he protested?3.Why did Catherine Monteststart to carry a gun?4. What reason does she give to justify her decision?5.What crisis forcedthe creation of the 25th Amendm ent?6. What security measures did George Bush and his vice
presidenttake in 2001 ?
5 e; I niii There is a lot of discussion aboutthe Second Amendmentthese days. Doyouthink it is relevantnow, 200 yearsafter itwas written? Writea letter to a newspaper explaining youropinion.
g rou nders intended the Second Amendment as il guaranto rof individual lib ertie s. "Yo u look at these am end me n ts andth ey all speak to individual rights."
25TH AMENDMENT (1 967)O n Nov. 22, 1963, Presiden t John E Kennedy lay lifeless a tParkland Hospital in Dallas. The uncertainly about \\ "110 wa sin charge of the nat ion led his vice preside nt, Lyndon B.Johnso n, a to be sworn in on an airplane on the u ta rmac at aDallas airpo rt. Search ing for it way to end amh iguity about whowas in power in moments of crisis , Congress e crafted a newamend ment. It allowed for the vice president to temporarilyassume the duties of chid executive if the president a dcc medhimself, or W <l S de termined by the vice president and a majorityof the cabinet unable to fulfill the duties of office.
After the terro rist attacks o n New York (m el \Vashingtoll ,presidential succession beca me so impor tant that Cheney andBush arc rarel y seen in the same place. Since that time, Cheneyhas spent numerous da ys sec u red in wh at o fficia ls will on lyca ll "an e un d isclosed locatio n" assuring a con tinuity ofleadership g in the event Bush sho u ld he inra peritotcd.
States and systemsTopic a The US leqal system
Coun tr ies tI USAvocabulary a Crime
Links a 4c. IOc
US law: show business...
There a re 38 slates that st ill have the deet h PClldlty.Since 1993, all execut ions have t.rkvn the form of aninjection of lethal drugs, althoug h other methods, suchas the electric chair, a rc still Iegill in some st.lles.
3
2
2
2
l.oui siana
i\:o rth Ca ro lina
Cal iforniaJ\ lississ ippi
AlabamaOhio
Virg inia -l
Geo rgia -l
Flor ida 3
Numberof executions in the US in 2002
Missouri 6Oklahoma 7Texas ')3
Suuth Ca ro lina 3
.'\ '
(SI started in 2000 anddepicts the often horrific investigationsof theCrime Scene Investigation Unit in LasVegas.The unit'sforensic scientists interpret clues in each episode in order tosolve crimes in a waysimilar to Sherlock Holmes.
LA Law, made between 1986 and 1994, follows thevariousattorneys, including thedeputy District Attorney, of a LosAngeleslaw afirm.The lawyers atake on a varietyof cases, but theseriesalso concentrates on their personal relationships.
In the USA l.nv i.. d prestigious, high -pro file business thatron make d lot of m Olley bo th for lawyers and for a pla intiff...American T\ ' series and films about cr ime and the low <Irepopula r with oudk-rm-s al l arou nd the wo rld. and SO I11('
fC<l I-Iift: American lega l rases .111<1 trials cou ld almost havebeen wri tten by 11( 11 )'\\"00<1 scriptw riters, pa rticula rlv thosedcaling with t-xtn-me co mpensa tion claim s.
In The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Clarice Starling from theFederal Bureau of Investigation (thegovernment's investigationagency) is assigned to a murder case. She specialises inpsychiatry and, as partof herinvestigations, she has to interviewtheanotoriousserial killer Hannibal "The Cannibal" Lecter.
NYPD Blue, whichbeganin 1993,brought a newrealism to theTVcop show.Concentrating onthedetectives ofthePoliceDepartment's 1Sthaprecinct, it depictsthe chaotic natureof thepoliceofficers' work andprivate lives asmuch as thedangers of the NewYork streets.
Dead Man Walking (1995) tells the real-life story of a nun,Sister Prejean, who workswith prisoners ondeath row. In thefilm she formsa relationship with Louisiana murderer MatthewPoncelet, who killed two teenagers. Although she isdisgustedbyhiscrime, she does not sympathise with hisaharsh punishment.
to eneqe CI to state as a true fa ctto dismiss CI to reje ctto file CI to record publiclyfirm III companyharsh III strict. hardlaws uit III teqat case
to mislead CI to deliberately confusenotorious CI famous for bad reasonsplainti ff CI someone who initiate leqal action eqents t another
personprecinct CI a district of a US cityto take on CI to accep t
...and big businesso
... ......
I had alw ays believedMcDonald's was healthyfor my son
pressure and obesity fromeating its prod ucts - Mother of plaintiff
If Hirsch is successful, fast-food com panies fea~that it could start a series of further SUitS anhu e payme nts to victims - potenti ally runninginto billi ons of dollars - sim ilar to those t hat
Iy damaged the tobacco Indu st ry .have severe
The mother of one of the children, who at thee of 15 weighs more than 180 kilos, said In
:~pers filed before the court that "I had alway,~believed McDonald's was healthy for my son .
McDonald 's has asked the court to a dismiss
the case.
McDonalds targe~edin obesity a1awsult
US fast fo od industry an d health::~paigne rs are wat ching closely a lawsuita fil ed on beha lf of seve ra l obese teenager;who claim t he fast-food com pany McDonaid 5
is responsible for making t hem fat .
I't fil ed by lawyer Sam uel Hirsch in
The awsur I th ta Manha ttan fed eral court, a all eges aMcDonald's deliberately a misled consumersinto t hi nking t heir cheeseburgers and otherproducts were healthy and nutntlous.
It says the company did not adequately provide. formation on the health risksassOCiated With,fn st food and the children developed healt h
da, . h'gh blooproblems such as diabetes, I
00 To .lJ. lit :lIwww.worldnews,co.Ul<::: : : : : : : == _
Bef gre ygy read(J Do you recognise any of the TVprogrammes or films onpage 56?What are they about?
El These abbreviati ons are all connected with the USlegalsystem. Do you know wh at they stand for? Vou can find themall in the texts on page 56.
11) Read the facts about the death penalty and answe r thequestions.1. How many US states have the death penalty?2. Which is the usual method of execut ion today?3. How many states executed prisoners in 2002?4.Which state was responsible for nearly half of all executions
in 2002?
Readingo lmJWhich fi lm or TVseries deals with:1. lawyers who work in court?2. a prisoner whoiswaiting to beexecuted?3. a governmentagent and a murderer?4. ordinary police officers at work in the streets?5. scientistswho investigate crimes?
V gcabylaryI!l Find these words in the text.1. A slang word for a police off icer.2. A police off icer w ho investigates a crime .3. Someone w ho analyses physical clues, and dead bodies,
from a crime.4. A lawyer who can represent people in court.5. A problem that needs to be solved legally.6. A murderer who has killed severa l t imes.7. Part ofa prison where prisonersarewaitingforexec utio n.
CSI .DA .
FBI .NYPD .
Ii} Read the news report on thi s page and answ er the quest ions.1.What is the teenagers' offi cial reason for taking McDon ald's
to court?2. Why does their lawyer think that they have a good case?3. What will McDonald's have to do if the teenagers wi n their
case?4. How much could cases like this one cost the fast food
industry?5. What other industry has had to make large payments to its
'victims'?6. Who do you think took that industry to court?
S-eeakinqEll Discuss these questions.1. Can you thi nk of any other films or TV series that deal with
crime and law? Describe the plots of some of them.2. What's your opinio n of the familie s that took McDo nalds to
court? Do you thi nk McDonalds are guilty? What reasonscould the families have for bringing a lawsuit against them?
3. Does your country still have the death penalty ? If not, whe nwas it abolished? What is your opinion of it?
States and systems
rccrc a National daysCou ntries a Scotland. Ireland. USA and England
Vocabulary a National celeb rations: foo d. drink . songslinks Q 2a . 3a . 3b. 3d . 9f. lOb . l1a
II National celebrations
A time to celebrateEngland ha s no official natio na l holiday, but withScotlan d and wales ach ieving more poli ticalind ependence recentl y, there is a growinggrou p of pat riotic English people who want topersuade th e govern me nt to create o ne. Somepeop le wou ld like to create an extra e benkholiday. England ha s only eight official ho lidaysper year, the lowest number in Eu rope , andthere are no ho lidays betw een the lost Mondayin Augu st and Christ ma s Day. On e sugges tionfor d new autum n bank holiday is Trafalgar Day,on October 21st, which commemora tes afamous Eng lish na val victory.Other people e re trying to estab lish StGeorge's Day (April 23rd) as England's officia ld ay of celebration , be cause St George isEngland 's national sa int. A new phenomenonis sta rting to ap pea r in shops at the sta rt ofApril - de co rations and g reet ing s cards for StGeorge's Day.
On St. George 's Day
This precious stone set in the silver sea
Which serves' it a in the office of a wall
Or as a amoat defens{ve to a house '
Against the envy of less happier lan~sThis blessed aplot, this earth, this a realm: this 'England
(from Shakespeare's ' Richard /J' )
plot a piece of earthranqe a sel ecti onrealm a ki nqdomtetues CI potatoestoast a w hen yo u give someone a tribute by dr inking to t hem
m~Read the text A time to celebrate. Are the statementstrue or false?I , England doesn't havea national day.2, The last Monday in August is a bankholiday in England.3. SomeEnglish people want anextra bank holiday inthe autumn.4. Tra falgar Day is already a bank holiday.5. St George is Scotland'snational saint.
WritinfI .a Write a paragraph aboutyour country's national day!s).Explain:> when it is.>what its historical origins are.>what happens onthat day.>what people eat and drink.
5 eakin0 Does your countryhavea national songor anthem? Whatare the words andmusic like? Is the songpopular in thewhole country?
at the Caledonian Hotelem Bums Night(JiUlUOry 25th)
to celebrate tM birthJa.vofScotland's national poet.
Robert Burns.
8/otta.re invite,!Ic a- tnu!t'{o.m,1
A ,."''''&Y::rtfl':1'!,n
Toast to the ladies
Cutting ofthe haggis
Traditional Scottish dancing
. Tr.JlIst to the haggis with whisky
Reply from the ladies
7pm Drinks
Singing ofBurns ' "Auld Lang Svne "
Recital of Bums ' "Address to a Haggis "
bank holiday a nati onal public ho lidayceilldh I' K<.'i1i I CI a t radit ional Irish or Scottish par t y w ith danclnqIn the office of a In the same w ay asmoat a water aro und a castleneeps CI swede s (a yellow root veget abl e)
Dinner: roast beef, haggis. a neeps. tutties
Toast to The Immortal Memory ofRobert Burns
Entrance uf the haggis. accompanied by bagpipes
Festival Country Date Traditionalfood/drink
Burns Night ." ................ .........." ....." ...................
..................• "" ............... 17th March ...................
.................. . USA ................... .. ..... ............
ReadinEl Match the photos(A-C) with the texts (1-3).
l1lComplete the table with details aboullhe festivals.
ClAnswer the questionsaboutthe festivals.1.What does Burns Night celebrate?2.Find the names of two of Burns' poems.3. What three toasts are given on Burns night?4. When canyou get a free pint of Guinness at the Old Bell?5.What four activities are planned in Greenville for 4thJuly?
rBore ou r ad(]Which nationalities doyou think the people in the photosare?Doyouknow what festivals they are celebrating?Whenis England's national day?
o
States and systems
Topic a Political protest sonqsCount ries a USA. UK
SoundtrackProtest songs
Vocabulary a Sonq lyricsLinks a 10c. io r . l1h
D uring the eMly YCMS o f" pop music, mos t so nglyrics were aboutlove an d roma nce, but in tlu - 19605,political so ng writers sta rted to lise th eir ly rics 10
criticise the politi cs of the dd)'. 'Ihe first protes t singe rswi -n - folk singers such as America's Bob Dylan. andth e protes t song rea ched d peak in the 19705 with
America's unp opu lar involvemen t in the Vietn.uuw a r; British po p protest so ngs d id not n'<l l1 )' ap pearuntil the 19BOs, when Brita in's trad itional ind ustriesbegan to disd plH'dr, en d ma rr,- yo ung peo ple fou ndthemselves uru -m plo vcd a nd opposed to th epol icies of the Prime ,\I in istc r, ,\ Idrgaret That cher:
buddy a fr iendfor dear life a (slanq) to save our liv esto qat filled in D (slanq) to be attackedhirinq man D man who decid es w hic h peop le to employjam D troublekne Sahn D a batt le of th e Vie tnam Warnext of kin D yo ur closest relat ive (t he person who is inf orme d ofyour death )
rumour D somethinq peop le say without know inq if it is t rueshipyard D where Ships are buil tto take someone t o task D t o put someone under press ure terse apla y on t he ter m 't ask force ' • a qroup of sold ier s)up to me D my decis ionV.A. man D representa ti ve ot the Vietn am Veterans Associat ionwith all the will in the world D w it h qood int enti ons
••IBo rn in the USABruce Springsteen, 1984
.~Sh ipbu i ld i ng
Elv is Costello, 1982
5 eakin0 How effective do you think thesesongs are as protest songs? Can youthink of any pop singers today who havea political message?
1. What happened to the shipy ards in thetown?a. They we re closed down .b. They we re bombed in a war,
2. Wha t is the 'r umour that was spreadaround town'?a. That there would soon be a w ar.b. That peop le had been killed .
3. What effect w ould a war have on thepeople of the town?a. They w ould be in danger.b. They w ould find jobs again .
4. What is the signifi cance of the thing sin lines 2 and 3? They are th ings thata. people couldn't afford during a war.b. people w ould be able to buybecause of their new jobs.
5. How does the singer feel about thisatt itude?a. He doesn't approve of peopleearning money through war.b. He is pleased thatthe people wi ll beemployed again,
0 (1) lmlRead and listeo to the ElvisCostello song. Choose the correctanswer to the questions.
Re dinB Read the text on page 60. Find out1. wha t a protest song is,2. when pop lyrics started to becom e
political.3. the name of a famo us prote st singer.4. an eventthat inspired a lot of protest
songs.5. a person who inspi red a lot of prote st
songs.
Readinq!Lisfeninq,ID(j) l isten to the Bruce Springsteensong and answer the questions.1. W hy did the singer go to the Vietnam
Wa r?2. W hat happened to his fri end there?3.W hat diffi culties did he have w hen he
came home?4. What does he feel about his future now?
Elvis Costello first became famous during the British punk music eraof the late 1970s. His hits of the 1980s were known for their lyrics andoften had a political message. This song is set in a British industrialtown during the Falklands War against Argentina .
rBefore y o u readO DDyou know what events are show nin the photos on page 60? What are thepeople protesting about?
Is il worth it?J\ new w in Ie I' coa t and shoes fo r th e w ifeAnd tl bkvrtc o n the kid 's hirf hd avIt's just ., e rumour th at was spread arou nd townBy th e women and ch ildrenSoon we' ll he shi pbu ildi ng\ \'ell , I as k yo uThe boy said "Dad tlu-y'n- go ing a to take me 10 task , but I'll be back hy Chri... l m as"It's just tl tu mour thai was spread around to wnSomebod y sa id that someone egot filled inFo r sdying that people gd kille d inThe res ult o f thi s shi pb u ildi ngg\ Vilh all the wi ll in th e wo rldDiv ing efor dear lire\'\'11('11 we co u ld be d ivi ng fo r peil rlsIt 's ju..,' d rumour that was sprea d around 10 wl1A telegram o r a picture postcard\'\'ithin weeks the y'll be reopen ing the gsh ipy(lJ"dsAnd no tify ing the unext of kinOnce agd inIt's a ll wc rc skilled in\vc wi ll be shipbu ild ing\ \' ith all the w ill in th e worldDiving for clear lifeWhen we co u ld be d ivi ng for petl rls
Down in the shadow of the peni ten tiaryQu i by the gas fires of the refineryI'm len years down the roa dNo wh ere 10 run , a in 't go t no whe-re
10 go
I'm (l lon g gOlle O.1( I<l y in tlu - USABo rn ill the USAI'm (l cool rocking Dadd y ill the USABorn in the USA
I h,u ! d e buddv at gKlw Sal inFighting (lIT the Viet Co ngThe y're still there, he's a ll gOlwIJ(, had a litt le girl in SaigonI go t d p icture of h im in her anus
Bruce Springsteenis one of the USA'smost enduringrock artists,having a string ofworld-wide hits inthe 1970s an d the1980s. His songsoften deal with thefrustrations of theordinary workinqclass man, and
this song reveals the b itternessof a Vietnam War veteran.
Born down in a dead man's townIlu- first kick I took was w he n I hit
th e g rou ndYOLI end lip like a dog tha t's been
1){,<l t too much'Til yOll spend half yo u r lill' lust
cove ring lip
Born in the USABorn in the USABorn in the USABorn in the USA
I got in d little hometown gjdlllAnd so they put a rille in m y handsSenI me 01T to Vietnam"I( ) go and kill the ye llow man
Idwrll5!
CO I11(' b.uk horne 10 the n-fim-rvg l liring man says "SOil, if it \ \ '<lS' g UP
10 rm-"I go down 10 sec 'he gv.A. manl ie said "So n, don't yo u understand?"
Idltln/s l
IdlOrI/sl
Gramm ar a Passive voice reviewSkills a Speaking : givinq an ora l presentation
Language & CultureThe US government
T he part of the USgove rnment which makesand passes laws is known asthe Congress of the UnitedStates of America. It wascreated in 1789 by Article Iof The Constitu tionof the United States.
Cong ress is made up of twohouses: the Senate and the
Hou se of Rep resentatives.The Senate cons ists of twoSenators from each state.when a senator has beenelected they serve a six-yearterm. Until 1913 senatorswere elected by state lawmakers but since that yea rsena tors have be en chosenby the people's vo te. TheHouse of Representatives
consists of -l35 mem bers.Representatives arc electedfrom cong ressiona l districtsand serve two-year term s.
The two main parties in USpo litics arc the Demo cratsand the Republicans. \Vhena president is elected he orshe serves in governmentfor a period of four year s.After four years election s
arc held . If the president(and vice presiden t) win ,they stay in govern ment foranothe r four years .However, a president canon ly ever serve for twoterms (eight ycars in total).
There has never been afemale president of the USA,but perhaps in the futu re awom an will be elected.
El Read the text again and underline all the examples of thepassive tense . Thenwrite them in the correct column inthetable.
GRAMMARD Read the text The USgovernmentquickly and find out howlong a US president can remain in power.
Present simpl e
is knownPast simple Present perfect Future
SKILLSoRead the notes (a-e) about a famous US president. Put themin a logical order for an oral presentation by matching them tothe topics {l-51.
1. Lincoln's childhood.2. His term as president.3. His politi cs.4. His death.5. How he is remembered today.
0 look at the sentences below. Choosea sentence tointroduce the presentation and a sentence to close it.
!!l Complete the sentences witb the verbs in brackets in thepassive.
1. In Britain , members of the House of Lords arenot elected(not elect] .
2. Slavery ...... Iabolish) in the USA in 1865.3. When senators in the US ...... (elactl , they serve a six-year
term.4. The Amer ican Declaration of Independence ...... [w rite ] by
Thomas Jefferson.5. An elect ion (holdI every four years in the USA.6. A new law {just pass) in parliament.7. ...... a wo man president ...... Ielectl in the fut ure?8. Two changes ...... {makelto the America Constitu t ion in 1791.
1. Lincoln was president for only four years.2. I'm going to talk about Abraham Lincoln, one of the USA's
most famous and respec ted presidents.3. Even today, Lincoln remains an inspiration to other
presidents and to ordinary Americans .4. I'm going to talk about how Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated.
111 Now write tbe whole presentation, tben read it aloud .Remember to use the opening and closing sentences youchose in exercise 5.
~Now choose a famous politician or leader from yourcountry. Write notes about him/her, then put the notes in order.Add an introductory and a concluding sentence and read yourpresentations aloud to the class .
Subject Candidates(in 1,0005)
Most popular exam SUbjectsfor British 16-yea r-olds 12002)
Education
63
El Read the statistics aboutexams andstress.Wouldthe statistics beroughlythe same in yourcountry?
What causes stress for American high school students?Pressure to getgood grades 44% !A ...
Pressure to get intocollege 32% H f'4I
Pressure to fit insocially 29% Ii j
Pressure to use drugsor alcohol 19% Ir " j
Pressureto have aboyfriend/girl friend 13% l51ii/l
208
194
125
501
182
560
312
559
569
409
(J What are the schoolpupils in the photos doing?Which countriesdoyouthink theyarefrom? Do theschools look like yourschool?
Science
Art& DesignGerman
Design &TechnologyEnglish Literature
Engl ishMaths
HistoGeographyFrench
• a British school that encouragesveryyoung children to study
• college students in the UK• American high school culture• virtual high schools on the
Internet• specialist music and drama
schools in the UKand USA• bilingual education in Canada and
Wales• a UK student trying to decide
what to do after leaving school
EducationTopic III Educati ng very young children
Countries III UKVocabulary III Education and exams
Links III la . 5e . 8a. ac . 9d . 11f
Too much too young?
Hothouse
....... Istudents can leaveschool at this agel
Age
14
18,
....... or .11
Ryde College opened in 1982 and hasbecome famous for the precocious
success of its students. Most of its pupilsattend regular state primary or secondaryschools during the day, and then haveclasses at Ryde in the evening and onSaturdays. Pupilscome here to a get aheadof the rest. You can put a child into a'technology for a toddlers' class before ithas reached its second birthday, or enteryour seven-year-old for a GCSE.100 per cent of Ryde GCSE students passtheir exams, even though they cover thecourses in nine months. Most secondaryschools cover the same syllabus in twoyears. Last year the college's successesincluded a six-year-old who passeda GCSEin Information Technology, and a 10-year-
Begin primary school
Begin secondary school
Schoolhours: Monday to .. . ,approximately 9am- 3.30pm
Start studyinqfor GCSE exams
Take GCSE exams
Take exams
Thestate system
~ Complete the ta~le about the usual education system inngland. You canfmdthe mformation in the text. .
It's lOam on a bright Saturday morning, but in a classroom in Hertfordshire,a group of four-year-olds are starting what is, for them, a school day like any other.They start to a tap at their keyboards, producing a database of all their toys.Halfan hour later they write up the theory that they have just put into practice.Welcome to Ryde College, the place where you are never too young to start.
Children compilinga databaseof theirtoys.
R adingEJ Readthe text and answer the questions.1. What IS the difference between Ryde College and mostother
British schools?a. Ryde College has better teachers.b. Ryde College students study earlier and morequicklyc: Ryde College takes only the best students. .
2. Frnd the names oftwo English school exams.3. Frnd the English word for a university qualification.
I ~- ....-. . ethos a fundamen tal principle s
to get ahead of a to be better than OAP a Old Age Pensioner
gift ed a ext remely talented to ta p a to hit with the finger
nctn ousrnq a t~ intensely educate young children (as a plan t in a toddler a a child aged approximat ely 18 mcntn s-a years
hothouse gets Intens e hea t) we ll-off a rich
to lessen a to diminiSh w ell -rounded a complete and varied
fLowersold who passed an A-level in comput ing .
Dr Ryde, the college's 71-year-old founder,
believes that the " ethos of the college is
the right one:'When a child is young, their brains are
likesponges, they absorb everything you
give them: he says. 'By the t ime they are
in their late teens, their ability to learn
ehas lessened . They are the " OAPs of the
academic world:
Dr Ryde calls his methods 'accelerated
learning'. Others call it e hothousinq. Call
it what you like, but it is a growing trend
in British education. These days the
competi tion to get a child into a good
school is so intense that parents are
increasingly using private tutors to help
their child survive the education system .
Some " well-off parents even employ
private tutors for their three-year-olds.
Hothousing is also a phenomenon of the
state system th ese days. Whereas children
used to start formal education at five,
some now start at four, and increasing
numbers of state pupils are taking GCSEs
before they reach secondary school.
In a Ryde world, all children would be able
to take exams when they were ready, even
to start degrees at 11. Some argue that
such children are being deprived of their
childhood and become less " well-rounded
adults as a result. Dr Ryde dismisses such
criticism. 'If you have a child that is
" gifted in ice-skating or singing, then no
one comments if those children get extra
Parents waitingfortheirchildren inthehall where thecollege'ssuccesses aredisplayed onthenoticeboard.
t raining at a young age: he says. 'So why
is it wrong to give children who have a
passion for learning extra education
when they are ready for it?'
by Lucy Elkins
[) What is the youngest age for a student at Ryde College to'1.start a technology class? .
2. pass a GCS Eexam?3. pass an A-level exam?
01 MI-1p! Match the beginning s and the ends of the sentences
· ost Ryde students . hei h .2 GCS E d a. give t elf t ree-vear-oios· stu ents at Ryde private tutors.
3. Accordrng to Dr Ryde, b. learn better than
young children teenagers.
54. SCome nch EnglIS h people c. thinks that children who· rrncs of Ryde I d .
6 D R d ave stu yrngshould have· rye extra education.
d. onlystudy for 9 months.e. go to state school too.I. think that the pupils
don't have a rea l childhood.
Writing
mdWrit~ a table like the one in exercise 3 for your country'se ucatmn system.
S akin
~What are th.e adva ntages and disadvantages of encoura in
very young chrldren to ~tudy and be successful? Think abo~t . g> makrngthe most of your abilities. .
> getting good qualifications.> getting a good job. -
> being. different from other children.> free time.> stress.
I
i 5bI
EducationTopic D Higher educat ion
Countries III UKVocabulary III Education andexams
links III 7e. lOa
66
Students at home...A t 18, British scho o l-leavcrs with A-levels can
a apply for a degree course at uni versity. Most of
these co urses last for three yea rs, and stude ntsmust pay all of their own accom mo dation andliving costs, and so me of their tuition fees. Since1990, the governme nt has offered student loans
to help the situation. The loans arc between £3,000
and £5,000 per year dep en ding on whe the rstudents live with thei r paren ts or <lway from
horne, and also whethe r or not they live in
London.
Stude nts have to pay back their loans when theyleave un iversity, but not until their e lncom e
reaches £ 10,000 per yca r. The interest rail'S are lowand there is no e dcad line for repayment.However; most students find that the loans do notfully meet the ir needs, so many have to stay illthe famil y ho me to avoid accommodation costs ,or take part-time jobs while they arc study ing .
A manda Jenkins, 20, is a student at the University of Cardiff, her hom etown. in \Vales.
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Appl
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It is common these days for Ia-ycar-old school lcavers to take a /gapyear'. Instead of go ing to un iversity immed iately after thei r A-lev('ls,they go travelling for a year or do charity work abroad, often in exoticlocat ions. Popu lar destinations for British ga p r eM students <HeAustralia , India and South Africa.
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Work on the wild Side!
...and abroad
Se.eakingD What doyou want to do when you leave school? Doyouwant to get a job or do you want to continue studying?
ReadingE)~Read the text about British university students. Choosethe correct answ ers to the questions.1.British degree courses are usua lly
a. five years long.b.three years long.c. two years long.
2. The British government gives loansto help studentspayfor3 . their education .b. their living expenses.c. both.
3.a. Every student receives )b. Some students receive loans of £4,000 per year.c. No student receives
4. Students haveto pay backtheir loans as soon asa. they finish their degree.b. they get a job.c. they start earning a certa in sum.
5. abo TThhere is alWaytS ) a time limit on the repayment of. ere IS some trnes t d t I
c. There isn't s u en oans.
Bl Read Amanda's diary and answer the questions.1. What accommodation does she live in?2. How much moneywill she owe the government when she
leaves university?3. How much is the rent on her friends' flat?4. How was the situation different when her mum was at
university?
Vocabulary;oFind words in the texts that mean:1. moneythat you mustpay a university for teaching you.2.studentswho havejust takentheir A-levels.3. to leaveuniversity with a degree.4. talks given by a university tutor to a large number of students.5. a slang abbreviation for 'university'.
Before ou listeno Read this page andanswer the questions.1. What is a gapyear student?2.What is the nameof the company?3.What work opportunityare they offering?4. How manydifferent areas of the world do they operate in?5.Who do you think this advert is principally aimed at?
Listeningo(j)Listen to Mark and Rachel discussing the Greenforceadvertisement. Answer the questions.1. What does Mark think of the advertisement? Why?2.What doesRachel think of it? Why?3.What does Mark wantto dowith his gapyear?4.What doesRachel want to do?
Se.eakingEiI Howis theBritishhighereducationsystem differentto thesystem in yourcountry? Doyouthink students in the UK are in abenerorworseposition thanstudents in yourcountry? If youcouldtakea gapyear, wherewould yougoandwhat would youdo?
EducationTOpiCa Betcnqtnq to cliques and being popu lar at schoo l
Cou nt r ies D USA and Canadav ocabu lary a Aspects of Ame rican high schoo l life
Links a la. te. 5d. tc . Be. ue. lie. Il q
High school culture
Cruel Intentions (1999)Kathryn, a espoilt, rich teenager, bets her corruptstepbrother, Sebastian, that he can not ruin the
reputation ofAnnette, theirheadmaster's innocent daughter.Sebastian accepts the betwith pleasure, but soon fin ds that he isfallin g in love withAnnette's honourable character.
10Things I Hate about You (1 999)Bianca Stratford, a beautiful studentat Padua High, isnot allowed to date boys until her sarcastic and
unfriendly older sister Katarina has a boyfriend. Bianca'sadmirers pay Patrick, a new student at the school, to date Kat.
She's All That 11999)Zach, theclass president, agrees to try to transform plainand shy Laney into the staroftheend-of-termdance. Hesucceeds, and the couplestart to grow close, but Laneythendiscoversthat Zach's originalmotivationwas a abet with his friends.
Great adaptationsThe wo rld of the American high SdlOOI has inspired nu merousbooks, TV series and films. These po pul ar films are all set inh igh schoo l, but their plots are ada pted from classic worksof Euro pea n literature.
Clueless (1995)Cher, one ofthe most populargirls in her schoo l,'adopts' Tai, a new and unfashionable student, and triesto make her more popular. ButTai falls in love with Cher'sstepbrother, Josh, whoCher loves without realising it.
I d On the poss ibility of something happeningbet III money pace
cl ique III small eXCluSiv~ qr~up d t musi c and dress In blackd t who like indepen en
qctn s III stu en s . b s who are good at spor tsjocks III good-lo oking oy. ete r musicmetal-heads III stueents who like heavy mpeers III peopl e who are t he same age as you
. . h stu de nts w ho wear smart. c lassic clot hes
o
Gerry Howler
chnstmnweek
:~~d:~;the web page. Match these summaries to the four
paraglraphs . to a fashio nable group helps teenagers feelI , Be onglng
2. ~~~~~e~re particular qualities that help teenagers to be
admired at high SChhOOlh· I at a difficult time in their personal3, Students go to hlg sc 00
development. . d their leaders are easy to identify.4. High sc hool cliques an
Vocabulary;';'~=""~d:- all part of high school culture . DoyouoThese wor s are ?
know what any of themdmean homecoming prom yearbooksophomore cheer/ea er
ListeningEll C!l Listen and note down what the words mean,
5 eaking . thIIIHow far does the description of school;ulture In emagazine text resemble your own school.
Parents must challenge high school culture
Recent traged ies remind us of how dark andterrible a place high school can be to some ofour childre n if they are made to believe that theydo not til in. The high school years coincide withthe tremendo us ph ysical and social change s ofado lescence. Changes to one 's voice and bodyand shape that cause powerful feelings of selfconsciousness and self-doubt.
In ord er to cope with these anxiet ies , teens arequick to form sub-cultures that ass ure them theyare not alone. These little groups [hen adopt
behavior, speech patterns and tastes in clothes and music that they use as criteria by which to jud ge whois ' in' and who is 'out' . These acliques are both the cause and the cure of teenage insecurity.
Any high school will contain numerous sub-cultures. such as ejocks. egoths, a rnetal-heads, apreppies ora skaters. The names might vary but everyone in the school will know who belongs where. Each groupwill have an 'Alpha male' (a boy who is the undisputed leader), and perhaps an 'Alpha female' too.
In the world of the high school there will be those who are respected and those who are widely hated, andmost kids will learn it is best not 10 a stick out. Athletic skill gives a prestige to male students. the libraryclub does not. Conventional physical beauty and a good fashion sense are prize quali ties for females. Girlsare allowed by their apeel'S to get good marks. but being an intelligent boy can be a disadvantage. A stronganti-inrellectual current ex ists in most high schools.
rBefore y-ou read ? WhEJ Have you seen any olthe films depicted on page 68. eredo you think the stories all take place?
Reading cts of plot andEl Read the texts about the films, What :fP~character seem to be repeated In each um:
I1l~Match the synopses olthe classics books (1-4) on page68to the correct films.
Sl!.eaking rks of literature can beO Why do you thdintk dth~~:~lh~~:r~~f the American highsuccessfully up a e Ischool?
r~Education
Top!c POl On' line educationCountries a USA
Vocabulary g Words connected to studvinqli nks a la. sc . sc. 9d
0
;!. 3 a ,- -... .&IM..." ...... ./ n• .<om -
FlJIURE!INTERNATlO'~
HIGH SCHOO
Before ou readD" you couldn 't attend school li arexample, because you lived somewhereremote. or because you had to keepmoving house), how could you study?
~lIi.iJJgE) Readthe lirst two web pages quicklyand answer the questions.1. What unique teaching method does
Futures International High School offer?2. What other two methods of teach ing
does it offer?... students achieve academic success that leads to:~ a high school diploma from a nationa lly ..accredited
institutioncollegeand career preparation
... we're very different from other online programs.Wh ile you will find several institutions that offer on line self -studyprograms, home-schooling andcorrespondence school, yousimply won't find a program that uses technology toprovide alive, one-to-one instruction.
... the perfect blend of live interactionand se lf-directed learning.FIHS teachers meet with their students one-to -one on aweekly basis using videoconferencing . During th isscheduled appointment, the teacher is able to instruct thestudent just ashe/she wou ld if they were meeting togetherin person. Between appointments, students complete theirassignments and prepare for their next appointment.
... our st ude nts receive personalised instruction.Ratherthan a teacher to class ratio of 1:30, our program is 1:1. Studentsreceive the undivided attentionof their instructorsduring their scheduledclass time aswell as support for their learning outside the classroom.
This means•••
With the accessibility of the Internet and technology FuturesInternational High School can come to you anywhere ... anytime . Ourcomprehensive Internet-delivered program allows students the flexibilityto interact with their teachers from anywhere in the world.
About Us
Imagine ... a school built aroundyour unique needs ... a classroom thatcomes to you whereyou are ... and a teacherwho workswith you oneto -one. Sound too good to be true?
VocabularY:I!lFind words on the web pages thatmean:1. on an individua l basis.
;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 2. education at home.3. education whereyou communicate
with your teacher by post.
FlJruRE!fINTERNATIONAL
HIGHSCHOOL
o
It is est imated that aro und I million Ame rican children arc ed uca ted at home. Sincethe m id-1990s, those children have been ab le to access a va riety of on-l ine schools,man y of which o ffer h igh school d iploma courses. Stude nts receive lesson s throughthe Internet and ema il the ir homework and tes ts to teachers.
I Cyber High
to accredit a off icially recc qntsec
•~~~~ to catch up with a to do somethinq that is latechat rooms III places on the Inte rnet w here users can email eachother in real time
fast-track a inten sivelive a happeninq now . in real time
o
Why attend Futures?
Students ~ome to us because Futures offers:A schedUling fleXibility and encouragement to~th let~s. artists and other career-focussed students~onslstent learning environment for students .
w 0 move and/or travel frequently.C S~PP?rt to international students withaspIratIons to attend an American university.
II<i:-...
Admissions
Kelly
I'm from Perth,. in Australia. I want to go tocollege I~ America. I'm interested inbusinessand I think that American business school;are the best in the world. That's why I wantt~ get an Amencan high school diploma _
d . It II get me Into an American college I'molng a afast-track program. .
Leonie
My dad's in the US Navy, so we live in speeral navy accommodation, and we have to.move around a lot. Sometimeswe only liveIn o.ne place for a year, and then we moveeqam. My mom thinks it would be too dis-
, rupt lve for me to keep changing school sothat sWhyI learn at home Over the Internet. Thereare"~hatrooms wdhe~e you can.talk to other people on your courseso you on t feel too ISolated. '
I do a lot of acting work. I've got a regularJob on a TV series, so I spend a lot of timeat the stud'os And sometimes I have to goaway to different locations, so I can't reallyattend a regular high school. That's why it's
I d great being able to study Over the Internetupca~·tho,work ~hlle l'rn waiting around on set or acatch
I essons In the evening.
Jack
With each course you receiv.e: t. . miction app0lntmen s .
up to 17 pnvate Ins . k through videoconferenCingII'- 45 minutesof instruction each wee
IT d in thei r subject areateachers qua I Ie I . h hout the worldgroup interaction With students t rougsupervised assessmenta personalized program .
ter and software assIstancecompu ...II'- an introduction to on-hne InstructIon
program options include:PRIVATE .
. . ith 2-way videoconferenCingOne-to-one direct Instruction WI .. 1.1
Teacher/Student Ratto IS .$900 per semester course
SEMINAR ... video and 2-way audio
Small group instruct ion With l -w ar 1.3 to 1·6Teacher/Student gauo IS rom . .
$600 per semester course
ASSISTEDAssisted E·mail instruction$300 per semester course
4, a written task that a teacher gives you.5. a school term (a division of the school year into different
blocks of t ime).6, a small study group.
ReadinoChoose the correc t alternatives to comple te the statementsabout Futures International High School.1. Futures takes onlyAmerican students/students from any
country.2. Teachers give liveJrecordedlessons to the students.3. Students 'meet' their teachers online once/twice a week.4, Each online lesson lasts for anhour/threequarters ofanhour.5, Students have to/don't have todo homework betwee n the
lessons.6, At the end of the course, students will have a college/high
schoof qualification.7, Futures can help you solve any problems with your
computer/library.8, The largest number of students in a seminar group is three/six.
Ii'! [iliJRead Ihe three student profiles, Match them 10 thereasons for choosing Futures lA , B and C),
Writins0 Write an email to Futures Internation al High School askingfor more information about the school. Ask about:
>students' age.>courses offered.>teachers Iwho?).>semester dates.>time of weekly interactive lessons.>length of time needed to complete the high school diploma.
5 eaking~ Do children have 10 go to school in your counl ry, or areother methods, li ke homeschooling, permitted'!-What are theadvantages and disadvantages of homeschooling?
Star pupils
Since 1980, the government has provided
qrants for pupils at Chetham's. The school is
open to all . a irr e spe ct ive of financial or social
background . and 80% of our pupils come from
state schools.
LaG4iudia High Schoolof Ml1~ ~ Art
Md. ~ut~t\~ Arh
Dance department
Judgement acriteria include body alignment, dancetechnique and pertormance skills.
In 1948 the School of Pertorming Arts opened in theheart of NewYork's theater district to provideprofessionallytrained talentforNYC's importanttheatrical industry. Now part of a larger school, andwith a new name, LaGuardia continues to giveaspiring pertormersthetraining, encouragement andsupport needed toalaunch their careers in thearts,
In thedance entrance exam, students aregrouped inunits of 20·25 and are givena ballet class followedby a moderndance class.Students arethenevaluated by a group of 4-7 instructors, and may alsobeasked to pertorm a solo work. aApplicants arethen given a grade from 1to 100,No-one with agrade under 80 is considered.
Voca bulary a Pertorminq artsLinks a la. Sa. ae. 8d
Chetham'sSchool
of Music
Topic a Specialist performing arts schoolsCountri es a UK and USA
Education
Pupils, who are admitted solely on the basis of
musical audition. develop a specialist interest
to the hiqhest level. which may be in an
orchestral instrument . guitar. keyboard . voice.
electronic music. jazz or composition . and all
sing in choirs .
Chetham's School of Music is a unique schooltaking pupils from many different backgrounds.
from all over the UK and abroad. With over 280
pupils. Chetham's is housed in and around a
historic fifteenth century colleqe buildinq. andis a a t the forefront of music education in Britain
and Europe.
{s;lI I
eadinEJ~Read the school prospectuses quickly. Which schoolts):1. is in the USA?2. is in the UK?3.was formed specifically to provide performers for theatres?4.allows students to work professionally at the same time as
theystudy?5.receives money fromthe UKgovernment?
applicant a someone who asks for somethinq officially----t at the forefront of a among the best- to benefit a to help. improve
chaperone CI someone who accompanies you somewhere to makesure you are safecriteria CI standards by which you jUdge somethingto equip CI to provide with
irrespective of a ignoringto keep your feet firmly on the ground a to have a lot of commonsenseto launch a to be ginto nurture a to take care of and help to growto secure enqaqements CI to qet jobSsound a solid
Redroofs Theatre School
At Redroofs we ai m to
provide a esound
academic educat ion
and, within a caringenvironment, toanurture the individual artist ic talents of t he child
or young ad ult to t he highes t professio nal
standard of which they ma y be capable,
aequipping t hem for a career in th eatre and th e
re lated arts.
The school has its own Theatrical Empl oyment
Age ncy. From t ime to time, pupi ls may be
per m it ted to audition for, and to accept, 1V, film,
rad io and theatre work that may abenefi t t heir
careers and build confi dence and knowledge of
th e way the
indust ry operates.For th ose who are
lucky eno ugh to
Dsecureengagements, weare careful to
VocabularI!J Findthese words in the texts:1.whenyou sing, dance, act or play an instrument so that
peoplecan judge your ability.2. a general term formusical instruments like a piano or anorgan.3. two styles of music.4. the skill of writing music.5. a large group of peoplewho sing together.6. a general term for music, singing, dancing and acting.7. ciassical dance.8. a performance given by one person alone.
Reading[) Answer the questions about the texts.1.How many pupils are there at Chetham's?2. When was the college building at Chetham's built?3.Doyou need a lot 01 moneyto study there?4.When did the New York School of Performing Arts open?5. What do applicants haveto do at an audition for the dance
department?
ekeep th ei r fee t firmiy on
th e ground.
We t ry to arrange
auditions to take place
after school so as to
disrupt t he school day as little as possible. Most
audition s ta ke place in central London, an d pupils
will be accompanied to and from thei r destination
by a licen sed achaperone.
Daily life at Redroofs
Pupils at Redroofs are aged between (1) and (2) .
Classes begin each day at (3) M orning s are
dedicated to (4) cia d h.......... sses, an a ernoon s are spent
studyi ng performing arts such as speech, (5) ..........,
(6) , (7) .........., modern dance , (8) .......... dance and
(9) dance. Pupils are taken on regular vis its to
(10) : (11) .......... and other places of interest to support
their studies. The school has its own pract ical exams every
summer, which pupils do atthe school's (12) , and
pupils must also take the Royal Academy of (1 3) .
exams. Senior students study for (14) exams.
6. What grade do they have to get from the instructors to besuccessful?
7.What type of professional work might Redroofs students do?8.When and where do most Redroofs students do professional
auditions?
Before ou listenIIIRead the paragraph about daily li le at Redrools School andpredict what the missing words will be.
Li t ningiii~(l) Li sten to Natasha answering questions about herlile as a pupil at Redroolsand check your answers toexercise 5.
S eaking~ Do specialist schools like these exist in your country? Doyou think that they are a good idea?Which at the performingarts would you like to be good at?
r:::""" " Ii 5f 'I
Education
Topic a Bifinqual educationCount ries III Canada and Wales
Vocabulary III Educati onLinks a ze. zc. 3d. 4a. 7a
English evetylNhel'eCanada and Wales
Quebec - French by forceIn the 19605, the French spe akers o f the Quebec region ofCanada gai ned po litical pmvcr the re. Since then , they ha vepassed many laws des igned to protect the French language.In 1977, BilllOI made Fren ch the officia l language of Quebec,im posed French language tests for admission to m dn yprofessions and ru led that most busin esses with mo re tha nfifty employees must opera te in French. It also prohibited theuse of Eng lish on co mmercia l signs, altho ug h th is wasmod ified in 1993, when it was de cided tha t Eng lish cou ldap pear O il outdoor signs as lon g as the Fren ch wo rds weremore promi nen t. There is st ill, however; an o fficial ' lang uagepo lice', the Office Que beco is de la Lan gu e Froncal sc. whoconstantly check that these lan gu age laws are nol bro ken.
Mos t controversia lly, Bill 101 made it obliga tory for almostall students, particularly those moving to Quebec from outsidethe region, (0 attend French-on ly schoo ls until they rea chcollege age. In 2002, on the 25th ann iversa ry o f Bit I 101 , a newlilWeven dosed the e loophole that had allowed child ren whohad been prev ious ly educa ted at e an glophonc scho o ls, orthose in pr iva te educat ion, to cont in ue 10 attend Englishspeaking schools. Although all pupils a t o fran cop hon e schoo lsin Que bec have English lesso ns,they do not star t them until th efifth grade. Critics o f the sys te msay that this puts th em at aserious disad vantage if they want10 study or Iry to get a job outsideof Quebec when the y leave school.
~ -J__
DCJ~rEl(i)CiilfiJ[i rElCJ ~Dl!t3Canada
Tota l area l:I 10.000 .000 sq. kmTota l population l:I 32 million
Ethnic mix l:I 5910White(English-speaking)23'10White(French-speakinq)2'Z, Native American16" Other
Capital l:I OttawaPopul. of capital l:I 1mi llion
Government l:I A democracy with a prime minister.Canada was a Briti sh colony until1867. Canada is independe nt . butthe British monarch is still head ofstate.
Climate l:I South: moderateNorth : subarctic and arctic
loophole a an omission in a law that allows people to leqally tenerethe lawplaqu e a a fla t shape. lik e a plat etid e a the movement of t he sea as it qrows and recedes
OCJ~mlll(jj)eiiDmCJ(iDl!~
WalesTotal area a 21.000 sq. km
Total pcpuletlon a 2.9 millionEthnic mix a 761, White
(Enqfish-speaklnq )20 l White(Welsh' speakinq)4 '1: Other
Capital a Cardif fPopul. of capital a 320.000
Government a Part of the UK. but has its ownNational Assembly and FirstMinister
Climate a Mild. wet
o~Read the text on Welsh education.Are the followingstatements true or false?1.The Welsh langu age is still alive today.2. ln the 19th century, the Welsh language was promoted in
schools.3. Childrenwere giventhe "Welsh Not" if they forgot to speak
Welsh.4. About a quarter of Welsh pupilstoday have teachers who
teach in Welsh.5. All 17-year-olds in Wales have to study Welsh.6.Children at Engiish-speaking schools in Wales have to study
Welsh.
S~eaking
!il What differences are there in the two differentgovernments' attitude to bilingual education?
anqlophone a Enqlistt -speakinqbackward a not wen-eevercpeeto ca rve a t o cut in t o woodf ine a m oney that you mu st pay as a pena lt yfr ancopho ne a rrench -speekf nq
ReadingEJ Lookat the mapsand read the Information Files on CanadaandWales. Answer the questions.1. What percentageof the Canadian population speakFrench
astheir first language?2. ls Canada governed bythe British government?3. What is the coldest part of Canada?4.What percentageof the Welsh population speak Welsh as
their first language?5. What title doesthe leader of the Welsh National Assembly
have?
Welsh - a lesson in survivalWelsh, the native Celtic lan gu age of wales. is one of the oldest languages in Europe.In spite of a variety of pressu res ove r the cen tur ies, the lan guage has surv ived intothe present day.One of the worst time s fo r the w elsh lang uage was the 19th centu ry. Refo rmi ngVictorian ed ucators reported that the w elsh people were e beckwa rd, and thatwelsh-speaking chi ldren we re uneducated. English-only schools were es tab lishedill Wilk s, especially ncar the border with Eng lan d, and Eng lish teachers we respecially imported .Children speaking w elsh in schoo l received severe punishments. They were mad eto stand in a corner o f the classroom for hOU fS, to pay a nnes to the teacher or,most noto rio usly of all, fo rced to wea r the "\Velsh Not" Of ca rry the "\Vclsh Stick:a a pleq uc o r a st ick e carvcd with \Velsh ~ot or \V. i\'. This was passed to the nextchild wh o spoke t vclsh in the classroom. and the ch ild who had it a t the end ofthe lesson received a pun ishment.However, after th e Second \\'orld war the e tidc star ted to turn, and \ Vd sh-o nlvschoo ls began to be buill. These days, abo u t 250,0 of ch ild ren in \Vales go to \ Velsh~only schools. The 1967 and 1995 \ Velsh Language Acts in parl iament sta ted that\\'{'Ish mu st have equal sta tus wit h Engli sh in \ Vales, and the1988 Educati on Refo rm Act mad e \\'e1sh lan gu age anobligato ry subject for a ll ch ild ren aged 5 to 16, wh ether theygo to Eng lish-spea king o r \\'e1 sh-spea king schools.
rB e f o re y-o u read(J What are the two languages other than Englishthat you canseein the photos? What countries do Canada andWales sharea border with?
111 Read the text Quebec - French by force andanswer thequestions.1.Find five ways that Bill 101 affected day-to-day life in
Quebec.2. What modification to the Bill was made in 1993?3. What do the Office Quebecois de la Langue Francaise do?4. What modification to the Bill was made in 2002?5. 00 children at French-speaking schools in Quebec study
English?6. Why could children at French-speaking schools be at a
disadvantage?
SeeakingIi) Is there morethan one language in your country?Are there local dialects?If so, do peoplemakea special effort to preserve thoselanguages?How are they dealt with at school?Should we makeaneffort to stop minority languages dying out?
75
[) Matc~ the subjects below with the paragraphs (1-51 in theessayabove.
d d' d antages of a gap year. .a. The advantages and d
,sadVantages of going to university.
b. The advantages and d' ~:d~a ntages of getting a job.c. The advantages an I
d. Con clusion.e. Introduction.
d li the phrases used to~ Read thetext again ~nd t~nm:~~n~omparisons and tointroduce the paragrap sd disadvantages.introduce advantages an I _
. s stem in your country andwhatrn Think about the e~ucatlon Yew ears Write an essayyou are going to do '"ht~e nex:flncl~de s~me of the phrasessimilar to the one on t .os pag . .you identified in exercise 5.
. , . I · , ' 2· , . 3· , . 4 · "5· , . 6 · , . 7· , . 8· , '9- , '10- , '1' . , "l- , -l~ • " 4 , '15. , " 6' , ' Ci
Choices, choices...
1 I am a student at a sixth-form college in Cambridge. I've just finished my AS levelexams in Geography, Biology, Engli sh and French but I haven 't received the resultsyet . I st ill haven't finished my studies because I have to do my A level exams nextsum mer. I haven 't decide d yet what to do after A levels: go to university, get a j obor do a gap year and then go to university after that.
Gramm ar a Present perfect ssinqdifferent points of viewSkills a Writinq: wrltinq an essay expre
Education
2 On the one hand, I could go to university immediately after my A levels. I couldcont inue my studies and then find a well-paid job. The main advantage of a well paid job is that I could pay back my loan qUickly. However, I've heard that lot s ofst udents end up borrOwing even more money. One of th e disadvantages of going touniversity is that I couldn 't afford to leave home so I 'd end up having to stay athome for another three years with my parents .
3 On the other hand I could get a job straight after my A level s. There are two mainad vantages to this . The first is that I could earn my own salary and be ind ependentvery qUickl y. The second is that I could save up and buy a flat . I 've seen flats for£50,000 in the centre of town . However, there are also disad vantages t o getting ajob straight away. The main one is that I 'd miss my friends . Since my friend Matthewstarted work last month, I've only seen him about three times. He's stuck in anoffice from 9.00am until 6.00pm every day.
4 Then again, I could wait for a year before going to university and do a gap year.One big advantage is that it would be a good experience to see a different countryand its lifestyle. I 've never been abroad before and I could even learn anotherlanguage. I 've searched th e Internet recently and found a lot of good organisations.On th e other hand, if I do this I would need money to pay for th e trip. This wouldmean getting a part-time job while studying for A levels .
5 In conclusion, I think that I might wait and see what results I get in my examsnext summer and I think I'll probabiy go to university straight after school. I 'm notkeen to get a job straight away and miss out on my youth and I don't think a gapyear is a good opt ion because I'm not sure I could Work and study at th e same time.
GRAMMAR . . kl and find out what(] Readthe text Choices, cttoices... qUlch
y IJohn thinks he will do after he leaves sc 00.
. d i th text Which tense area Look at the verbs hi9h~!g~te s~nis :sed i~ each case?they? Can you say why t IS en
hand putthe verbs in the correcttense:~::e~~ ~~~:~:.a:::rsimple or present perfect.
I n Manchester. There 121 ..... (bel1111 studylstudy) at a schodo 'e (31 (just take) our GCSE25 students in my class an w I the"r~'sults yet They usuallyexams. We 141 .....(not re C el~~ gUst Last year 1161 ... .. (study)15)...... (arrive) some time In w 1'171 (have to) chooseeight subjects altogether anddnofor A l e ~~is . 118) ...... Istill notthree of those subjects to stu y ose for AS levels. 119) ... .decidel which four subjects ~ Ct~~ so I don't think I'll chose(never havel good results In a ) a great teacher last year forMaths. How ever, 1110)1....·. ( h)aAv~ since I was litt le, so 1(12) ... .
nd I (111 . .. enJOYit~r~~n'~,9h t study those subjects next year.
i 5qI
Language & CU'tu~
9=~::::"--------,
D What jobsdoyou think thatthepeople in thephotographs do? Whichof the people doyou thinkare: American? British? European? African?
D working life for nursesin the UKand the USA
D people who swap stressful jobsfor life in the country
D supermarket culture in the USA,and how some Europeansupermarkets employ Africanlabour
D crisis in the tourism industry inthe UK and USA
D the UK's relationship with therestof the EU
D the UK's popindustryD business letters in the UK and
the USA
Global l11arkets
El Which eightcountries formthe G8 group, whichconsists ofthe world'srichest industrial nations?
77
Global nJarkemroprc CI Workinq life in hospitals
Countries a UK and USAvocabulary a Employment/Hospi tals
Links a la. 6b. IOd
I Overworked and underpaidB rita in's Natio na l Health Service (th e NHS) is a fu nd ed by th e govern ment,and is the biggest em ployer in Europe, with 1.2 million employees. Butnu rsing recr u itme nt in the UK is at its worst level for 25 years, and 400/0 ofnew nurses com e from overseas, often from South East Asia. In 2001, theRoyal College of Nursing published the results of a survey of its members.These are some of the key results.• )\·'105 t nurses work both da y and night shirts.• th ree fifths of N HS nurses work an average 6.5 hours overtime per week.
One third do this for no extra pay.• 900/0 think that they are poorly paid.• A quarter have a second job to supplement their salary.• The biggest age group is 35-44. Onl y 1 in 8 nurses is under 30.• 31% would leave nursing if they could.
rBefore y-ou readD What job is depicted in the photos? Doyou know anyonewho doesthis job? How do they leeI about it?
Vocabulary-EJ Read the text on this page. Findwords that mean:1. someone who givessomeone a job.2. peoplewho do a job lor someone else.3. bringing new people into a prolession.4.blocks of time that you work.5. extra work outside of your normalhours.6. the moneythat you earn from your job.
Reading111 Findthe right statistics.1. How manypeople work for Britain's NHS?2. What percentage of new nursesare from outsidethe UK?3. What is the average length of nurses' overtime perweek?
4.What percentage of nurses think that they are well·paid?5. What percentageof nurses have another job?6. What age are 7/8 of nurses?
[) lID!]Lookat the newspaper article. Place the sentencesAD in the correct gap.
!iJ lID!]Complete the table aboutKatie Morgan's life .
18months ago Now
Address Torbay, England ..... .. ..............Job .. ..•.. .. .. .... ...... ...... .. .............Type of house ..................... ........ .............Carts) ..................... .....................Typical salary L ........... $.............
Any limit on her pay? ..... .....Holidays ..... weeks per year ..... weeks per year
_...::::~~ to cap.a to put an upper limit oncounci l house a house b Icouncil u It . owned. and rented out by the local
~ramp.ed CI with very little spaceo entice a to try to persuade
exodus a a mass mto fund a to pay fO~vement out of a place
qreen card a US ' .midwife immtqrencn permitrv e the study ofto rust a when met It preqnencv and childbirth
a urns brown and decays
The only disadvantage is tWO weeks' holiday a year,compared with seven in Britain. ,[] :said Morgan. 'I'm never going to go back, not in a million
years.'
Trade magazines such as the Nursi ng Times carry severalpages of advertisements aenticing nurses to leave the UK.Nurses going 10 work in the US - which also has a nursingshortage _ have their flights paid and receive a green cards
for their families. I!! ..Morgan , 26, earned £ 14,000 a year at Torbay Hospital' scardiology department, but instantly doubl ed her salary inthe United States. 'Once you are here for a while, it ispossible 10 increase your pay almost without limit - it's notacapped like in the UK: she said. 'B .But here you are seen as a professional and paid a
professional salary.'
Figures 10 be released next month from the UK CentralCouncil for Nursing and aMidwifery will show that 5,500
nurses emigrated last year.
Eighteen months ago, Katie Morgan was living in aa cramped former acouncil house in Torbay and travellingto work at the local hospital in a a rusting car that oftenrefused 10 start. NoW she lives in a large house - withswim ming pool _ in Phoenix. Arizona. and has two new
cars. a ····· ······ ···········
GuardianUnHmitedNurses desert NHSfor good life
rn But I couldn't afford to 050 I just sat at horne _ If > ~n)~\'hcre OI~ holiday,jere was n o point to it.
mI fed rca llv so rry for In ' f .They work so h,;rd ?In~nds back home.
nn e (on t get rewarded for it.
mShe is part f .u 0 a growlIlg a . Ideserting terrible Nil S . CXO( us of nursesil bet ter life 0 1 par and conditions fur
II verseas.
lEI They get st ti£
'0 000 ar mg salaries of up to 556 000 I"1' , • ' - a ITIOst
VocabularY.~:a~~h Ihe words wilh Iheir delinilions.2.admission : . a ~e",or, specialist doctor3. patient . ~eoO~~'tal department lor se riously ill
4.mtensive care c a '5. records . his~~rs showinq someone's medical
6. consultant d ry. a room lullof beds in a hospitale. ~~~p~~~e who is being looked after in
I. someone who has just entered hospital
Listening~CD.Listen to Jenny, a senior nu .~oWrkhong day in hospilal and ans~~~'I~alking a.boul her typical· at type 01 ward does sh k e questions.
2. H . he shi e wor on?3 HOW IS t e shift system organised? .· ow many beds do they have? .
4. Whaltlme do Ihe doctors s ' .5.What does she do inth ftee the patients on the ward?6 Wh . e a erncons? .· at IS the lasllhing she does befo;e going home?
Seeakinm ODes Ihe governmenl I •in Ihe UK, or do patients ~~~eol~health c~re in your counlry, asIh~ advanlages and disadva I pay, as on Ihe US? Whal arewith Ihe class . n ages 01 each syslem? Discuss
Global nJarketsTop ic a Escaping from a stressful li festyle
Count r ies a UK
Downshifting
vocabU.lary a Words connected wi th breadmakinqLmks a td. zb. ze. 6a
dmvnshift ing I 'd f ft I· . b. .b . don, I I IJ . II . a en doni ng a we ll-paidu t stressfu l lifest yle for a simpler, often rura l, W dY of life.
On the Isles of Scilly, theseas are eazure, apuffins
fly in for the SUll1I11C r , you canpicnic on rocks accompaniedonly by aseals, and you goabo ut not by bus but by boat.It's a long way from the trafficachoked streets ofLondon,andit's not difficult to see why Toby Tob in-Douganswapped one for the other. N ow when he's
working he looks out on a field of flowers ratherthan a road full of taxisToby and his wife Louiselive on one of the larger islands, St Mar tin 's, andru n a bakery of the same name, supplying breadto their own island and delivering by boat to theirneighbours on the other inhabited islands ofTresco, Bryher, St Agnes and St Mary's.
It sounds aidyllic,and in many ways it is.But it'salso hard work, although Toby and Louise arenow helped by a night baker who produces mo stof the basic breads overnight. They bake onMondays,Wednesdays and Fridays in the winter,
and every day includingSunday during the summe r.On baking days they have to beup at four in the morning tomake the doughThey shape alltheir loaves by hand, finishingthe baking by mid-morning,w hen they pr epare th edeliveri es and wo rk in the
shop, where the queues often stretch out of the
door.
----------_.-----~..._~.--
to bakeb ..b ..
f::::::::::::::::: ..
Readinf).I1l~Read the B~ead of Heaven text. Putthese events in thecorrect chroneloqical order.a.Toby and louise started offering courses in bakingb. Toby and louise made breadand sold it at a campsiteC. Toby andLouise married. .d.Toby and louise opened their own bakery.e.Toby first came to the Scilly Isles on holiday.
VocabularEl CodmPlete the tah,!e. look in the text Bread of Heaven for anywor s that you don t know.1.To make bread:2. A person who makes bread:3.A shopwhere bread is made andsold:4. Uncooked breadmixture:5.Separate pieces of bread :
rBefore y'ou read(JWh~t are the a.dva.ntages and disadvantages of having aYdervlhI9h?ly-pa,d [ob In a city? What doyou think would he anI ea loh.
BOOK OF THE WEEKEscape from the RatRace:Downshifting to a Richer Life
NicholasCorder(Right Way Plus)Ourprice: £7.19
ESCAPE
&\-=~~
Nicholas Corder has chosen an alternative to the rat racedownshifting.A lifestyle choicethat more and more people arebeginning to make, and one that is available to you too. Cordershowsthereaderhow to make that life-changing decision, andexplains how a simpler life is usually a happier one. -4-4
What isthepointofspending long, stressful hours working, ortravelling to work, if it makes you too tired to enjoy your
leisure time? Or earning high wages if you are too stressed to enjoythe.material benefits that your money can bring?
80
affinity II feelinq of belonqinq
___... azure II briqht blue
to choke II to be unable to brea the
deli II (= delicatessen) speciality food Shop
to be drawn to II to be attra cted by
tetccn II fast predator y bird
idyllic II ideal . heavenly
puffin II larqe miqratory sea bird
rat race II the stress of business. especially in the city
sear II larqe sea mamma l
trial and error II experimentation
50 w hat insp ired them to leave the e rat race and
move to one of the mildest clima tes and most
beautiful environments in Britain? Toby, 44, first
visited Sr M artin 's in th e early 1980s and w as
irresistibl y a draw n to the island. At the time h e
was living in Brighton but wo rking in London ,
runn ing a photographic lab oratory.
H e fina lly so ld the busin ess in 1992, packed hi s
bags and m oved to St M artin's. H e found
accommodation w ith a local fisherman and
worked o n boats an d in the St M artin 's Hotel.
Louise, 34, fro m Bristol , also fell in love w ith
tlie island during a holiday and found a j ob in
tlie same h otel.
They have been m arried for five yea rs and b oth
knew that they wanted to start their own
business. Breadmaking happened almo st by
chance - the learning process was very mu ch
a tr ial and error. "We taught o u rse lves to bake
in o ur own ki tch en,"Toby remembers."We sold
our loaves at the campsite nearby for campers
to buy - just 25 o r 30 a day." The business
expanded rapidly.T he bakery opened fo ur yea rs
ago an d this yea r it w ill b e ex tended into th e
old fire station next door.
The shop is b ecoming m ore like a e deli,
offering pi cnic food fo r h oli daym ak ers to take
to the bea ch .Toby an d Louise n ow grow their
ow n o rga n ic fruit an d vegetables and keep
ducks, ch ickens an d a pig .They have also started
running baking classes in the quieter months of
th e yea r.
The point of all th eir work, To by says, Isn 't
money. Tliey botli ea rn less th an th ey would
have if th ey 'd stayed in hotel work . T he
satisfaction co mes from providing a useful
service - and living in a place fo r w h ich th ey
have a real ' love and eaffiniry ' , Is there anything
they miss from th eir pre-Scill ies life? As th ei r
two dogs w ander happily around and a e falco n
flies overhead in tlie fresh w ind o ff th e sea, there
is a long silence.
f. Toby sold his photography business.
g. Toby started a photography business in London
h. Toby started working in the St Martin's Hotel. .
o~Choose the correct answer to the questions
t. What do you think the name of the bakery is? .
a. Toby and Louise's Bakery. .
b. The St Martin's Bakery.c. The Scillies Bakery.
2. How many islands does the bakery sell bread to?
a. One.b. Four.c.Five.
3. How many days a week do Toby and Louise work in August?
a O~.
b.Three.c. Seven.
4.What is going to happen next year?
a. The bakery is going to get bigger.
b. They are gorngto start giving classes in baking.
c. They are gorngto sell the bakery and buy a fire station
5. Why do they enJoy their work? .
a. Beca use it is very well-paid.
b. Beca use it's useful to the community
c. Because it's easy work. .
mRead the book review on page 80 and answer the uestio
1.What IS the book's title, author, publisher and price~ ns.
2.Which phrase from the Bread of Heaven article doas the
review also use to describe the competitive world of
busmess?
3. What play on words is there in the book's subtitle
(Downshlftmg to a Richer Life)? Read the dictionary defi nition
too.
4. Why does the book's author thinkthat trying to earn lots of
moneyIS a waste of time?
Sp.eaking
m What practical advice do you think that the book offers?
Writing .
~~it.e a paragraph about what your ideal way of life would
e. rite abo~t where you would live and what work ou
WhOUld do. Write about a realistic way of life - not som~thing
t at could only happen if you Won the lottery!
Global ....arketsTOpiCa Supermarkets as businesses
Coun trie s a USA. UK and KenyaVocabulary a Business
Links a ld. 3b. 10c. llj
The global supermarketS irKC the Second ' Vorld 'Var. the retail sector (supermarkets in particular) has becom e one of the biggest secto rs ininternational bu siness. But are the people who su pply this industry alwa ys treated fairly?
COMPANY PROFILE: WAl-MART
Sales 2002-3: $244.5 billion
Company history:
1962: Ilrst store opened InArkansas bybrothers Sam andBud Wallon
1910: becomes apublic company on theNew York stock exchange1911: makes lis IIrst acquisition [Mohr-Value Stores)1990: becomes thebiggest retailerIntheUSA1991: IIrst Inlernatlonal stare opens [Mexico ClIVI1991: becomes thebiggest employer InIheUSA1999: enters theUK. Becomes themost successlul retailer
and thebiggest emplonr Intheworld.Has given millions01 dollars tocharily since lis lormatlon.
Number 01 countries: 10
Business: low-price supermarketsCountry 01 origin: USA
The Wal-Mart aCheerShouted byemployees atlhestartofevery working day:
-GivemeaWIGive me an AIGive me an IIGlv.me aasouigglyiGive mean MIGlv.me an AIGive me an HIGive me aTIWhat's thatspell~wal·MartlWho's number one~The customerl Always!"
SOME ASPECTS OF WAl-MART CULTUREThe Sundown RuleWal-Man employees are expectedto lullil every request, whethermade by a customer or anotherstore.by sundown on the day theyreceive II.
The aTen Foot RuleII a Wal-Marl employee comeswithin 10 leel 01 acuslomer. theyshould look them In Ihe eye.greet Ihem and ask II they canhelp them.
re r y.o ea
DDoes most 01yourl amily'slood come Irom a supermarket.or Irom smaller shops? Which countries dothe lruit andvegelables that you eat comelrom?
Vocabulary.El Readthe company prolile 01 Wal-Mart and find words thatmean:t . a business that anyone can buy shares in.2.the 'place' whereyou can buy and sell shares in Ame rican
companies.3. when onebusiness buys another.4. a business that specialises in shops and selling things.
e 9ID Answer the questions.1.What type of shops areWal-Mart stores?2.Wherewas the first Wal-Mart storeoutside the USA?3. Whendid the company make acquisitions in Britain?4.Why is Wal-Mart a record-breaking company?5. How many people work for Wal-Mart?
O Why should a Wal-Mart employeenever do thesethings?1.Tell a customer that the productthat theywant won't be
ava ilable until Monday. -2. Pass a customer without speaking .3.Thinkthat their first loyalty is to the company.4.Try to make more profit by raising the price of a product.
motto III a phr thprcpcnent e suer at sums up your philosophyup porter
to quin.tuPle III to increase five timessporad iC III occasional
::~i?oq'i/~ (= squiqqle ) a small . curving lineo eet III about 3 metres
black market a an illeqa l 5 S
Beside Blossoming Fields, Where Poverty GrowsTHE NEW YORK TIMES
S upermarkets arc responsible for tlfruit and vegetab les in Britain. In th te sal~ of ar~ ull(l 7()O/o ofcosmet ically perfect produce B Of Ie search for cheap andimport everyday fruit and \~ ' n ~I l supermarkets ofteneasily be growl; at hom ' egleta
fes that could just as
5 Ie. app es rom the USA f
out 1 Africa and beans fro K ' . . carrots romm en)a are Just <1 few exa mples.
___.... regu latio ns y tern of buyin g and seiling. witho ut
capricious III unpred ictablecheer a shout of encouragementfancy a spec ialised . ref inedhovel a very poor and dirty homelinge ring a rema ining
As the flower and vegetable farmshave expanded, .. , the population
NAIVASHA, Kenya - The shores ofthe broad lake that spreads across
Africa's Rift Valley . ..
In the past 20 years , the lakeshoreshave exchanged any alingeringmemories of the past for a boomingindustry in the cultivation and sale ofout-of-season vegetables like snowpeas and trimmed beans, and cutflowers like roses and carnations virtually all of them exported todistant. markets in Europe.Paradoxically, the huge expansion of.. fancy food for export has come in aland that, because of .. sporadicdrought and not-so-sporadiceconomic mismanagement, cannotgrow enough of its own staple. com.
living within three miles of the lakeshore has ..quintupled from 50,000 to250,000. Most of the newcomers arewomen who have been drawn by cashwages from traditional agriculture in
villages elsewhere.
A bouquet of spray carnationsgrown here costs around $3.20 in aBritish supermarket, while even thebest-paid of manual workers earns adaily rate of $2.10, working a 46-hourweek. While some workers live incompounds provided by employers,others live in ahovels. And while bigcompanies pay twice the governmentapproved minimum wage . othergrowerspay theofficial minimum justover a dollar a day to cover housing,food and barebones survival.
So, are Africa's flower workers,indeed, trapped in a cycle of povertyfrom which history offers no prospect
of relief?
aProponents of globalization saythe answer is no. . . . "Done properly,co rporations create a betterenvironment for the future andfor thelives of the people than does a sort of..black market . . . that doesn't havecontrols," said Mr. Jones, the British
executive.
But the counterargument is that noland can devel op itself by supplyingthe acapricious demands of distantforeigners while its own people aresimply too poor to provide thedemand for goods needed to develop
their own economy.
VocabulaIIIMatch these words conne t d .meanings. c e with foodcultivation to their
1.to blossom a enclosed2 compound b' t accommodation for workers. . a cut
3. drought c. basic food~ . s~o~ peas d. to produce flowe rs
6. sap.e e.lack of water. to tnm f. vhery small vegetables that are eaten in
t err shells
ReadingIi!~Readthe introdu ction to th .article itself. Are the followin t ~ newspaper article and the1.Most fruit and vegetables ingB
s.: ements true or false?
supermarkets. " am are bought from
2. Brit ish supermarkets I ' .can't be grow n in B r i t~r/ Import fr uit and vegetables that
3. Fruit and vegetables are a I .Britain. n y Imported from countries near to
4. It is difficult for Kenya t5. The European farms h~~e°a~roWtcorn in their country.6. A typica l worke r on the E r rae ef many Kenyan workers.
village. u opean arms IS a man from a poor
7, Farm wo rkers earn between $1 and 52 108.Some people criti cise this way of SUPp'IYI'n
aday.g supermarkets.
S/?eakingEiI Most supermarkets wa It II fprices. Talk about the adv:nt:::s ao~~at tdhe lowest possibleThink about these factors: n rsa vantages of this .
>buvinq from local/foreign producers>buvinq from small/l arge producers . ->~~ nspo rti n g produce long d i stanc~ s .
ylng organoc/non-organic/genetically-modif ied produce.
When the tourists stayed away
1 6 d1Global ....arkets
r cptc a Crisis in the tourism industryCountries a UK and USA
Vocabu lary Q Tourist attractionsli nks a se . 7e. lIa
by Larry (a"e1mul
aSt r ick e n citie s w a nt tou r ismas national economic priority
ATLANTA - j\1 a yo rs and tourism o fficials,e shakert by the loss of more than 500,000 travel
and tourtsm jobs since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, aremeeting here today to seck federal help.
It's not just New York and other big cities that haven't e b o u n ce dback. The drop in international tourism has cost US cities more than
$12.5 billion, according to the US Conference of Mayors.Tourism-related jobs in Nashville, for example, have dropped 14% since
the attacks. Chicago lost 36,000 such jobs, Los Angeles 33,600 and Atlanta; ' . _ 28,600.. :} .~ ;:" Alarmed by these numbers and seeing no immediate rcltef the mayors';:-~. ~" of 17 cities are holding a summit to draw attention to the importance~;.:..""'~~ :I, of tourism to the nation's economic health.e .... -e- ~~... ,I \ As in ntallY other cities, Atlanta's economic well-being is tied to
'1M '1 ' "l:, ~., IIl ~ r ,..:~ \ .;" _, - ~ ~ " "I r tourism. "It's people's jobs," Mayor Shirley Franklin says. "If hotel
r- ..\ ·t ::t!~'...,\ ~" , I g~ccupancy is low, they don't havc jobs for people. For cities likc:_"i ,f."~~,:= 'J,'. 1 Atlanta, Las Vegas, Honolulu, San Francisco and New Orleans,c-~~\..;:.;"..:..~1'; ~ It' ~ the economic Impact is tremendous:'
":' ~!"" _.:'" "<~J..' :It~~~ .:.:. _ i Tourism officials say the USA has fallen to third place'i " I ~.' -, r. .., . t ti I I . I . . I I' I
• < '-~-t "" - .;-- ..,: ,~ , t ... - , • as an In crna IOna OUrist destmatton, ,l C 1111(...... ..,. ,. ~ '.... ~'" ' " j F IS' II r II ; t_, , .t.":'!,' .. ~ c - > • ~ -r 'an ce arn pain. erore te terrorts
~-: ~ _j', ',s. "\~~,,, ..', \.> . '10..... attacks, it carne second only to France.
~ • "' \0 .. \. " ~..'~'"
J~ -... "· ,f .. l :':. . .:.~ '" ' d O;'
a:l·' A"" ~- ' ;... -.,.: '~....,;" ... .-~.J" 4: 'j i. I ! _." l ..
• 1 ". -: :
~~ VISTA TRAVEL ~~
84
Client informationName:Address';'" ..- - - - - _
.~;t~~}(~:t.~,~·:~~:·-_····· _··· - : :..: ~ ~: : ~ : :::-: ~: ~~: ::: ::.~ : :.~: ~~
Destination.~g_lJn t ry:
.~~~~~.t.~i~.~~~~r1~n·:· --.................... - - - - -
Number of peopleAdults :,~h,~·!.dren:··
Length of staypepart on;.~~~,u.i.~·...on·;..·
Type of accommodations * Hotell4* Hotel/ 3* Hoteli U Hotell l ' · HotellBed and Breakfast/Self -cater ing house!Self-cater ing apart ment/Campsite
Special reqUirements
Occupancy a rever of OCC upation
off -peak Q least I'shaken a shoc k e~oPu ar t ime of year to r tourists
stricken a desp erate
blow a unexpect ed Unluck y event
- __.. to bounce back a recover quiCkly
foot -and -mouth a . .hiqh season a mos;;:p~~:~ctous d, isease of tar m anim als
.me 0 ye ar f or t ourists
......00 To: ,!J. l llttp :// www w arwickshire.or9.uk
S'"
Double .b lo wto UK's touristindustry
The British Tour ist Author ity has
predicted that the combined effect of
the af oo t -and -m ou t h epidemic and the
terror ist attacks in the US will cost the
UK tourism industry £2 .5 billion in lost
bus iness th is year .
Stratford-upon -Avon is one of the
tourist destinations that has been hit
hard by overseas tourists stayinq away from the UK . Althouqh t he county was free
of foot -and-mouth . some tourist attractions such as Shakespeare 's b irthplace were
closed as a precautionary measure. Many accommodation book inqs ha ve been
cancelled . particularly after the Ryder Cup Golf Tournament. due to be held
elsewhere in Warwickshire. was postponed until next year .
Accord inq to Warwickshire 's tourist authority . four out of f ive vis itors to Stra tford
come from the UK . but overseas vis itors spend much more money t here . The larqest
num ber of overseas v istors to Stratford come from the USA. and spend an averaqe o f
£25 million per yea r . Most im po r t an t l y. Americans are prepared to come at ao ff -peak
times as well as ah iqh season .
r
I
Before y'o u ead
D Can you identify an f th I .their names in the tw:t~xts~ p aces In the photos?Ifnot, find
Reading
EJ Readbothtexts quickly and find out.
I. what cns.s badlyallect d th US . .2. what two crises allecte~ theeUK
t tounst industf"( in 2001 .
year. ounst Industry In the same
3. howmuch money eachevents. countrylost as a result of these
ID Answerthe quest' b1. Which American c'i~i~~ :u~~~~he American news anicle.
September 11th 200t? d a large dropIn tourism alter
2. How many citymayors met inAtlanta?
: .~~athwas the reason fortheir confer~nce?. tc country IS the most po I .'world? pu ar tounst destination inthe
5. Before September l lth whe .touristdestinations? ' re was the USA In the listotrop
oRead the British news anicle and findout.
I. the mostfam ous touristattractionin Strati '
~: ~:a::'.o,;:: ~i~h~sc~~~nt l~~ took place inth~;~~gion.is situated. ty ngland where Stratlord-upon-Avon
4. what percentage ofth "5.how much money Ame~i~eag~~n s tourists comefrom the UK.
ounsts spend there each year.
S~eak'ng
IIIIIyou had bookeda holida bholiday ifthere Were terrorisya road, wo~ld you cancel the
you be worriedabout visiting'r~~a~~As or dh,sease there? Wouldor t e UK today?
L 'sfe . 9
iii~(J) Listen to someone book' holithe form on page 84with their det;~~. a olldayand complete
'fi g
a Imagine you are b k' .Complele the form fo~~":r~:I~ollday in the UK or the USA.
85
r6e II
Global ....arkets
Topic CI The UK's relationship with the EUCount ries a UK
v ocabulary a Metric and imperial measurementsLinks a 2a. 4a. 10,
UK + EU --•
OK?Measuring upto Europe
Despite bei ng a me m be r of the Eu ropea n Un ion since
1973, other co u nt ries a re often puzzled by the UK's
ap parent relu ctan ce to integ rate with the rest of Europe.
Many British people feared that the open ing of the Chan nel Tu n nel in 1994
would mean an end to Brita in's unique island sta tus, bu t it see ms as if Britain 's
repu ta tio n for 'splend id isolat ion ' has never been stro nger. Britons still talk
about going 'to Europe' o r ' to the co nt ine nt' when they cross the Cha n nel, and
foreign v isito rs to a British pub to day arc st ill served beer in pints, end still
have to pay for those pint s in pounds ste rl ing.
The metric system ha s been tau ght in British schools since 1974 and todev's
teenagers usc it without thinking, b ut most
Britons over 40 still a cling on to imperia l
me asurem ents. Since 2000, all food retailers
have been obli ged by law to price and weigh
their food in met ric measurem ents, but they are
also allowed to show the imperial eq u iva len ts.
This double-labelling, which will have to end
in 20 10, has led to a n umber of com promises.
Milk and butter arc still produced in th eir
standa rd, recogni sed I- pint ca rto ns o r
8-o unce packages, but pro ud ly displ ay th e
odd metric eq u iva lents, an d mar ket traders
often ad vertise the imperial prices of the ir
fru it and vegetab les much more clearl y th an
the metri c pric es.
Fee lings ru n high on thi s issu e, with many
people resenting the ' in te rference' o f
Brussels in the traditional British way of life.
to clinq on a to hOld somethinq t iqhtly and ref use to let qo---01 f uss a troub le. complai nt
martyr a someone who dies for what they be lie ve inspokesm an a representative
In 2002, five 'metric a rnartyrs. all market traders. were taken to cou rt for not
displaying met ric prices on their goods. The ir e spokcsman. i\eil Herron, said
that their defea t meant "the death of democracy", but the five received hu ge
support from the pu blic, wh o raised £250,000 to help pay their lega l costs.
Britain hils also constantly delayed adopting the curo. wh ich ot her major
European cou nt ries suc h as Germa ny, France an d Italy accepted as their
cu rrency without e fuss in 2002. The British governmen t has prom ised to ho ld a
referend um on the subject and let the British people deride if the y want the
new currency or no t. but with an estimated 650f0 of voters currently oppose d to
joini ng the euro. it is very un cert ain when this will take place.
CONVERSION TABLE
fFpl\1\ n-lf l\1\i\Rt<f ftt pf
SOR&i\l'-l\c.. l\1\\lt<
1 ~ l\3S c..\-lffSf
6 0 1. OlNfS3 'lOS CLlR{f\,N 1\J\f\{f-Rif\l'! f{ Ri66()N LI-~ iN- "",of-)
Lenuth1 inch (in)
1 foot (ft)
1 yard (vd)
WeightI ounce (oz)
1 pound (]b)
LiquidI pint (pO
2.5-1 cen timet res
0.3 1 metre
0.9 1 metre
28.35 grams
0.-15 kilos
0.57 litres
... - .
Before y-o u readDWhat currency does your countryuse? How long haveyouhad it?
Before ou listenrJUsea calculator andthe conversion table to converttheshopping list above into metric measurements.
Sl!.eakingm Why doyouthink that Britain feels such a strongsenseofindependence fromthe rest of Europe?What is thestereotypical image of a British person? Do youthink thatnational stereotypes have any truth in them?
2. ADBDCDDO
3. ADBDCODO
4. ADBDCDDO
Lis e "ngIII~Cl> Li sten to the conversations andtick the correctpicture eachtime.
1. ADBDCDDO
Britain is/isn't a member of the EU,but a lot of British peoplefeel that their country is quite separate from/similar to the restof Europe.The metric system of currency/measurementhasbeen used in Britain since the 1970s, but many Britons,especially older/younger people, prefer to usethe old imperialsystem.Food sold in Britain is usua lly priced using both typesof measurement, but it is legal/illegalto price products usingimperialmeasurements only. Britain usesthe euro/poundsterlingasits currency, like/unlike all of the other countries inthe EU. A datefor a referendum in the UKonthe euro hasalready/hasn't yetbeen fixed.
Major European countries adoptthe euro
Pricingof food in imperialmeasurements mustend
UKjoins the EU
Metric system introduced in British schools
Obligatory pricing of food in metric measurements
Vear Event
Channel Tunnel opened
ReadingB Complete the table with the correct datesfromthe text.
SI~Choose the correct alternativesto complete thissummary of the text.
Soundtrack
The music business
Global tnarkets
TOpic a The UK pop indust ry
COunt ries Q UK Vocabulary a Words Connected to the pop industry
link s a 7d
C t cd by the
Po p grou ps m.m urec ur . '
music ind ustry hav e cX ist{'~J ~lI1re th~
da ys of the J\ lotown 'facto ry 111 1 96~s
" I lit few group s can haveAmeri ca, )
"
a ppea red (and (~~Sdpp('(~ r('(~ ) quite ,1S
rapi d ly as the UK s Hear Say.
I 2000 th e UK's TV audie nce we re
n , . 11'lrseg rippcd by th e first sen es 0 ~I'S a. '
wh ere 3,000 ho pefu l yo~ ng smgcrs
m pcted for the opportunity tobe part
(0p tha t would gua rantee
of d pop grou _ , .
I C , nd fo rtu ne Publ ic int e restt tern lame a II "
. the five winners, Danny, Noel,
111' S 50
Mvlcenc. Kvrn a nd Suzanne, \\ <1
ili"h th at tI{cy were h idden a t a S('cr~ l
lo~a t ion unt il the y had reco rded thu r
first songs. \Vhen they came out of
seclus io n in February 2000, II,l:)' ,had a
~ lC\\' image and a new name. Ihel~ ~rst
single PureandSimple, sold over I million
copie~ and went s~ rai~h t to fll.l mbc.r I
in the char ts - making It the bcst~scl hng
d eb ut sin gle o f a ll tim e. Their first
album, I'opslars, a lso went to n u mber
one and they had anothe r fou r top-ten
singles.
Hear'Sav were deliberat ely 'so ld' to the
u ndc r-14s mar ket. As well as the usu al
gJ~Read the magazine erticte. Match these topics to the
paragraphs,
a, The marketing of Hear'Say,
b.Some young people's desire for fame,
c. The group'sdownfall.
d, The long history of manufacturedpop groups,
e. Hear'Say's formation andearly Success,
Vocabulary-
oFindwords in the text that mean:
1, to put a song onto a disc or tape,
2,onesong releasedfor sale,
3,the weekly list of best-selling discs,
4, an artist's first performance,
Reading
E) Read the text TheUK music industryand answer the
questions.
1. What age group are mostof the singerson the 'richest pop
stars' list?
2, What percentageof the world'smusic revenue comesfrom
the UK?
3, How much moneydoesthe UK's music industrymakeeach
year?
oblivion a obscurity. not hinqnessto spli t a to separateyoungster a young perso n
to dete r D to pees dt c cr! ua e not t o do something...__.... 0 gnp a to ho ld ve ry ti ghtly
to launch a to st art
books. calendars and posters, 10,000Hear'Sav do lls were produced an d arange of clothing was planned.
In the summer of 2001, however.rumours started appearing in thenewspapers of divisions within thegroup, and thei r second album,blfrrbolh', only reached nu mber 2-1. InJ an~lar); 2002. Kym len the grou p(hew ing earned over £1 million in lessthan il yea r). \Videl y-publicisedaud itions were he ld to choose d
replacement for her, bu t in October 2002the gro up fina lly a split. comp lainingthat 'fans' were booing them at thei rconcerts and sho ut ing abuse at them in
the streets.
•
10% of all world music sales aregenerated by the UK, whose huge popmusic industry brings in £4.5 billioneach year and accounts for 4% ofallUK exports.These are thefive richestpop stars currently living in Britain.
So wh at became of 1k ilr'S.W? Kvmmarried a soap star and is stillsinging,~nd~ lvlccne has olaunched a new career incl~ss i(ill music, but the other members ofthe group have faded into aoblivion.Therehave even been n UTIOurs that they areworking in ordinary low-paid jobs again.
But despite the obvious fact that therecord and TV companies mad e the mostmoney from the Hear'Say experience, thisdidn 't a dctcr thousand s more youngpeople queuing up for places on thesecond series of P0l'slars, or its imitatorsPol' Idol and faille ACtllil'lIIY. It wou ldappear tha t for man y oyoungsters, d tasteof fame is more impo rtant than ar tisticrecognition or financial ser uri ty.
5. a collection of songs released for sale6.when an artist has to perfo .7. people who follow and su ppr~~~ thartthe/she can be judged.8. to make an a . . n a 1St.
performancengry norse showinq that you don't like an artist's
Reading~a~~~wer the questions about Hear'Say. How much/How
~. peoPlle auditioned for the first series of Popsrars?. peop e were there in Hear'Sav? .
3. albums did Hear'Sav release ?4. copies did their first single sell?5. Singles did they make that rea ~hed the top ten?
6. Hear'Say dolls went on sale?~. money did Kym ~arn f rom H~ar'S a y?. months did Hear Say exist as a group?
~R§.~g ,.o Doyou have bands like Hear'Sa d .on your country?What do youthi kY~nh programmesIrke Popstarsmembersof manufactured po on 0 t em? Doyouthink that the
p groups are bemg exploited?
it"og~Write a prolile 01 your 1 0 •
out statistics about how maav:unte s l;ger or band. Try to findpossible, how much they e V reeor s they sell and, ilarn.
8 9
/6;lGlobal lTIarkets
Gram mar a Number s. stat istics . percent agesSkills CI Writinq a business letter
Language & Culture
P-- il'?_Store Manager
10.27 .05
Sport s Window US2751 Beach Bou levard
San Antoni oCalifornia
USA115002
Sports Window UK29 High StreetHigher Hep burnHen s.HHI 2HO
Stoc k and sales levels
Dear Sir.r am writing in re I tomformation you / y. your letter dated October 19th H .~ T ksut equlre: . ere IS the
rae SUits; 3120 sold hireturns. ' . w ich represent 82.5 % of the lot I
Total sa les: $78.000 a stock. No
Most popul ar color: black... Tramers'l 0500 .Total sales~ ·$262.5db
alfssold. This was 100 % of the tota l stock
... Baske tball tops: 1.797 sold . .total stock. . ThISwas the equi valent of 35 91: f
Returns: 63 0 a the
Total sales: $44 .925... Sports bags: 325 sold. This .
stock. No retu rns. . was the equIvalent of 65 % of th t ITotal sales: $3.900 c etaWe look a total of 7500 d .chec k . ' or ers onli ne /21Ie I you r onhne orders yet? I think it Were canceled. Did yo u
ve s overa ll We c: I may be better I .through the st'ock sh~::<;rrange to mee t with yo u later inOt~~v;=~ M~ckI trust this informal' : . J an go
Ion IS ielpful for you in the meallli mc.
Sin cerely.
.J )::> FO$te~
Store Man ager
Sports Window UK29 High Street
Higher HepburnHerts.
HH1 2HO
19 .10.2005
Business letters
Dea r Sir/Madam. . .We have been looki ng at stoc k and sales. levels for the previous yea r.Have you completed your checks yet? It so. can you compare your
output with ours?Our levels were as follows:... Tracksuits: t ,570 so ld but this was only 65% of the total stoc k.
Total sales: £47,000Most popular colour: blue . . ' . .... Trainers: 4,750 pairs sold. This was 95% a t the total stoc k. No
returns.Total sales: £190,000 h... Foot ball tops: 3,251 sold. This was the equivalent of 7 1.5% of t e
total stock.Total sales: £97.530 . I... Spo rts bags: 91 sold . This was the equivalen t of 51.5% of the tota
stock.Total sales: £ I ,820We took a tota l of 3,42 1 phone orders, only 65 were cancelled. .Are your figures similar? Do you think cut backs should be made ill
next year's stock levels? .I look forward to receiving your reply ill the near future. Perh aps wecan meet some time in the autum n?Yours faithfully.
Stock and sales levels
The ManagerSports Window US275 t Beach BoulevardSan AntonioCalifomiaUSA115002
rGRAMMA RDLook at the letters quickly. Which one was written by amanager in the UK and which one was w ritten by a managerin the US?
El Match the following words with numbers in the letters.1. seventy one point five per cent2. one hundred and ninety thousand pounds3. two hundred and sixty -tw o thousand five hundred dollars4. ninety seven thousand five hundred and thirty pounds5. forty four thousand nine hundred and twe nty- f ive dollars6. eighty two point f ive per cent7. one thousand eight hundred and twenty pounds8. three thousand nine hundred dollars
SKILLSI!lRead each letter again and identify the following:1. the sender's address.2. the reci pient's address.3. the date.4. th e subject line.5. the opening salutat ion.6. th e closing salutation.
D Read the Jetters and find:1. two examples of spelling diff erences in US and British
English.2. one difference in a voca bulary item in US and Brit ish English.3. one difference in the use of a tense in US and Brit ish English.
0 1magine that you are the manager of a Sports Window shopin your country. Write a letter to either the UK or the USmanager telling him your sales figures.
1. Tracksuits: five thousand six hundred and seventy -two sold.Sixty-two point fiv e per cent of total stock.
2. Most popular colo ur: black.3. Trainers: six tho usand one hundred and fifty-two pairs sold.
Ninety -five per cent of tota l stock.4. Football tops: seven thousand nine hundred and ninety -nine
sold. Ninety -nine point five per cent of total stock.5. Sports bags: one thousand and thirty- three sold. Fifty -seven
per cent of total stock .
Try to arrange a meeting in November to discuss the figu res.Remember to use the letter-writing conventions that youidentified in exercise 3. ..
What differences can you fi nd between these aspects of theletters?
90
Sport and leisure
iJ How are the people in the photographs spendingtheirleisure time?
El l ook at the typical school holiday dates forEngland and the USA. How do they compare withyour own school holidays? In which country doschoolchildren have the most holidays?
91
Sport and leisureTopic a The Commonwe alt h Games
Coun tries a Britain and its ex-coloniesvoc abulary g Names of countries /Sports
Links a If . 3b . 3f. 5f .1 f
II The Friendly GamesWhat are theCommonlNealth Games?
T he Com mo nweal th is it voluntary orga n isat ion of 54 independen tcountries who all share a common history as part of Britain's imperialpast. The countries are as diverse as Canada, New Zealand, Pak istan,Barb ados, Sri Lanka and Zambia, and Queen Elizabe th is head of theorganisation. Today the Commo nwealth works to ad van ce de mocracyhuman right s and social and eco no m ic development, and orga nisesspecial programmes to hel p promote trade, science , health, youngpeople and many othe r specific issues in its member cou ntries.
T he Olympic- style Commonwealth Games are held every fo ur yearsin a different member country. Known as the Empire Games unt il 1950,the first eve nt was held in Ham ilton , Canada in 1930. There we re onlyele ve n participating coun tries, and th e sports includ ed ath letics,bo xing, bowls, rowing. sw imming and wrest ling.
E ng land has only ghosted th e Games twice: in London in 1934 andin Manchester in 2002. They have only been held twice ou tside ofCanada, Brita in or gAustralasia - in Jamaica in 1966 an d in Malaysiain 1998. The num ber of countr ies participating in the Games has slowlyg rown to ove r 70, an d tho usands of at hletes now par ticipate. withoutcompetition from the USA and the major Euro pean count ries,Aus t ra lia, Canada and th e British countries (whic h com pe tesepa ra tely) usually win the most medals .
As ha pp en s for the Olympics, g host cou nt ries usua lly build specialnew facilities for the GarnesManches te r spent 20 years pre pa ring forthe 2002 Games and bu ilt a new 48,000-seat stadi um which cost ove r£ 100 million. Luckily, the Games attracted around I million visitorsto the city and were a finan cial success.
T he Commonwea lth Games have their own version of the Olympictorch cerem o ny. On Com mo nwealth Day (Ivlay I I th) in a Games year,the Queen hands a e b aton con taining a message to an athlete. Thisis th en passed in relay sty le to ot her at hletes. They run throughd ifferen t Com monwea lth coun tries until they reach the host na tion.The ba ton is opened an d the Queen's message is rea d out at th eo pening ceremo ny of th e Ga rnes.
Before y'o u r e a dDCan you namethe sports or the people in the pictures? Atwhat international event can you regularly see these sports?Do you know of any other big international athletics events?
Read;n ,el l]RJRead the text The Friendly Games. Are these sentencestrue or false?1.The British monarch is head olthe Commonwealth.2.The Commonwealth Games take place every year.3.The first Games were in 1950.4.The Games are always held in Ca nada,Britain, Australia or
New Zealand.5.England, Scot land, Wales and Northern Ireland compete as
four separate countries in the Games. ...6.48,000 people cameto the Games in Manchester.7. Commonwealth Day is in May.8. Lots of different runners carry the Queen's message to the
Games' host country.
Australas ia a Australia. New Zealand and their neiqhbourinq islandsin t he Pacific
....--'.........- .. baton a a cylindrical stickhost a someone who accommodates other peoplet o host a to accommodate
lap a a circ uit of a sports track or fieldto run away with a to easily wi nspr inter a an athlete w ho runs short distances very quicklyst ir a controversy
Commonvvealth heroes
Alan Wells has won th reeCommonwealth medals. but that'snot what he's most tarnous lor. In astrange incident in the Brisbane 200mlinal he was jointly awarded the goldmedal with Engli shman M,keMcFariane when computers registeredtheir times as identical - 20.43seconds. Wells also won gold at the100m in the MoscowOlympics. makinghim one of the most successfulScottish athletes ever.
lennox leWisCanada
11986 Games inEdinburgh}
Back in 19B6heavyweight b ' an unknown
oxer fight'the Canadian fla 'ng under
g lOran away w'th tgold medal at the Edinbur I heTwo years later he I gh Games.the SeOUl 0 1 a so took gold atprof ' Ympics . Now a
esstona! and fight' f '.where he was born '~g or Bntaln,boxer to win b ' LewIs was the firstt it les since MikoethTwor ld heavyweight
yson.y
Alan WellSScolland
11918 Games inEdmonton,1982 Games inBrisbanel
catllV free~anAustralIa
11994Games InIII&torlal
Freeman became theIn 1994 Cathy . ter to win a goldfirst aboriginal IOsp" n wealth Games
. the Commonmedal rn . commonwealthandthe first athletesl~n both the 200mhistory to Wingold She caused a IOstirand 40010 eventS. by carrying theafter the races. too. well as the
aboriginal flag :~ap 01 victory. SheAustralian flag ,n a . I the Ye",a..r_i",n _
oted Australian 0 -was v nd in 2000 she was
~h90~~~ to light the Olympic
fl ame in Sydney.
Vocabula!!)Make a list 01 all the Commonwealth membercountries that are mentioned in The FriendlyGames text.
oFind the namesof these sports in the text.
ReadinQIIIRead about the three Commonwealth heroes. Match the columns to maketrue sentences.
1. Cathy Freeman is a British boxer who won two gold medals at the 1982 Games in Victoria .
2. AlanWells is a Scottish runner who won a gold medalfor Canada at the 1986 Games in Edinburgh.
3.Lennox Lewis is an Australian runner who won a joint gold medal at the 1994 Games' in Brisbane.
Writing0 Write a paragraph about one of your sporting heroes. Mention their achievements at international events.
Vocabulary III Sports equipment
links III 71TOpic III Extrem e Sports
Countries III Austral ia
Sport and leisure1::.. - 1/ 7b ,
Extreme sports
StopSecurityPr intlmag!?sMy
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S.archHom.•
Forward R. load
~ Ihttp:// www.x-ox.com
•
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Go To:
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o
What do thev do~ Jump off tall structures
(BASE= buildings, antennae, span (bridges),
earth) and land with a para chute. To begin
base jumping you have to alrea dy be a
e cornpetent skydiver, w ith experience of 150
parachute jumps . Base jump ing has a
controversial reputation . Jumpers have a
95% chance of ending up in hospital at some
point in thei r career. The sport is even illegal
in some countries, including the USA.
Where do thev do It~ Anywhere (often
illega lly)! Frenchman's Cap in Tasmania (a
340m high cliff) is a popular spot.
Danger rating: 5/5
WhatdotheVdo~ Lie ontheir backs on large
skateboards only 4cms from ground, travelling
on the road at speeds of nearly 130kph. The
boards are specially built to fit each rider, who
must wear a leather suit and a full motorbike
helmet. Riders use their feetasebrakes.Roads
are closed for competitions, but not for
practice sessions, so a car always follows
each luger in case of accide nts.
Wheredo they do it~ Melbourne has lots of
clubs that practise most Saturdays. See our
message board for details .
Dangerratino: 4/5
What do they do~ Surf on a surfboard
attached to a power kite that can take them
into the air. Kitesurfers have to learn to
control both the surfboard and the kite at the
sametime, andperformtricks andturnswhite
in the air.Wheredothevdoi1~ TheWhitsunday Islands.
74tropical islands betweenthe mainland and
the GreatBarrier Reef, are ideal for beginner
kitesurfers thanksto thewarm,flat water that
surrounds them. The islands have become
such a popular destination that Whitehaven
Beach there is now known as Kitehaven
Beach!Danger rating: 3/5
WhatdotheVdo~ Performastunts onspecial
light. powerful, oft-road bikes. Using ramps.
riders can jump over obstac les up to 35m.
r While in th e air they perform special moves
such asthe"whip" (turning the bike sideways
in the air),the "superman" (kickingtheir legs
out behindthem andflyingparallel tothe bike)
and the "c liff hanger" (fixing their feet under
the a handlebars and releasing their hands].
WheredotheVdo~There will beawhole day
of motocross at the Planet X Summer Games
in Sydney this November - the ethrill-seakers'
Olympics!DangerraDng: 4/5
brake D devIce for reducinq speed
to check out D to look at, investiqate
competent a able to do sOmethlnq wellhandle bar a the part of a bike that you hold with your hands
stunt II danqerous trick
thrill II excitement
013
•
....
Before ou read
D Whal are Ihe people doing in each piClure? Which sport
do you Ihink is Ihe mosldangerous? Why would people wanl10 do Ihese sports?
Vocabula
El MalchIhe words forSports equipment 10the pictures (a-f).1.helmel2. kite3. parachule4. ramp5. skaleboard6.surfboard
[]~Accord i n g 10 Ihe websile, which of Ihe fourSports:1. is Ihe most dangerous?
2. can be praclised on cityslreels?
3. can you see inSydney Ihis summer?
4. needs you 10 contrn]two pieces ofequipment logelher?
5.needs you 10 have experienceof parachuling?
6.has a specialmove calledIhe "superman"?
7. needs special equipmenl designedforeach person?
8. is praclised aroundIropical islands?
BefOre ou listen
Ii) How doyouIhinkthat someoneIrying base jumping forIhefirst tims wouldfeel?
Listening
liI(j) lislen10 Paula describingher first experience ofbase
jumping. TIck Ihe Ihings from Ihe Iisllhal she menlions.
a. The localionofIhe place where she jumped. 0
b. The exact amount ofparachuting she had done before. 0
c. The exact amounl of parachuling her friends had donebefore.
0
d. How long it took Ihem 10 climb 10 Ihe lop ofIhe ridge. 0
e. WhyIheychose that particular jump for her. 0
f. Adifference between skydiving and base jumping. 0
g. Whalinjuryher friend had. 0
h. How long he had10 slay inhospilal. 0
U (j) li slen again. NOle downIhe exacl delails ofIhe lopicsyou licked in exercise 6.
SR,eaking
i~~~~~;~::;;================ mWould you wanllo Iryanyof these sports? Would Iheybe
inleresling10 watch as a speclalor? Do you Ihink Iheyreally
are Sports, or are Ihe people who doIhemjust crazy?
Sport and leisureTopic a Leisur e time spent in shoppinq malls
Countries g USA and UK
Vocab ula ry CI Leisure f acil iti eslinks a tc. te. 5c
mall rat Im): 1ra-t/ American teen ager who spends all of hisor her time at the sho pping ma ll with frien ds.
w e take the kids to the mall eve ry wee kend because they oftenha ve special ac tivities there, like child ren's shows and games.We also go to the bow ling a lley there to o, and the kids loveeat ing at the rood court - there's so much choice: Mexican.Italian , Thai - and plen ty of fast food, of cou rse! we get th e
~~.lij, weekly e grorcrtcs at the mall too, and sometimes Vanessa goes• to the spa th ere. It's g reat having everyth ing u nder one roo f.
C-O>-J>-JI:CS --- ___I go to the mall ~ery Sat urday. I do n't g~for any parti cula r reason , but I like to lookin the des igne r shops an d the cosmeticsshops, and I usu ally en d up b uy ing
somethi ng. Sometimes wh en I get it home I realise th at I d id n' trea lly wa n t th e th ing I bought - or that it doesn't go wit hanyt h ing else I've got! But I like to see wha t's new, and the re'sa rea lly good at mosp here th ere .
>-J 1\>-JC8 -:--- 7J\ 1)' friends and I go to th e mall every clay after school. It's ju stsomewhe re to spend tim e with you r friends. we usu ally ju sta hang out or walk u p and down loo king in the clothes shops.
VVe don 't often buy anything. We go to themall at the we eken ds . too, and go to themovie th eat er the re or han g out in the ice crea m parl or. wealways make su re \ VC look go od 'when we go to th e ma ll incase there arc any a cu te boys the re!
Mall ratsII
crec he a place where you can reave small chil dren to be looked
after by other people for a short time
cute a good ' rooking
groceries a food and other everyday items of Shopping
to hang out a to spend time together. not doing anything in
particular
'lr,welcome " guest services " what's going on " contact us search for a store I
Monday - Friday 10.00am to.oopm
Saturday 9.00am - 8.00pm
Sunday n.eoam - 5.oopm
BLUEWATEREurope 's largest shopping cent re
n joya ne w shopping experience at Bluewater, in Kent,
E only 15 miles from London. You'll nee d a whole day to
dis cover over 330 stores and 40 cafes, bars and restaurants.
There' s also a gr eat range of leisure activities, including a
13-screen cin ema and a sp a, plus ou tdoor activities such as
boating. fishing. golf and rock-climbing. And 10 help you
en joy re laxed , stress- free shopping, you ca n eve~ leave
children aged 2-8 years at the Kids Village E. a Creche,
where they will have access to toys , arts an d crafts ,
comp uters and a sports a rea.
by car :J ti 2
a Bluewater is located at Greenhithe. just a mile from M25 unc IOn ,
on the A2 London to Canterbury road. There is tree parking for 13 ,000 cars.
by trai n: .
~ Take Connex Rail to creenh tthe station.
;i;il ~~e~:~: buses visit Bluewater each hour and connect well with other routes.
Bet, re au ead
oDo you ever go to large shopping centres like the ones in
the pictures? Whatfacilities dothey have apart from shops?
eading
El~Read the texts. Whichofthe people do you thinkwould
regularlyvisit these shops?
2
Va abula •
8l Find the words forthese leisure facilities in the text Mafl
rats.1.The American name fora cinema.
2. Acafe that specialises in milk and ice cream products.
3. Aplace where you can go bowlinq,
4. An area where there are lotsof different restaurants and
takeaways.
5. Aplace where you can relax, ego ina pool.sauna or steamroom.
6.Aplace where you can playon coin-operated games
machines.7. Aplace where you can skateboard.
Re ding
[) Readthe website about an English shopping centre and
answer the questions .
1. What is the nameofthe shopping centre?
2. How many shops and restaurants does it have?
3.What leisure activities does it offer to adults?
4.Whatactivities does it offer to young children inthe creche?
5. Can you only gothere during the day?
6. How manycar parking spaces does it have?
7.Whallrain station doyou need to get off at to visit Bluewater?
8. Can you easilyreach Bluewater bybus?
S aking
mDoes spendingtimeat a mallsoundlikefun to you? Dr would
you ratherdosomething different withyourleisure time?
Writi 9
li'I Writea letter to a friend describing a daythat you spent at
an American mall. Mention the typeofshops you went in.
what you ate. and what otheraltractions you visited.
97
Popular television•/~
Sport and leisureTopic a Realit y TV proqrammes and soaps
Count ries a UKVocabulary a Words connected w ith television
Lin ks a la. 6f
TV gets real
W ith rea lityTV also ca rne interactive TV,starti ng with the mother of them all, BigBrother. Followin g the mo del of tha tprogramm e, in whic h viewers decide eachweek by vote who stays and who goes,many ot he r elimination shows q uicklyappeared. The most po pu lar OI1<'S werel'opS/ars, fill/h' Jlclll fclll r and 1'111a (clcbrilr Cd 1Ill' Oul of 1terc, where e g rou p orceleb rities attempt to su rvive for twoweeks in the jungle toget her, perform ingvarious tasks along the way. Celeb rities,espccially those seek ing to e boost th eircan-ers . seem particularly e kccn to dppedron rcality shows, as successfu l celebr ityversio ns of Big Brother, /Jril/ing School, falClub and Fa/1/c /k adclIl r have proved.
In the new millen nium, however, rea lityTV program mes have ten ded to becomemore persona l an d humiliating. FaJClub,for example, followed the ups an ddowns of e ight a ovcn vcight peopledes pe ra te to lose we ight a t a remotehea lth dub, an d I\'ifc SIWlp took th esimp le but explos ive idea of two wo me nQswa p ping places in ea ch o ther'sfam ilies for two week s. For the fi rst weekth e)' had to live accord ing to the o therwo ma n's ru les, but fo r the seco nd weekth ey co u ld dictate how th e ho use wa sru n. In 2003, real ity humiliation reache dj] new low wit h 1101\' (fl'll ll is rOll r HOl/st'"?,a sur prise hi t in vo lvin g two wom enwho invest igate so me of the d ir tiesthomes in th e co un try, th en ret u rn late rto see if th e inh a bit an ts arc s tillfollow ing the ir cleani ng advice.
ReadingE] l§mRead the text TV gets realand complete the TVguidewith the names of programmes from the text.
!!lAnswerthe questions.1. What was the nameof the BBC's first 'docusoap'?2.Was it successful or not?3.Which docusoapdid Maureen Rees appear in?4. Name four British TV programmes where viewers vote on
who hasto leave the programme each week.5, Name five British reality TV programmes which famous
peoplehave appeared in.6. Name three British TVchannels.
rBefore y-ou readD What are your favourite TVprogrammes? Doyou haveBig Brotherin your country?What do you think of it?
programmes now dominat e the TVsched ules and regu larl y attract mil lionsof viewers.
In the 1990 s, house end gardena m ekcovc r prog rammes suc h as( hanging ROOlII$ we re part icu larlypopular, whil e do cusonps such as Dril/illgS(hool made overnight s tars ou t oflikeab le o rd inary people such asMa ureen Rccs, possibl y the wo rst d rive rin the world.
9m
Prepare tobe disgusted. as Kimand Aggie visit a family withseven children Who claim thatthey never have any time fortidYing.
The;;;si;oUbleihisw;ekasfitness trainer Harvey getsQtough with the group,espeCially Simon, who has gainedsome weight. Some of the groupplan arebellion.
Tonight's TV programmes
" 8~m
Th; Tayio;s;iom Windso;givetheir neighbours' home aVICtorian Qfeel with the help ofregular designers Linda andAnna. Will they be impressed withthe results?
Who wiiihave io swim amongcrocodiles inorder towintonight's food forthe group? WillIt be model Catalina or footballerJohn? - yOU decide!
In 1974 the BBC a b road cast d ne w TVprogram me ca lled The f am jly. In 12epi sodes, everyday sce nes fro m the livesof the wo rking-class \Vilki ns fam ily inReading were shown to the nat ion .Some televis ion exec utives fea red tha t itcou ldn 't possibly be a success - whowould be inte re sted in wat chingso met hing so boring? But TIle Family wasins ta nt ly it huge hit Know n the n as ' 11 )'011-111<'-wa ll' documentaries, and now as'docu soups' o r 'rea lity TV', suc h
98
........._,8, Opm
D~'ve;s' feeling' nerv'ous'and" .stressed as hIS WIfe prepares for Th!sweek Tracey: ··~·ho · ·has· ·o~e ····her seventh test. Will she finally child and works fUll-timepass this time? c~anges places With Kat~. astay'
__~. at home mumWith five ch ildren_':"''''i-~''''''''''' '''''" -----.............. .• --- ...._ .. - """'I.... .........>----..,.
~.,
I
cverwetcnt a too heavy or t atto swap a to excnenqeto take olt the air a to stop erceecesu nqtouqh a strict . severeTV ratinqs a audien ce sta ti sti cs
Reading~~Read the text Soap power. Which of the soap operasmentioned in the text:1. we re first broadcast in the 1980s?2. can no longer be seen on TV?3. are based in the north of England?4. is based in London?5. has been show n for over 40 years?
SE!.eakingmWhat type of reali ty TV programmes do you think willappear in th e future?Will they become more extreme?Will soaps continue to be popul ar?Will people stop making more seri ous programmes?
Bet. re y. u listen(] In groups, try to think of an idea for a new reality TV show.
Listening111~(j) Liste n to three TV executives discussing a possiblenew reality TV show. What is the best title for the show?a. Football academyb. Sports academyc. Celebrity football academyd. Celebrity sports academy
e(l) Listen again and answer the questions.1. How long wo uld the young people stay in the tra ining
schoo l?2. Why don't they want to have a programme on just football?3.What would the programme concentrate on, apart from the
sports?4. What would the w inner get?
S oa ps in Britai n have come a nd gone over theyears as British society has cha nged. Hmok.·';lff,cent red o n d ho using estate in Liverpool. Lll'gan inthe 1980s and mi rro red th e soddl issues of the lime- Tha tchcrism and unem ployment. It was vcrypo pula r in th at de-cade. but in the new m illenn iu mit g rdd udlly declined in popu la rttv a nd itssto rylines bcrarm- mor e out mgcous. It was f1 ncl llye takcn off the a ir in 2003. Ot he r SOdPS have provedmore endu ring. The battle-for the top of th e wccklyaT\ ' ra lings is a lways bet ween Brita in 's twofavo u rites - [ aslt ll ders a nd (oft llllliio/l Slra /. Both ofthese soaps aft' sci in u rban working-doss a reas :[osl[IItJrrs in th e fictional Albert Sq ua re in theEdst End of Lon do n, and (ormwlioJl Stref l inthe eq ua lly fic tio nal town of \\hl therficld -d sub u rb of ,\ l'Hlcheste r. Both program l11 esfeatu re stro ng rha ract r-rs an d we ll-writtenscripts whic h oft en dea l co nvi nci ngly withpersona l di lemmas and topical issues. Theprog rdl"n nlt's - carh shown fou r times a week- usu al ly hove e udienrc fig u res o f 12- 13million, an d tire supposed ly wat ched even bythe Queen. EtI51EII/krs ha s been ru n ning si nce1985, but [(llllll/llioflStrefl is the SOdpcha mpion.Shown continuouslv since 1960, it is th elongest-ru n ning TV se ries in the wo rld .
D espite the success of th e ne-w rea lity TV shows,it is sti ll soap opcras that rcg u liHly at tract thebiggest audn-nrc-s each week. The term 'soa p o pera '(always shortened th ese days to jus t 'soa p' ) wascreated in the USA to describe earl y dayt ime- radioand TV d ra ma seria ls - then a imed at housewi ves- whose sto rylines were sent imen ta l or se ns.u ional,and wh ich were usuall y spo nso red by thema nufac ture-rs of wash ing po wder;
Soap povver
to boost a to mak e mor e succ essfulto broadcast a t o t ransmi tfeel a atmos pherekeen a entustes ttcmakeover a to comp letely transform and improv e the appeara nceof somethinq or someone
Acast reunion on the set of Coronation Street.
d leisurees of holidaysVocabulary III TYP2b 2(. 5b . 6d
links III lb . .T ic III HOlidayso~ UK and USACountries III
Spartan
II Holidays
D
~
r"'----- es ofholiday.Vocabular ~ 6I Ihe differenltyphIhe photos 1- 0D Malc .Backpacking
a. parkb Caravan . 'ty camp· S mmeracnvr
c. P~ckage holidayd. Self-calering villarSighl-seeing lour
· e in exercise 1 would youBefore oUh types of holiday In exe h yWh'ch oft e? . on butt e
EJ leIP ~en~ 10 Ihese pe~~~90 abroad Wilhhlh~"T~ey wanttorecom d Mrs Mills wan organised forIe .1. Mra~ 10 have everything ' d with Iheir ,
~~e~~mewhere. hot. nl a quiet holiday ~~~~~ and Ihey donI2 Mrand Mrs Eilisdw~1 wantto slay In a ,· hter They on
daug . "ng abroad.mind drivi
dormi to ry a room w here lots of people sleep togetherf oot hi ll s a smaller mountains group ed around a larger onescary a f right ening
slide a t ransparent photograph t hat you can projec t onto a w allspacious a having a lot of space
•Dear Harry,
We finally made itto Nepa li I can't believe that it'r Jvne
alr eady - th e weeks have flown by. What a fantarticexperience! Pakirtan, India, Tibet, and finally the" foot h ,llr of Movnt Everertl L·~ ""11 b
• f ' • I e wt never e the samea9 a'n. I II tell yov all abovt it When we get hOme _ we'llhave hvndredr of " rlider.
I hope thir portcard reacher yov before we do!love,Barbara
'l)u.r """"'.
~ we ...... ,,~ "olk. s.....t. "0";'"Tht. .......H.u ......~ vu:l 000d.. bvl-we're
MV'~"e A. eood. K\IHt.. 1heCA."A,V'A.r\ l..4
0"-"~ - fUU.:l "' p""-"v,. Tht.re',Plu~:l of r""", for All. f of v,
'''''de. AN!. I-he !tid< lw"0.~ ktrr.. 11-', 0"-"~ for :J-0
clW.dr<. -1.01-' of or0""'-<td
A.C...~va·t.u, A.nd. t,,-i-u"'A.L.~'"
~" H\t tveni."e. SoMt...~tMUJeff AN!. 1e"", 0e~ -.eKlMt n, ClUf"u.tvu~
Sa :lOll ""'"love,
SArAh
3.Mrs Graham. of New York.wants her two sons to have asummer holiday in the country. but she and her husbandhave to work all summer.
4. Mr and Mrs Abbot. of Birmingham, want a cheap holidaywith their two small children. They can't afford to go abroador to stay in a hotel.
5. Mrs Wyatt, of Denver, is interested in the culture and historyof Europe, but she doesn't want to travel alone.
6. Barbara Marriot, of Chicago, wants to travel to remote partsof the world with a friend. She doesn't mind very basicaccommodation and food.
3. Ritchie and Paul are bored at Camp Redwood.4. They like the food at Camp Redwood.5. Barbara has already visited India.6. She has a lot of pictures of her trip.7. There is a lot for children to do at the GoldenSandscaravan park.8. The sight-seeing tour of Europe lasts ten days.
ListeninIII(l)Listen to a family discussing what type of holiday tohave. What is their final decision?
ReadingI!lRead the postcards and check your answers to exercise 2.Who is each postcard from?
a lmlAre these sentences true or false?1. James is speaking a lot of Spanish on his holiday.2. Lisa doesn't like the villa she is staying in.
Writingm Write a postcard to an English-speaking friend from yourideal holiday destination. Describe what type of holiday it is,and what you are doing.
5 eakingEiI Are these types of holiday popular with people from yourcountry? Which type of holiday would you prefer?
101
Sport and leisureTopic Q Sport in Austral ia
Countries Q Austra lia
Dm~l:)IJJ(ijJ[;J[iDl:)m ~Dl
ashes III t he powder t hat re mains whe n somet hinq is bur~ed
to bo unce III to t hrow somet hin q to t he qro und so t hat It come s
up aqain . . . ronto bowl III to thr ow a ball caref ul ly in a spectt!c crre c Icha lle nqinq III diff icult
qcatpcs ts III verti cal poles th at repr esent t he qoal in a sportroucn III qui te vio lent t
• qroup s of t hree ver t ical sticks t hat cr icket players mu sst umps ,run between .yac ht III a terce raci nq boat w ith a sail
Cricket
SPORT
Internat ional cricket matches are played every summerin Australia. and Melbourne has the biggest cr icketground in th e world. Cr icket is played by teams of 11players. The bowler from one team abow ts the ball to aplayer from the other team. who tries to hit the ball andrun between the two sets of Dstumps before the otherteam can return the ball. The Australian team is one ofthe best in the world and has a rong-runningcompet it ion with England known as The DAshes.because Australia's victory over England in London in1882 was considered to be the death of English cricket.
Sailing
Australia is a favour ite destinati on for fans of all kinds ofsailing. The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Racetakes place eachyear over the Christmas and New Year period. and is oneof the world's most exciting and a challenging races. OnBoxing Day. 26"' December. the oyachls leave SydneyHarbour. accompanied by boats of all shapesand sizes ina carnival atmosphere. They hope to arrive in Hobart.Tasmania around New Year's Day to a Mardi Gras party.
SPORT
Australian rules football
Australi a has plenty to offer the sports
fa n all year round . For example.
Aust rali ans play at least four types of
football! But bef ore you bo ok your
sporting hol iday. don't forget that
Aust rali a is in the sout hern hem isphere
- Decem ber and Janu ary are high
summer, and July is mid-Winter!
Always known as 'Aussie rules', th is game is unique inthe world. It's played by teams of 18 player s on an ovalfield with an oval ball. like a rugby ball. Unlike normalfootball or rugby. however. the ball can be passed in avariety of ways: kicked . hit with the hand. a bouncadand Carried! It's a fast, skilful and often En ough game.To score a goal. the ball must be kicked throughagoarposts at the side or the centre of th e field.Melbourne is the centre of Aussia rules . and matchesregularly attract crowds of over 50.000.
surfboardw ate rskis
Equipment
sailboardflippers
motor boatmask
scuba diving
Vocabulan-;rn The east coast 01 Aust rali a is lamous lor its watersports.Match the equipment to the sports.
Sports
waterski ing
surfing
Vocabular!!lCan you identify any of the sports in t~e photos? Can youfind the lollowing thrngs rn the prcturestyachts an oval ball a bat stumps
Reading . .. .oNow read the texts and try again to IdentIfy the thrngs rnexercise 3.
Listening .~a> Liste n to Caroline talking about her favour!te ;vatersport.Which 01 the sports in exerci se 6 IS she describinqi
(;) Answer the questions. . . k ?1 Whic h city is a centre l or both Aussie rules and cnc et.2: Ca n you touch the ball w ith your hands ' ~ Aussie rules?3 What is The Ashes? Why IS It called that. . ?4: Whe n does the Sydney to Hobart Ya cht Race begm.5. Where is Hobart?
wi ndsurfing oxygen tank
WritingmIn groups make a list 01 your country's national sports. famous• rts grou~ds and well-known competitions. Prepare an entryf~~ guide book lor your country similar to the one on this page.
103
go swimming play football watch TV _ hire a videogo the gym organise a party go to the cinemahave a barbecue go to a concert go to a nightclub
A: OK. 111 What shall we dothis weekend?B: Well, 121 .. .. .. to the cinema and seethat new Bond film.C: No, thanks. I've already seen that. I3) ...... having a
barbecue?A: 14) ...... . We don't know what the weather's goingto be like,
It might rain. 151 joiningthat new gym in the High Street?B: I'm not sure.t s) keeping fit and I haven't got much money
just now, How much does it cost each month?C: I saw an advert for it and I think it said the first month is free
and it's £35 a month afterthat.B: That's too much moneyfor me. 17) ......go andwe can meet
afterwards?A: OK. We'll go and sign up and then we'll meet you for a drink
at say8.00pm.C: OK. 181 .. .. .. !B: Great! I'll see you later then.
0 1nsmall groups, invite your friends to do something thisweekend or suggestdoing something else, Use the topicsbelow to help you. Remember to use phrases from thedialogue in exercise 4.
SKILLS[) Read the dialogue andcomplete it with lhe phrasesbelow.
I like the sound of that why don't you what aboutwbStSR8h' we dO I'd rather not we could gohow about I'm not keen on
Grammar a Phrasal verbsSkills a Speakinq: makinq suqqestions and invit inq
GRAMMARD Read the text quickly and find all the sports and activit iesthat FitzGym offers.
EJ Match the phrasal verbs underlined in the text to thesedefinitions.
111 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbsyouidentified in exercise 2. Vou mayneedto changethe tense.
a. to happenb.to start doing an activity, usually for pleasurec. to arrived.to sign an agreementto do someth inge.to take awayf. to discoverg. to investigate somethingh. to do something at a time that does not affect other
arra ngementsi. to find a piece of information in a book or on the InternetI. to make contact with someone
Language & Culture
1. I thought I might try and get in touch with myoid friends fromuniversity. I haven't seen themfor years.
2. My sister has just decided to ...... painting as a hobby.3. The Olympic Games...... in a different country every four years.4. Have you those new words in the dictionary yet?5. Has she if she can get a day's holiday yet?6. Didyou a cinema prog ramm ewhen yo uwere in town
yesterday?7. The police said theywere ......the crime.8.1don't know how you......all thethingsyou have to doeveryday!9. Have you ...... for the tennis lessonsyet?10.Is your brother goingto ...... to the party tonight?
.....:::Ill104
The arts
_0
-D Match these arts to the photographs: music.dance, theatre, art, film, literature.
El Are you interested in any 01the arts in thephotos? Have you got a talent lor any 01 them?
Bl Which 01 the six arts mentioned are these wordsconnected with? Use a dictionary il you don't know,Somewords are connected with more than one art.
box office canvas cast choreographycomposer conductor exhibition plotscript set
The arts
Topic III Mod ern ar tCou nt ries a Scotla nd
v ocabu lary III ArtLinks III Sa. 5e . lit
II A child could do that
YOUNG MASTERSattacks on the WorldTrade Center. Themain£20,000 Barbie Prize was won by thecollected work 01 Jodie andherschoolfriendsat Caol Primary School near Fort William because Jodie is only 10 years old,
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attention, 911, anotherwork by jodie on thesamesubject, won an individualBarbie Prizefor modern art in 2002, 911 consists of a greyacanvascovered with 3,000 burnt matches,onefor each person who diedin the terrorist
At a recent art exhibition at the WestHighland Museum in Scotland, apicturecalled The Future is Gone by
Jodie Fraser, depicting three ghostly planesoverthe New York skyline, attracteda lot of
The Turner PrizeThe Turn er Prize, the adult verst . . .wo rk in the la t 12 .' on o f the Barbie Prize. is awarded eve r , . • •( s months. Ihese arc th e winner s of rece n t vCl\rs( l) ) l ar to an art ist I n Britain aged und er 50 for (JI II'I ' I', ( , _ ' ., dil l l n g
Drumroll (a film made by rollinga videocamera in an eoi l drum throughthe streets of New York)
57 everyday events photographed fromunusual angles and positionedarandom ly acrosS a wall
The Lights Going On and Off (li9hts turn themselves on and
off in an empty room)
The Thinker (computer equipment placed inside a api ll ar
makes a ahum m in sound)
typical workyear artist
2002 Keith Tyson
2001 Martin Creed
2000 Wolfgang Tillmans
1999 Steve McQueen
canva~ a the fa bric t hat you use oil pain ts on ~~I ~um a to make a buzz ing noise. like a beet I rum ~ an empty cy linder tha t cont ained oilo patro nise g to treat someon e to o st
pillar a a ta l l column. usuall used t Imply . as if t hey were a childran domly a not in a fixed order 0 suppor t the roo f o f a bui lding
One of Rob Fairley's rules is"Never teach them art!"
Theartthathas ..flooded out of Caol PrimarySchool's art club, Room 13, hasamazed themodern art world. Room 13 is open to anychild at playtime, lunchtimeor after school.OnFridays, if the children have completed alltheir schoolwork, they can spend all daythere, andsome children stay there from9amto 6pm. The only adults involved are artistRobFairley andhisassistant ClaireGibb, buttheyaren't the children's teachers. They are
their..employees.
R oom 13 is an independent business,separate from the school, and has a..committee (all under the age of 11 ) whomanage theirown finances, applyfor..qrants,order artmaterials andgive lectures. They haveeven lectured at the Tate Modern gallery inLondon. Butsome banks andarts organisationsare notprepared to deal with acommittee whoare not yet teenagers, soRoom 13 often hasfinancial problems, and their orders for artmaterialsaresometimes ignored.
IvanMas5OW, head of thejudges of theBarbiePrize (ajunior version of theannual Turner PrizeforModernArt),says "It wasobvious thatthechildren hadbeen askedto think aboutthingsandexpress themselves through art. And theQuality of the work was exceptional. If I had
bought 911 andput It in myLondon flat, noonewould have thought that it wasthework
of a 10-year-old".
T he children are not looking forward tostudying art at secondary school. wheretheywill have to use cheaper materials andfollowa strict exam syllabus. They know that theyhave a unique freedom in Room 13. One ofRob Fairley's rulesis "Neverteach themart!",
The MagicYl,'llow Elephant.
and theirheadteacher doesn't interfere withtheir work. As their managing director,OanielleSouness, said at a recent conference:"Room 13 proves that if you give us thechance we can organise our education andwe aretired of beingopatronised with yourideaof what we can understand".
You can visit Room 13 atwww. room13scotland.com
rBefore y o u reado look at the works of art ' th hthem? What do you think t~~y , e p ~;o~. What doyou think oftradition al styles of art? mean . 0 you prefer more
Readin
~~e:d tFhe te~t quickly. What is unusua l about:• 0 re ra ~ e r s success as an artist?
2. the committee of Room 13?3. thhe dchlldren's relationshipwith Rob Fairley andthe'
ea teacher? rr
I!l ImlMatch these headings ith ha. Day-to:day activity in Room~' t e paragraphs of the text.
b. The children's opinion of art teach'c. The committee's work 109d. One pupil'sworke.An art expert's opinion of the children'swork
p{"'pl Are these statements true or false?. heBa rbie PrIZe IS a special art prize for oun
2. 91"s a work that represents dead peopl: g people.
~. ~~ b Fairley decideswhat happens in Room 13. ere are someteachers on th . .
5. Some adults don't treat the c e committee of Room 13.6.The children think that they;.~mltteebOf Room 13seriously.
secondaryschool. I get a etter education at
0 1mlRead the list of recent li r P' .1. involves film-making? u ner nze wmners. Whosework :
2. involves photography?3. Involves electronics?
5 eakin~What doyou think of the d ..winners' work? escnptions of the Turner Prize
~ Discussthe following questions1.~~y havethe children of Room 13 producedsuch interesting
2. Can you teach subjects like art nd .that people are bornwith? a music, or are they talents
3.~~~~~;?hild re n be allow~d to 'organise their education' in
The artsTop ic D The Lord of the Rinqs and other epic myt hs
Countries a UKVocabulary a lit erature and myth
links D 8f
The Lord of the Rings
/\ lany pop ular stories involve an e undcrdog, whois taken from his ordinary life and sent on aa q ucst th rough good and ev il. During the questhe starts to understand himself and so me of themysteries of life, better. In this way the book echo essome of the oldest stories in Europe - the KingArthur myths. In these, the hu mble peasan t Percevalis the only one of Arthu r's kn ights brave and pureeno ugh to find the Iioly Cra il. the cup that Jesusonce drank from. After a dangerous quest of manyyears he finally achieves peace and satisfaction.111('vest good and evil armi es in nle l..onl of Ihe Ri"gsalso echo Joh n J\ iilton's Paradise Los! ()667) - theu ltimate ba ttle between good and ev il in whichthe main characters arc God and the Devil.
The turn of the millennium produced a numberof polls of "The nation's favourite...".The winner of three national Brit ish polls, Amazon.corn's"Book of the Millennium", Channel 4's "Book of t he Cent ury"and BBC's "Big Read", was Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings,and Tolkien himself was voted "Aut hor of the Century"in several other surveys.The film versions of Tolkien's trilogy have widenedhis readersh ip even further,But why does the book have this phenomenal reputation?
)\1,lny cr itics now look back on '11u' t onioj lheRi"!Js as an e ellcgory of the two w orld Wars,
wh en brave small countries defen ded the mselves against fascistdi cta to rs and their a rmies. Some eve n see the One Ring as sy mbolising man 'scon trol of the nuclear bomb."Ole book has also helped to sha pe ot her; more modemmyths. Both th e Star Wars films and the Harry Potier books have simila rities to '11 fetoni oj Ihe Rings, wit h the ir plots based around the att ract iveness of th e 'dar k sid e',and thei r sma ll heroes ba tt ling ev il o pponen ts much more powerful thanth em selves.
A tory for all timeFirst published in t954. j .Rk.Tolkir-n's Ihe Lonl ojth, Rings tells the story of how themost powerful object in th e uni verse. the One Ring, falls in to the hands of FrodoHagg ins, d yo ung human -like creatu re. Frodo must then begin a long and dangerousjourney to take the Ring to the only place where it ra n be destroyed forever. The bookhas been transla ted into 25 languages and has sold (learly a hundred million copies.Peopl e regularly nam e it as their favou rite book - hut wh at can explain its end ur ingpopula rity? orco u rse The I.orti of tll (' Rjn9s offers readers a comple te fantasy wo rld
with its own geography and langu age, but itssto ry is a lso based on timel ess them es andcha rac ters that re- occur thro ugh all liter ature.
alleqory a symbo lic storyto cast a to throwdint a impressionqrasp a reachqrimly a darklyquest a mission
Povver too great and terrible
/11 Chapter 2 of The Fellowship of the Ring,
em"lalf the wizard gives the Ring to Frodo alld
e:(plaills its significance,
Frodo weighed the Ring in his hand. hesitating,and forcing him self to remember all that Gandalfhad told him; and then with an effort ofawill hemade a movement. as ifto acast it away - but he
found that he had put it back in his pocket.Gandalflaughed agrimly. 'You see? Already you.too. Frodo. cannot easily let it go . nor Qwi11 todamage it. And I could not make you -except byforce. which wou ld break your mind. But as forbreakin g the Ring. force is useless. Eve n if youtoo k it and a struck it with a heavy a slcdgehammer. it wou ld make no a dint in it. It ca nnot
be unm ade by your hands. or by mine .
[...J'There is only one way: to find the Cracks ofDoom in the depths of Orodruin. the Fire-
stecqe-nemmer a neev neto sprinq a to jump y mmer used for breaking stones
to strike a to hitunderdoq g someone in a . . .will a (noun) reset t t ( pcsmon of Infe rioritywit s a tnt emqe nceu Ion. verb) to decide
mountain. and to cast the Ring in there. if youreally wish to destroy it. to put it beyond the
a grasp of the Enemy for ever:' I do rea lly wish to destroy it!' cried Frodo. 'Or.well. to have it destroyed . I am not made forperi lous quests. I wish 1had never seen the Ring'Wh y did it come to me? Why was I chosen ?'' Such questions cannot be answ ered: sa idGandalf. 'You may be sure that it was not for anymeri t that others do not possess: not for poweror wisdom. at any rate. But you have been chosen.and you must therefore use such strength and
heart and a wits as you have:'But 1have so little of any of these things' You are.wise and powerful. Will you not take the Ring?''No!' criedGandalf.Dspringing to his feet. 'With thatpower I should have power too great and terrible.And over me the Ring would gain a power stillgreater and more deadly.' His eyes flashed and hiseyes were lit as by a fire within. 'Do not tempt me!'
mAnswer these questions b1. When was The Lord 0/ I a out A story for all time.2. Who is its author? he Rings first published?
3. How many l angu~ h .4.What is the name~ns ~~;~~een translated into?
~: ~~rcthmo~s~i~~ ~~~~~~st~e. One Ring?7. Who are the main ch nights finds the Holy Grail?8. Which science fictio~~~cters 10 Paradise Lost? .
Ihe Rings? I mshave similaritieswith The Lordof
iii Read the extract from Thquestions. e Lord of theRings and answer the
1.What does Frodot b taiparagraph? ry, ut ail, to do with the Ring inthe first
2. Could Gandalfdestroy the Hino hi .3. How does Frodo feel b . g himself If he wanted to?4 Wh d' a out hisquest? .. y oesn t Gandalfwant the R· ?mg.
kin~ C.an youthink of any more fsimilar themes and charact a~taTsy books or films that haveers 0 he Lordofthe Rings?
West End musicals
Vocabulary a The theatreLinks a 2e. 5( . 8f. llq
a, the planning of the dance movesin a show
b.when a show begins in a theatrec. the spoken dialogue in a showd.when a show lasts for a time
in a theatree. an afternoon pertormance ofa showf. all the performers in a showg, the background and scenery
for a show ,h. a show with singing and dancingi. technical illusions[, a theatre's ticket-selling service
Before ou readD Have you everbeen to the professional theatre? Do youknowwhat sortofproductions you can seeat the moment inyour capital cityIyourcity?
v: cabularEJ Matchthese words connected with the theatre totheirdefinitions,1.musical2. script3, box office4, to open5, to run6. special effects7, choreography8, matinee9. set10.cast
Topic a Musicals in London thea tresCountries a UK
The arts
My Fair Lady is based on G. B. Shaw's 1916 play Pygmalion
and tells the story of Eliza Doolittle, the aCockney flowerseller
chosen from the streets by a professor of alinguistics and
transformed into a lady.This current production opened in 2001
starring Martine McCutcheon from the lV soap EastEnders. It
features well-known songs such as "I 'm getting married in themorning" and "On the street where you live".
We Will Rock You opened in 2002. This musical, with a script
by comedian Ben Elton, takes place in the future, when rock
music is illegal.The story is based on famous songs by Queen
such as "Bohemian Rhapsody" and "I Want to Break Free", the
set resembles a rock concert and there are plenty of special
effects. And Tony Vincent, who plays the hero Galileo Figaro,
sounds very like Queen's lead singer, Freddie Mercury.
Th e 'West End ' is London's t heatre land - home to over
forty theatres. London 's plays, shows and operas attract
around 11 m illion visitors per year and , w ith tickets costing
around £3 0 each, they br ing a lot of income into the
capital. Th e biggest West End attract ions are always
mu sicals . Cats ran for 21 years, and Les Miserabfes is
c urrent ly celebrat ing it s 18th year in th e West End. Here
are some of the hottest t ickets in town today.
Bombay Dreams is based in the Indian film industry and
features an all-Asian cast. The story centresaround Akaash, a
poor boy played by Raza Jaffrey, who becomes a film star and
falls in love with the daughter of one of Bombay's greatest film
directors. The showfeatures modern Indian pop music, suchas "Shakalaka Baby", and adazzling costumes and
choreography. It opened in 2002 and quickly became one of
the most popular shows in London.
Hottickets
cockney IS a work inq-class person from the East End of Londondaz zlinq IS very briqht and colourfu lnncursucs a the study of lanquaqes
::--_-----1r
DRURY LANE THEATRE ROYAL0870 B90 1109
~1aiJz..La4" Probably the greatest musicalof all time" Dili/y Telegraph
Eves7 .30pm.Mats Wed & Sat 2.30
DOMINION08701 690116
J We Witt ;e~ ~by Queen and Ben Elton
"Magnifico" The Sun
Man-Sat 7 .30 .Mat Sat 2.30
CAMBRIDGE THEATRE08708901102
Final performances - must end 16 Aug
~W< ~<Ut4<'The hit show based ..on the hit band "Madness
Man-Sat 7.45,Fri 5 & 8.30,Sat 3 .All t ix half -price Fn 5pm
ALDWYCH0870 4000805
J 1a-me" Breathtaking" Independent" Infect ious energy" Indie London
Man.Thu 7.30.Fri 5.30 & 8.30 .Sat 3 & 7.30. . 5 30 11Half-price uckets Fn . ..
APOLLO VICTORIABO OB70 400 650 ." London hottest. most exotIcnew mu sical" Express
J ~~
" A great night out"Ne'vVS of the World
Tues-Sat 7.45.Mats Wed , Sat. Sun 3
Mon-Thu 8,Fri 5 s 8.30.Sat3&8
ADELPHI08704 030303
Ruthie Hensha!' retur~sin the role of Velma
111 Read the Hottickets text and find the names of the musicalsin the photos.
e~Complete thi s table with information about the threemusicals.
3, When you can get cheap tickets to see Fame.4. Abbreviations for 'box office', 'mat inees' and 'tickets'.5. When you can see BombayDreams at the weekend .6. When Our House will leave the Cambridge Theatre .7. What the Daily Telegraph newspaper thought about My Fair
Lady.8. On whic h days ther e are matinees of My Fair Lady.
Show
Opening year
Main character
My FairLady
We WillRock Vou
BombayDreams e What are the different ways that you can get tickets for
theatre shows? What do you think is a reasonable price fora theatre ticket?
Actor who playshim/her
Songs fromthe show
f.jJ~(j) Li ste n to a recorded phone message from the WeWillRock You box office. Note down the different prices forthe different days and time s.
mFind the following informati on in the theatre guide.1. The names of the theatres where you can see the three
musicals from exercise 4.2, How many performances of Chicago there are on a Friday.
IIIWhich of these shows would you like to see? Why?How much would you be prepared to pay?
The artsTop ic a Child stars of Houvw ooe f ilms
Countr ies a USA
vocabu lary a Film stars
Links a Sa. 5e
II Hollywood kids
Surviving stardom
Hollywood child stars have beenaround since the days of silentcinema, but they often havedifficult, or even tragic, lives, andtheir fans can desert them whenthey enter their late teens. But hereare some ex-child stars that havesurvived the Holl ywood machine.
Drew Barrymore comes from a largeacting family. Her grand father John was aclassical British actor in the 1930s, andherfather isalso an actor.When she was 7, Drewstarred in the ..blockbustermovie ET, directed by her..godfather Steven Spielberg.But following the success ofET, Drew had seriousproblems with drugs. By theage of 16 she had alreadybeen in .. rehab , attemptedsuicide and separated fromherparents. But she hasnowput her problems behind her,and since the age of 21 shehas made a number of successful films,including the popular Scream andCharlie's Angels.
In the 1990s, the Home Alone films made10-year-old Macaulay Culkin the mosthighly-paid child star ever. With his fatheras his manager, Macaulay earned anestimated $30 million. In 1994 , hisparents separated and there was a bitter..custody battle over their six children. Asa result, Macaulay obtained a legalseparation from his father and gainedcontrol over his own finances. In 1997 hegot married at the age of 17, butdivorced two years later. Although hehasn't made a film since 1994, Macaulay ,has had successful roles in the theatre.
Jodie Foster amazed criticsand wasnominated for anOscar for her role, aged 12, inthe disturbing 1976 film TaxiDriver. Following herappearance in this film, Jodiewas ..stalked by a mad fan,John Hinckley. In 1981Hinckley shot PresidentReagan in an attempt tore-enact the film. In her adultlife Jodie has had anaccomplished career asanactress and a director, winningtwo Oscars - for TheAccused in 1988 andTheSilence of the Lambs in 1991. Todaysheisknown asoneofthemost secretiveand publicity-shy actresses in Hollywood.
Elizabeth Taylor starred as a child inseveral sentimental films of the 1940s,
including the Lassieseries about afaithful. clever dog.She was ..stunninglybeautiful, and herfilm roles continuedinto her adult life. Bythe 1960s she wasone of the biggeststars in Hollywood,and she becamenotorious forhermany marriages
eight in total (twice to the same man, actorRichard Burton). In the 1970s Elizabethsuffered from alcoholism and weightproblems, but in the 1980s she discovereda new role asacampaigner andafundraiser for AIDS charities.
During the Depression era ofthe 1930s, Hollywoodproduced many child stars.The most famous of all wasShirley Temple - a talentedsinger and tap dancer whomade her first film at the ageof 4 . She became the firstchild to win an Oscar, butthe film studios lost interestin her when she hit her 20s,and she was already aadivorcee at 21. As anadult, however, she becameinvolved in politics and hada successful career as aninternational diplomat. Sherepresented the USA at the
United Nations, and also served as anambassador to Ghana andCzechoslovakia.
blockbuster III ex t remely successf ul f ilmcam paigner III someone w ho tries to qet suppo rt fo r a causecustody III legal possession of something or a chi lddivorcee III a divorced wo manfund-raiser III someone who raises money fo r a cause
NAME: HALEY JOEL OSMENT
DATE OF BIRTH: .
FIRST FILM: MIXED NUTS
YEAR: . .
MOST FAMOUS FILM: THE SIXTH SENSE
YEAR: .
CO-STAR IN THAT FILM: BRUCE WILLIS
qoctetner III a man who is selected by the parents at a child'schristening to help look after t he chi ldreh ab III (: rehab il itation) trea tment and cure of an addictionto stal k III to fo llow and give constant unwanted attention to someonestunningly III ext remely
A star is born
OTHER FILMS, YEARS AND CO-STARS:
FORREST GUMP (19 ) WITH TOM HANKS
BOGUS (19 ) WITH WHOOPI GOLDBERG AND GERARD DEPARDIEU
................................. ................... ... (200 ) WITH JUDE LAW
ANYOSCAR NOMINATIONS? @ (FOR )/NO
r
DDo you recognise any of the films in the photos? Do yourecognise the child actors? Do you know what they are doingthese days?
ReadjnqEl Quickly read the text Surviving stardom. What differentproblems have the child stars had in their lives?
111~Read the text again . According to the text, which childstarts):1. haven't made any films since their chi ldhood?2. have had successful careers as adult film stars?3. have had a successful career or role outside of fi lms or
acting?4. separated from their families?5. had a famous grandfather?6. had drug problems while still a child?7. had problems with a fan?B. earned the most money as a chi ld?9.was married a lot of times?10.has also directed films?
Befo re yeu listen[) Can you think of any other films that have children as theirstars? How good are the child actors?
ListeningIIIQ> e P Listen to the information about Haley Joel Osment, acurrent child star, and complete the notes about him above.
WritingIi) Imagine that, at your age, you are already a famous film star.Complete a table like the one above with notes about yourown experience.
Spe a k in gEilWith a partner, take turns to interview each other aboutyour life as a child star. Complete all the information in thetable about your partner, then ask each other how you feelabout being a star, and if you have had any problems.
The arts
Topic a BreakdancinqCountr ies a USA
Vocabulary a MovementLink s a te. 2f
D What type of dancing is shown in the photos? Do you knowwhat city it originated in?
Dancingin the streets
e
ReaWogEI~Read the text Breakingand battlingand the table ofhip-hop terms . Are the following statements true or false?1. Breakdancing began in the 1980s.2. Breakdancing is an athletic style of dance.3. Breakdancing is competitive .4. The Rock Steady Crew only formed recently.
Breakingand battlingBrcak danong emerged in New Yo rk inthe 1970s. The stvlc o f movement ,wh ich co mbines d iu'lee, gYI11 11dSlics endboxing, was performed by kids, o ften in{cam s, in co mpetit ions a t stree t co rners.Hrcakdanring was part of the la rger hipho p cult ure tha t a lso incorporatedrappers, DJs and graffiti a rtists. The RockSteady Crew from the Bronx were on eo f the first h ip-ho p g ro ups and becameworld fam ous. The gro u p still o rga n ise(l Rock Sleady Crew Annive rsar y ever yyea r in New York to celebra te hip-ho pcu ltu re, an d us main fo cus is a lwa ys i.l
street da nce competition.The Ann iversary attracts compet itors ofa ll d iffere nt et hn ic ty pes from alloverthe wo rld, and over 20,000 observers.
Ht.p-VlOp tey~Sbreakinq/breakdancinq: dancing to hiphop music, often close t o the ground , oreven on your hands or your headb-boy/b-qirl: breakdancercrew: breakdance t eambatt le: breakdance compet it ionMe: a rapper, someo ne who speaksrhyt hmicall y ove r a beatOJ: someone who plays records forpeople to rap or dance toscratching: when a DJ moves areco rd with his hand to inte r rupt orrepeat th e mu sic
Rap & Hip-Hop
"By-eel R-ctel Vl-Ce V\.1.,Ovesdonkey: jumping onto your hand sf rom a standing position, and thenflipping back onto your feet againflares: supporting yourself on yourhands and swinging your legs roundhandqlide: spinning on one handheads pin: spinning on your headpopping: making sliding movements,like a robotwindmill : spinning on your back,without using your hands
(
Don't miss the annualRock SteadY AnniV~narv,
wIlieh is happeningtllis weekend in New York.
TIIURSDAY 24~ JULY:llamCelebrllv benellt baskelball game
snm MC cballengeFRIDAY 2S~ JULY:Ipm-5pm:Film feslival
3pm: H-boV/b-glrl ballle Iinviledcrews onlvl+ 'Punk rock rap'lasbion sbow
alusion 01 streetand saatecullure, witb aslage designedbv setdesigner and grallili artist Ernie Vales,
Models will bereal b·bovs/girlsand streetskalers,SATURDAY 26~ JULY'Ipm:Free aUldoarconcerl
SUNDAY 27'" JULY:3pm:H-bov/b-girl ballle Iinal
(]
e
5. You can watch street dance at the Rock Steady CrewAnniversary.
6. Only Americans compele at the Anniversary.7. A 'b- bov' is a male dancer.a. A 'battle' is a rapping competition.
I!lRead the program 01events lo r the Rock SteadyAnniversary. On which day!s) can you see:I. a breakdance competit ion?2. a clothes show?3. a concert?4. a rapping competition?5. a sports match?6. lil ms about hip-hop?
VocabularO Read Ihe definilions of breakdance moves and find wo rdsthat mean:I . moving smoothly along the floor witho ut taking your feet off
the floor, like on ice.2. turning very quickly. •3. moving from sideto side, or in a circular motion.4. making a quick movement where you reverse your position,
111 [illlMalch the pictures ollhe breakdance moves to Iheirdescriplions.
5 eakinm Can you dance? What styles of dance can you do? Whichfamous people do you think are good dancers?
Topic a Film musicCount ries a USA and UK
Vocabulary a Films and musicLinks a 8b. 8e. llq
Top scoresF rom the ea rliest days of the movies, films have tradi tionallyused music to e hcighten the drama of the act ion on screen.The fi rst cinemas cam e equipped with a piano or an organ ,an d th e silent films of the 1920s had live m usica laccom panime nt. The pia nist or organist had to watch thescreen closely all the time to mak e sure that the music he orshe was playing matched the action of the film.
W ith the ar rival of sound, it became possible to put music aswell as dialogue on to a film's a soundtreck. It is d ifficult to thinkof a single fi lm made since then withou t some sort ofbackgro und mu sic. Film musicals were spec tacularly popularfrom the 1930s to the 19605, with extravaga nt screenproductions of po pular stage mu sicals such as Oklahoma (1955)
and Aly Fa ir L(I{ly (I964) involving hu ndreds of singers anddancers. Altho ugh it be came less po pu lar at the end of the20th century, the film musical has recently been revivedth rough bo x-office successes such as AJOIl l i l l l{ OIlgC (2001) withNicole Kidma n, an d Chimgo (2003) with Ren ee Zellwege r.
F ilm music has also become popular away from the cinema.Man y soundtracks becom e best-selling records, an d filme scorcs are now stud ied serious ly and played by classical
B.eadjn£lE} Answer Ihese queslionsaboutthe text,1.Whal sort of instruments used to accompany old silent films?2.What did the musician haveto dowhile he or she played?3.Whendid film musicals start to losepopularity?4.Which two modern films have helped to make the musical
popularagain?5. Which types of film tend to have commercially successful
scores?
orchestras and rad io sta tions, The most a ar c\a imed a ndpo pular 111m m usic in recen t ycars has often been the sco resof cpk-o r sri cnre-fictio n films such as Slar l \nrs (1977), ET(1982),
('ImJia!or (2000) a nd '111("1.01"/1of lire Rill9s (200 I), Ilwny of whichhave In-en com posed by Am erica n composer John \Villiams.
g) Read the text aboutJohn Williams and lind out:1. where he was born.2. where he studied.3. an instrument that he can play.4. how manylilm scores he has written.5. how many Oscars he has won.6. another musical talent he has, apart Iromwriting and playing
music.
soundtrack a the recor ded ve rs ion of a fil m 's sound (specif ical ly it smusic )
The bestfilm soundtracksof all time(d lOsrll /1)' Ihr liS/(lIrrsoj lJril/l;'; 's CltlSSicE\I mdio sIII/itm)
1 The Lord or the Ring s( I IO\\'(/ I'll SIlO,,/, 2(01)
2 SIa l' wars UoIIII \\'i /lill/lls 1977)3 Schi nd ler' s List
Uohll 1\ 'illi ll/HS1993 )4 The Empire Str ikes Back
Uoh" 1\'i IJia/lls J980J5 Gladiator (11allSZ;"""lT 1(00)6 I:T Uohll 'Vil/iams 1982)7 Out or Africa Uoh" Harrr 1985)8 Lawrence of Arabia
(.\lall r;[e [arn 1961 )9 Dan ces wi th \ Volves
Uo/III HlIrrr 1990)10 Titanic Uames Horner 1997)
• John WilliamsJo hn williams was born in New Yo rk,but stud ied music at the University ofCaliforn ia at Los Angeles . li e trai ned asil classical pian ist. a nd also wo rked as ajazz musician before entering the filmindustry. \\'iII ianls ha s com posed themusic for nearl y 80 films, and ha s wonfin" Osrars for his sco res. lie ha s writtenscores for seve ra l of the 1110st famousfilms of recent years. including Jaws, I:TClose E, /wWlltT'Sof tIlel11irtl Killil I1Il( I JurtlssicPark. plus the India na Jones and theI larry Potter series, li e is also anorchestra l co nduc to r an d he has wr ittenseve ral d assical orches tra l pief(·s.
[) look at the Classic FM list 01 top ten lilmscores. How manvof the films have you seen? How many have scores written byJohn Williams?
WritingllIWrite a paragraphabout a lilmthat vou particularly likedbecause of its music or its songs. Mention who wrote themusic, and how it added to the general effect 01 the lilm.
117
. Grammar a AdverbsSkills a Writinq a film review
Language & Culture
I capture the castleand Marc Blucas. When bothgirls fall for the same boy. itis easy to seehowthings
will turn out.
111 This film is an adaptationof DodieSmith's1948 novel.It is directedbythe firsttimefeature director TimFywell and thereare somelively performancesfromthe main characters. Thescreenplay by Heidi Thomashas some very funny lines.
121 The plot is simple andthe director has workedhard to remain faithful toDodie Smith's novel.Theplotmoves quickly andaromantic sub-piat isveryneatly introduced whenthelandlord of acastlediesandit is inherited byanAmerican family. TheAmerican family have two
extremely handsomesons and Mortmain.the main character.hastwo beautifuldaughters,
131 The maincharactersareMortmain. apromising novelistwho liveswith hisfamily ina rented ruinedcastle. In fact. he neverdoes any writing.This roleis played byBillNighy. Nighyactsmore convincingiy herethan in his previous filmand
television roles.His strangely eccentric wife.and the stepmotherof hisdaughters. Topaz. is played
by Tara Fitzgerald. She hassome of thefunniestscenesin the filmand she playsher
part well. The twodaughtersareCassandraand Rose, Romola Garai andRose Byrneplay thetwosisters very differently. Thehandsome American boysareplayed byHenry Thomas
141 The castlesetting isunconvincing but thefilmingof Cassandra isbeautifullydoneand allows usto gettoknow hercharacter verywell, The costumesare veryconvincing and preciselyevoke the Englandof the
1930s.
151 I can't imagine how theperiod couldhavebeenmorerealistically depicted.If you likethe1930sandgood actingthen this isafilmworthwatching.
7. good
8, different
9. beautiful
oComplete the sentenceswith thadjective in brackets to form the a:vc:r~ect adverbs. Use the1. She speaks Eng lish She n .2. Didyou see the ma t~ 'h ' i~ st ni g h~~~r makes mistakes. (goodl
played so ...... (b ad) . uventus lost because they
3. My brother always behav H '(sensibleI es ..... . es really annoying!
4.The children played onthe b h5. I'mnot very good at ih'i~king e(~c .fO ~lhou rs . (happy)6, ...... we couldn't .. ... . cqrca
(unfortunateI goto thepark because it wasraining.
7.The thief wasacting ve d h .(suspicious/easy) ry ..... an t e police ca ught him ......
8. Maria always answers questions ve [intalli9. Doesn't hewrite ....? lnice) ry ..... . lntelliqent)
SKILLSoRead thereview 011c t hexamples of special voc:~u~~~t r:I~~~tg/~:gfalin and circleI ms.
~~~.ch these topicsto theparagraphs (1-5) of I capture the
: . i on clusion - gen eral opinionof the film. I he sett l ~g, cameraworkand costu mes
c. ntrcouctiond. The plote. The ma in cha racte rs and the actors whd' played them
EiI Nowwrite a review of a Iii hyou loved orone you hated u:you .ave se~n. It canbeonewordsyou identified in ex~rciset5het "hlmlrev,ew above and the
1IlIi1i~"iWlilio'!iiiaoiii>~~ili1Iliiii!i>:l<iflO"""iii\t;~~'*~.llii~iiiiiG 0 e p you.
Adjective Adverb
1. hard hard
2. quick ..... ......
3. neat ...........
4. extreme ...........
5. convincing ...........
6.strange .. . .... . ...
GRAMMARDRead the film review qui kl d fimain characters in thefil~~ yan fmd outthe names olthe
El Complete thetablewith adverbs from thetext.
~~~~~~~::~~:;b~ga i n and lind thetwo examples 01
11 . realistic
10. precise
Communications in the new millennium
COD1D1unicationand technology
• British newspapers• sending text messages• innovations for Internet use• using the Internet for schoolwork• hownew technology is affecting
the English language• the computer industry in the
Republic of Ireland• new technology for the home
and car
Homes with an Internet connection
People witha mobile phone
USA
59%
45%
UK
47%
80%
Ireland
40%
79%
D Can youfind the follow ing things in thephotographs?
keyboard laptop electronic notebookmobile phone monitor mouse screen
El Do mostpeoplehave accessto this technologyin yourcountry?
I!l Look at the table. Do youthink that the equivalentstatistics would be higheror lower in yourcountry?
119
Conununication and technologyTopiC
Count riesUK tabloid and broadsheet newsp apersUK
Vocabulary q Heat and hot w eath erLink s a Zd. 3e
THE DAilY STAR
"There 's half a dozen ambulances outsidebecause peop le keep dehydrating."Elsewhere, shoppers a huddled aro undsupermarket chiller cabinets to cool off.Roads in Great Leighs, Essex, melted,leaving the surface "like syrup".Ambulance crews in Hampshire treated 27pensioners who collapse d from the heat inchurch.
Faced with apaying out £250.000 on therecord being broken and the temperaturepassing J00 OF, a spo kesman for bookiesWill iam Hill moaned : " It's the worstweather result we have ever seen."
Before you read ?
[J Whatdifferent newspapers d~ you;:~~;t ~~~rt~:untry.Arethey national papers or loca one .differences between them?
h tw ewspaper articles. One isE) Look at the headlines 01 t. eon the other is Irom Thefrom The Daily Star(da thabl~'d p:~,"~~~~ storyare they bothIndependent(a broa s ee pap .reporting?
Vocabulary h h tI1l These words are all connected with heat. Mate t em a
their definitions. h omething solid turns to liquid1 centigrade a. w en s2: fahrenheit because ofthe heat
3.to dehydrate .b. tOhsud~ep~~ni~~~ds overbecause it is4 to melt c. w en. too hot and dry h
5. to roast d a scale for measuringtemperature were.freezing pointis 0 and boiling POint IS 100
e. to make a hissing noise (like sausagesina pan) •
f to lose water. to cookfood using dryheat~ . a scale for measuringtemperature where.freezing point is32and boiling pomt IS 212
SIZZLINGSunday hadBrits steamingyesterday onthe hotlest dayEVER.
MillionsaebillOUI81100 of
The UK's tabloidnewspapers are .particularly fond ofstonesabout Britain's royalfamily.The latePrincessDiana wasanextremelypopular subject.
The temperature officially reached 37.9 0C(100.2 of ) al HeathrowAirpon. topping the37.1 °C recorded in 1990 _ but elseWherethermometers rose to 10 J or even higher.a Bookies a gol a £ 1 million roasting asa punters a cJeancd lip on the temperaturesoaringpast the 100 °F mark for the first time.Travellers and workers at Heathrow wereDgrabbing stocks of ice creams, a lager andsoft drinks as they wilted in the heat.
Ii"All Ourchocolates are melting," a moaned
Isales assistant Marl in Stank iwicz. "But icecream sales have a gone through the roof."One traveller, Aaron Rouse, 25, said:
fij
The middle-market tabloids(3.4 million sales per day)
The Ddily ,\IdilThe D'lily Express
Britain's _National DallyNevvspapersThe broadsheets (or "qualities")(2.9 million sales per day)
The R-k-graphThe TimesThe Financial TimesThe GuardianThe Inde pend en t
The popular tabloids(7 million sales per day)
The Su nThe Dail y M irrorThe Daily Star
The UK pressSUNDAY ROAST BRITAIN
....If
'l.I'JI!!J3.: J J~! book ie-s ( = bookmake-rs ) pee Ie-wh - .--
pay ~OMY if the- be-t Js suCCe-:S 'UI 0 profe-ssronally take- be-ts and
to chilI to cool (also hto cle-an up ( sfanq) to"m' ·k Slang me-aning =to re-Iax)
a e a good prof it
;0 ge-t a roasting ( sfang) to be-badly be-ate-n
o go through the- root (Slang) to go up sudde-nl
to qrab to tak e- quickly . with force- y
,t o hUddle- to gr oup Close-Iy toge-the-r
aqar a liq ht be- e-r
to moan (Sfang) to Compla in
to payout a a sum of mo ne-y t hat Is paid
pu nte-r (Slang) Some-one- Who ma k .
ste-ildily a qraduall y es a be- t w it h a bookmak e-r
SWe-Ite-rinq e-xtre-me-Iy hot
BRITAli': Ei':TERED a new
hot-weather era yes terday
when th e tempe rature
record was broken by a
substant ial ma rgin. the
thermometer exceeding the
100 OF mark for the first time .
In the mid-afternoon of a
eswe lte ring day in so uthern
England . the temperature at
Heath row a irport was
recorded at 37.9 °C 000.2
OF) , higher than the previous
reco rd of 37.1 °C (98.8 OF)
se t at Chel te nha m in August
1990. It was the hott est
tempe ratu re since records
began in 1659.Nige l Reed , head of the
operations centre at the UK
Met Office in BrackneIl ,
Berkshire , said that altho ugh
no individual weather event
co uld be direct ly attributed
to globa l wa rming, "this was
consis te nt w ith what we
would expect to happen
with climate change".
Although there ca n be no
direct proof that yes terday's
record temperature was the
result of clima te ch ange ,
many observers see it as part
of a a stead ily wa rm ing
pattern affect ing the world.
not least becau se of the
margin by wh ich the
p revio us UK record was
broken - nearl y a w ho le
degr ee centigrade and
nearly a degree-and-a-ha lf
fahren heit. Bookmakers will
have to pay out an estimated
£. 500,000 to hundreds of
peo ple who put money on
the heat hitting 99 OF and 100
OF. \\?illiam Hill faces having
to pa yout up to £ 250.000.
"It will be as big a payout as
one of the \\lhite Christmas
ones," said Graha m Sharpe,
William HiIl's spokes man.
Reading
[) meJ Read the news arf I Who .
fOllowing things: The Oa;;;;t~, T~~~n~:,cle reports the
a. The actual temperature that ' pendent, or bolh?
day. was reached onthe previous
b. i~e previous temperature record inthe UK
c. e poss,ble link to global warming .
d. The effectof the hottemperatures ~n b
fe. DH ow certain peoplesufferedfrom the h~~~makers.
. amage to roads. .
g.Aquotefrom a bookmaker.
m Which ofthe articles do f d .doyou thinkthis is? you In easrer to undersland?Why
[;3 Readthe articles aga' f'"article includes Ihe mos~~ care u ywith the glossary. Which
a. slangwords?b. longer, Latin-based words?c. puns(word-based jokes)?d. direct quotes from people?e. long sentenc es?
Before YOU listen
ill Look at the table ofstatist' b ..
page 120. Which type ofnew~c:a:e~~~~"tl~h newspapers on
each day?Why do you thinkthis is? s I e mostcopres
Listening
m(l) Uslen to Ihree British p Ilk'newspapers Iheybuy For e ~op e ta 109 about which
a. wharpaper(sltheybuy' ac personfind out:
b. howoftenthey buythe;'"c. whythey buy them. '
Speaking
(1) Which types ofslories do a h' k .
concentrale on?Choose f~o':t~etf~~lo:i~;:'d newspapers
) the economy)the private lives offamous people»crnn e) politics•TV and pop music) Sport•the arts
Arethere similarnewspa .pers Drmagazmes in your country?
121
Conunun;cat;on and technology
Before th e new mill ennium. the Eng lish word It'x l was jus t ano un . b u t these d ays kt lill9 is o ne of Brita in's favourite»rt lvttk-s. It's sho rt fo r /C.'I:I -llIfSSll!jillg , the e ve ry eld), ph rase forwhat mobi le phone compan ies officia lly ra il SMS, o r 'shortmcs snglng service' The UK is the wo rld's rcx tln g cham pion,with 60 milli on ruessegcs being sent carh day, 1110st of the mby the 77 percent o f {('('nag('rs who own d mobile phone.Because tcxting is hard wo rk on the thumbs, it has alsodeveloped its own lan guage of abbrr-vi.ulnns. oftenincomprehe nsible to adu lts, And texters a ren't limited to justwo rds - nowa days they (<111 add g ra phics , o r even photos, tothe ir messages too.
TE L E - G R AF I X
vocabulary Telecommunicati ons/T he renqueqe of text messageslinks 9( . se
TOpiC Sending text messaqesCountries UK
TextinqWAN2TXT?
SMS ORDER: Text PICT+Number to 89020 (eg:PICT 141732)
I Miss You Babe
It's not easybeing a princess Guess Who's
On theWay?
I am nuts lJff' f!!}~aboutyou
LOTS! •. ..LOVE U LOTS141738
~/.r~}I.U ~{,(V Ru t" Best Mumin~4P......MUM I LOVE UMUM ( • '~ra:}n ".. " tht wortd
theWorld141734 141739
Almost anAngel tittle Devil
No Msg Justjj~~j a KISS!
1tetv-~~ ftidw&e<tad avtifflet~ /&t tjlJWt #t"tfite!!
Before you read(J look at the text messageand the title of Ihe first text. Canyou 'translate' them into normal English? (Check your answerson page128.)
El l ook at the mobile phone graphics above. What type ofpersonwould send each graphic. and who to?
Reading .I1J Read the text WAN2 TXT? Findout:1. what SMSmeans.2. which country in theworld sendsthe most texts.3. how many texts are sent in the UK each day.4. how manyBritish teenagers own a rnqbile phone.5. whytexters use a lot of abbreviations in their messages.
122
'./10 1!!.J
3';'~JJ;~ to back to SUpport strain injury caused by too much use
chiropractic med ical treatment based on manipUlation of the spine surge dramatic increase
shrug movem ent of the shoulders up and dow n
"8
26th Febr uary 2002
The popularity of text messaging on mobile
phones is continuing to rise, but experts are
warning that sending too many could lead to hand
injuries.
In February, a record 1.4 billion messages were
sent in the UK - 100 million more than in January.
The asurge is attributed to a boom in messages
sen t on Valentine 's Day.The Mobile Data
association, which compiles the figures , says the
57.5 million messages sent by amorous texters on
14th February was more than double the number
sent on the same day last year.
However, the increase could lead to. finger a~d
wrist injuries from repetitively pushmg the tmy
buttons on mobile phones, say medical expe rts.
A safe text guide with exercises for avoiding injury,
including shoulder ashrugs and neck-muscle
stretches , has now been launched by Virgin
Mobiles. The guide is abacked by the British
aChiropractic Association and the Repetitive
aStrain Injury Association. A spokesman from the
BeA said "Text messaging regularly, over
a long period of time, could cause repetitive strain
and lead to injuries in later life".
Texting boom could lead
to injuries'
o
o ImJRead the web page. Are the following sentences trueorlalse?
1. 100 million messages were sent in February 2002.
2.57.5million messages were sent on Valentine's Day 2002.
3.A lot more messageswere sent on Valentine's Day 2001.
4. Repetitive finger movements can cause injuries.
5. Virgin Mobiles have suggested some exercises to preventtexting injuries.
Before you listen
m Why do you think that the majority of texters are teenagers?
Why do they enjoy texting so much? Discuss with yourclassmates.
Listening
mQ)Listen to four teenagers talking abouttheirtextinghabits. Who sends the most texts?
1.Adam 2. Hayley 3. Elizabeth 4. William
a ImJ(DListen again. Match the teenagers in exercise 6 tothe reasons why they like texting.
a. It is usually easier to write a message than to say it.b. It is cheaper than making phone calls.
c. You can contact more thanoneperson at thesametime.d. You can send messages in private.
Speaking
mIn groups. discuss the advantages and disadvantages ofthese forms of communication:
) letters., phone calls.I faxes.»emalts.I texts.
IZ3
Conununication and technology/g~l r cptc New Internet technoloqyCountries USA
v ocabulary a Telecommunications. computersLinks a 5d . 9b. 9d . ge
Internet innovationsa i\i ll', broadbulltJ, ni p , .IG - pho ne techno logy end the Internet change so rapidly that we barely have timeto get used to o ne new conce pt before it is immediately replaced by another and becomes o utdated!
WHA T 'S NEW?
124
TH IS WEEK WE
LOOK AT THE
LATEST
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCES FOR
THE INTERNET.
BE PREPARED!By 20 10, YOU'LL
WONDER HOW WE
EVER MANAGED
WITHOUT THEM."BROADBAND
What is it? Acombination ofthe latestcable and radio technology means that hugeamounts ofelectronic data cannow betransmitted from computer to computer atincredibly high speeds. It's like changingfro ma narrow pipe delivering yourwater toa much gbroader pipe,Benefits for the user: much faster, morereliab!e Internet connection; it'sturned onall the time (you pay a fixed sum everymonth, so you don't have to keep diall ingup); you can do twoInternet operations atthe same time (eg. collect emails anddownload a picture from the Internet).
"WIRELESS
What is it? Computing without phone lines,similar to cordless phone technology,Benefits for the user; the freedom to usea laptop or notebookwithout connecting itto a phone line (as long as you don't go toofar away fromthewireless chub- the mainunit ofthe network that isconnected to aphone line),
,,3GWhat is it? 'Third generation ' mobiletechnology (still in development) thatwill beable to transmit data quicklyto your phone.Benefits for the user; access to thecomplete, real Internet (not the mobi le-onlyWAP network) quickly and in colour overyour mobi!e; the ability to download musicandvideo to your mobile.
,yd"jiJ ,..----.:}.;. J J;~ broad tI w ide
_ _ _ _ ... chalk a wr it ing material. tradit ionally used by teac hers onbl ack boardsqeek a (Slang) person obsessed with computers and technologyhobo D a homeless vagranthub a the centre 0' a wheel or networkto leak out to escape by accident
node a poin t of co nnection on a net workto scrawl to draw qu ick ly and carelesslyto take ott to be a big successtop hat old-fashioned tall bla ck hatWAP (Wireless Application Protocol ) a network of inf orm ationand services that can be accessed via a mobile phone
8y CLIVE 7HOMPSON
War-Chalking
comp . .ames, III COntrast, reacted with
alarm: N k·" . ? ra called war-chaIkintheft, pl am and simple" d gbl c an some
~a e compa nies have sent warningIe:ters to users who openly share theirn ernet connections.
;. (' ..~.•..
~1SY. You look for one of Jones'ssymbols ascrawled on the wall II'seet b . you
wo ack-to-back half . I .-ctrc es, Itmeans some ageek ha d·s 'scovercd anopen node nearby. ...
Within w~eks of Jones's invemion,war-cha lkmg ... a took of f ThSchlotzsky's Deli chain beoa~ w ec~alking its restaurams, and~he st; :? Utah announced it would mark uIts confere nce rooms W· I P. Ire ess
Back in th D .e epresSlOn, a hoboswould draw achalk marks on thewalls of houses to show where agenero us stranger lived Ameant "k i d . atop hat
In gemleman lives here"· across meam "religious talk will o' tyou a meal:' ge
Thissummer the British d .Jones ' . eslgnerMatt
created a new set of h bosymbols for the Internet age Jo o.a fa f" Wi ." . nes is
n o I-FI (short for "wi Ifidelit "J th Ire ess
y • e new technology that letsyou take your broadband connectionand.broa~cast it around your home or~tice . WI-Fi signals can travel moret ~n J,CKJO feet, whichmeans that your~nvate connection often a leakmto th s out
e street. If you're feeiiaene mge rous, you can leave it "open" ti
anyo~e passing by to use. ." Prest~~free hIgh-speed access! .
The only problem is that Wi -Firadio signals are invisible. You mightbe near a a node right now. But howcan you tell?
Before you readDDo you use the Internet? How often do you use it? Do youknow how much your family spends on Internet use?
VocabularyEl Match these technological words to their definitions.1. to dial up a. without cables or wires2. to download b. a small mobile computer, about the size3. wireless of a large book4. laptop c. a very small mobile computer that will5. notebook fit in your hand6. network d. to make a connectio n to a phone line
e. a group of computers that are connectedI. to copy something from the Internet on
to your computer
[J Answ er the questions about War-Chalking text.1. Why did hobos leave chalk marks for other hobos on houses
during the Depression?2. How far can Wi -Fi signa ls travel?3. What does this mean for anyone near your building with a
laptop?4. What symbol do people leave on walls when they discover a
free Wi·Fi connection?5. Why did restaurants and hotels war-chalk their buildings?6. How did telecommunications companies react to the war
chalk ing phenomenon?
SpeakingmHow do you think computer and Internet technology willdevelop over the next 50years? Discuss with your classmates.
ReadingI!J Read the What. New? text and answer the questions.1.l s broadband quicker than an ordinary Internet connect ion?2. How do you pay for a broadband connection?3. What are the advantages of wire less technology?4. What are the limits of wireless tec hnology?5. Has 3Gtechnology been completely developed yet?6. What will you be able to do with 3Gtechnology on your mobile?
Writing0 1magine that it is 2050. Write a short article like the What.New? text. List some of the computer innovations that youimagine for that year and describe their benefits.
~ Find out from your classmates how interested they are incomputers and how often they use them. Follow your teacher'sinstructions, then report the results to the class ,
125
Conununication and technologyI ------,
i 9dI
Topic Internet plaqiarism by studentsCou nt r ies USA and UK
Vocabulary WordbuildinqLinks Sa. sc , 5d . 9c
Internet cheatsCheating.comThese da ys lots of stude nts lise the Intern e! for he lp with their homework andass ign me n ts, and there is no doubt that the \Veb ha s become a valuable aca demictool. But now tha t a cu tting an d pas ting is so Cd SY, there can often be a fine d ividingline between using the Net for resea rch and pla gia rising mat erial d irectly from it.There arc even so me unscrup ulous sites (o ften ca lled epnpcr mills') \ h (11 offerstu den ts reedy-mode down loadable essdYs on il nu mber of popula r to pics - usuellvfor a payment. But 111 0 51 teachers arc now aware of Internet plag iar ism , and thereis eve n d var iety of software that schools can use to detect it. But teachers can oftenspot p lagia rists simply by fo llowing their own susp icions. For example:• a h igh-school student a tums in an essay using language and idea s more su itab lefor a university student.• a weak studen t suddenly tu rns in an e out stendin g essay.• the same wo rk occurs in a number of d ifferent students' assig nme nts.• the essay doesn't qui te fit the qu estion or title that the teacher has a set the class.• American stud en ts pro duce essays wr itten in British English , or vice verse.The price of plagiarism can be h igh, espe cially in th e USA, where it is notun common for students to be expelled, particularly at co llege level.
VocabularyEJ Findwords in the text Cheating.com to complete the table.
Before you readDDo you ever use the Internetto help you with yourschoolwork? How is studying with the Web different tostudying with books?
t26
Activity
plagiarism(= copyingsomethingdirectly withoutadmitting it)
Verb
to pi.....
Personwho does it
pl. ..
R e a d ingI!J~Read the text Cheating.comand choosethe correctanswersto the Questions.1. What are 'paper mills'?
a.Software programs that detect plagiarism.b. Websites that offer ready-ma de essays.
2. Doyou always have to payto downloadan essay?a.Yes.b. No, not always.
3. Whenwould a teacher start to suspect plagiarism?a. If the level of a student'swork seemed too high.b. If the level of a-student'swork seemed too low.
4. When would a British teacher become suspicious?a. If one of their students turned in an essay with lots of
spelling mistakes.b. If one of their students turned in an essay with lots of
American spellings. _5.What can happen to studentswho are found guilty of
plagiarism?a.They can bethrown out of their school.b.They can be taken to the police.
w~rt!:J~; J J;~ to browse to look throuqh somethinq on th e Internet in a
ran dom wayto cut and paste to make a copy of Information on a com puterand insert it in a new positionoutstand inq excellent
paper m ill a fa ctory tha t pro duces paper from wood . This is aplay on the word 'paper'. which can also mean an essay .to set to esstqnto turn in to qlv e. subm it
T here arc rl1a l1 Y wcbs ttcs. designed to appcal to stude n tsand tceclu-rs. that are devoted , in on e \Vay o r another, toInternet plagiari sm.
al) II-• •. .th ..www.lum .bn.com
EssavMasterTHOUSANOS OfESSAYS AND PAPERS IN HUNDRED Of SUBJECTSI
WHAT IS TURNITIN.COM ?
HOW DOES OUR W EBSITE STOP PLAGIARISM?
• providi ng a relia ble, efficient and powerfu l
deterrent to Internet-based plag iarism.
• detecting digital plag iarism w hen and where
it occurs.
• he lping educators and students f ight
plag iarism with gu idelines fo r good research.
Turnitin.com is an online resource for educators and
students concerned with developing quality w rit ing
and research ski lls. We do th is by:
l"·_··..-
115B
SOCIAL SCIENCE 2512f!1IlUcal scle~~e, SoclolOJll _
SCIENCERlolon Computer sclence_
LITERATURE 3392amerlcan,!!!!1!mJ!, WOrld _
165
Having trouble with an essay. or
late with an assignment~ aBrowse
through our complete list 01
12.000 essays or use oursearch
engine to search lor key words.
I!lSIDBI 19BBAQlerlt:aJt. Euronean. yto.rtd _
GEOGRAPHY 351A~ America, Asla _
BUSINESSlI an~R.1Im!It Martellng-
SUBJECT LIST Number "I essallS
ARTS 1232nUll,M~~Drama _
~ .!a.::...~ ~1 ~ .!!... e.~ .6" ........... ....saymaste r,o'a
O l ook quickly at the two websiles. Which site is offering:a. downloadable essays?b.help to fight plagiarism?
!ilAnsw er the questions about the websites.1. How many essays does the EssayMaster site offer?2. Which subject does it offer the most essays for?3. How do Turnitin.com check an essay for plagiarism?4.What do they give to the teacher after their check?5.What did James Hunter discover about the essay that they
analysed for him?
Speakingm Are there any school subjects that you would be tempted tocheat in? Discuss the different reasons why plagiarising anessay would be wrong. Talk about:.why it is wrong to tell lies.I unfairness to your teacher.I unfairness to other students.• learning how to think and work independently.. how you can learn by making mistakes.
We prevent and detect plagiarism by comparing
submitted papers to bill ions of Internet pages and our
own databases. For each paper submitted we pro duce
a special 'o rig inality repo rt ', w hich we send to t he
relevant educator.
" The first paper I turned in w as full of material from
t hree Internet sources. I knew that the work was not
f rom t he student•.but the report made it quite
painless fo r me to confron t him. There was no
argum ent, and we could t hen deal w it h t he issues
reg ardi ng plag iarism."
James Hunter, North High School
127
Conununication and technologyTOpiC How new technology has affecte d the English language
Countries Worl d
Language changeWelcome to Weblish!
v ocabulary a Inte rne t. the language of text messagesLinks 9b. 9c
128
..... New tech no logy alwa ys b rings cha nge s and new additions10 the langua ge, b ut th e tclcco rnm un icatlo ns [evolution of th elast few ycars has caused so me of the most rapid ande widcspreed cha nges yet seen.
..... New words, such as l\ 'rlJwsl , are en tering th e lan guage a llthe time to put a na me to concepts that haven 't ex isted before,and ex isting wo rds <HC be ing used in a new way. Fur example,the words QC(fS5 and lexl . previously used onl y as nouns, arcnow co m monly used as verbs in phrases such as 10ac((ss theIntfrllel and 1o Icd 50 1ll(O IIf. Other words, such as dial , whichused to mean 'casua l verbal com m u nicatio n' but now means' live ema il co mmu n icatio n. have taken o n ent ire newme anings.
Text message shortcuts
s haveinvented a uniqueThesenders 01 text ~~ssag~ e some of the mostcommon:language of abbreViatIOns, ere ar
CU See you
GR8 greal
L8R later
MSG message
NE any-
R are
THX Ihanks
TXTMEBAC Textme back
U you
UR your!you're
WAN2...? Do you want to...?
Y Why?
2DAY loday
2MDRD tomorrow
..... In addition, man y of these English words - the most obviousbei ng colllputer itself - have spread outside of the Englishspeaking wo rld and become pa rt of a globa l lan guage oftech nology.Tha nks to the influence of the Amer ican compute rindustry, users of British English have aba ndoned some Britishspellings in favour of their American equ iva lents, such asprogram instead of programme and disk instead of di5C
..... Fina lly, the style and ton e of the language itself is changing.Although they are written forms of communication. theimmediacy of emails and te-xt messages means that their languageis usua lly much more informa l than a letter wou ld be , even in<1 business context. And , to the e concem of many peopl e, spellingand punctuation are becom ing mu ch more e un convcntion al.
N e w words
h lng (H'cb + log) a person a l on -lin Ii .II < e ( lar y o r Jo urn al
iat an yone can access.
(,Thcrspacc the imagina ry 'space' th ro ug h wh ichnternet messeges travel.
do(nHtl an Intern et busines s.s pa m unwan ted crn ails sen t to ). b .
. . , Oll V co m merCl 'lIco mpa nies. ,- (
wchca.nl. (web + camera) a videocamera th at cantran smit Images live over the Int ernet.
webcast (wcb + broadcast) a live 'televisionprogramme' on the In ternet , broadcast by a webcam.
VocabularyD How manyEnglishwords can you list that are connected10computers andIhe Internet? DoIhe words have an equivalentin your own language?
El Read Ihe New Wordslext.lnsert the words into Ihe correclsentencesbelow.1. Did you know you can watc h a live ..........of Big Brother24
hours a day?2. 'Didyou gel any interesling emails Ihis morning?' 'No, iust a
101 of ..........:3.My sister works for Web Svsterns in London - it's one of the
new s.4. They're putting up a .......... in Ihe City Hall so they can
broadcast the concert onIhe Inlernet.5. Have you readIhis girl's ..........loday? Some of her views are
really extreme.6. 'I never receivedthat email you sent me: 'Didn't you? It must
have qot lost in :
ReadingI!l IOO Read the text Welcome to Weblish! and matchthesetitles to the lour paragraphs.a. The spread of American Eng lishb. A period of huge changefor Englishc. Changing style and loned. Changing words and meanings
Wr..JIl!J3':\ J};~ concern w orry
unconventional non ' standard. unuSual
widespread common across a large area
0 "
~I ~ 1..1
~ - 0 8
· 1;;i
; I
I indow.ccm)@ P rtswindow.ccm
e To: Jeremy Foster (j .foster so)
( . nner@sport swindow .comO From: Jon Runner J.ru
eSubjec t :1 stock and sales levels
129
In the computer age
accessisnow also a .
textis nowalso a .
....... can mean a written form
ofcommunication
British people use the
spelling .
British people use thespelling disk
a lotofwritten
communication is .
....... and are notso correct
Dear Jeremy, t Higher Hepburn in th e UK. I'm at taching
I 'm t he store manager a k nd sales levels for last year - ur
We've been looking at stoc a checks yet? Can yo u compare yo
H ve yo u don e yo ur 7
our fig ures . a d I t me have your fi gures .
output wit h ours an e
Many thanks
oImICompiete the table about changes to the Englishlanguage.
Jon Runner
meet some ti me in t he autumn?PS Perhaps we can
Before computers
access was onlya noun
text wasonlya noun
....... meant a form
ofcommunication
British people usedthe
spelling programme
British people used
the spelling .
mostwrittencommunicationwas formal
..... .. and werevery correct
IIILook at the email above. COmpare it to the first business
letter onpage gO. Whatdifferences in style can yOU find?
Writing
oLook at the second business letter on page 90and rewrite it
asan email. Usethe email on this page to help you. (Don't
include alf the sales figures from the letter.)
f1 Look at the text message abbreviations. on page 128, then
read thetext message onthis page. Rewrite it in fulf using
standard English.
Conununication and technology
rcp! c g The computer industry in IrelandCountries Q Republic of Ireland
The Republicof Ireland
Wired IrelandThe stereo typical view of Ireland is of a rural, agricultu ral countrywhere the people are friendly but ashort of monc)' and not verye in tou ch with the modem world. Nothing could be further fromthe truth. Today, only about 8010 of Irish people work inagr iculture, and the population is young and well-educated.Nearly a third of Irish residents are aged between 25-44.In the last decade, government in itiatives have encouragedmanufacturing and service indust ries in Ireland and haveb rought in mu ch for eign in vestment, especia lly fromEurope. Ireland is a me mber o f the EU and, unlike the UK,adop ted the euro as its currency at the beginning of 2002.
Vocabulary a The computer industr ylinks a 2a . zt . 3b. 4e
'.N 0;~!.J
3~\J J;~ call centre offic e where the . .customers' te lephone calls prtnctpe t activity is answering
headquarters principal off ice
in touch with iii in contact withshort of not having enough
Abite 01 the Apple in Ireland
In1980, the American computer manufacturer Appleopened afactory inCork, Ireland's second city, inorder
to produce and distribute Apple Mac computers forEurope. In 1999, the huge demand for Apple's new
Before you readoCan you name any plac . I Ipeople? es In re and, or any famous Irish
ReadingEl Look at the rna d dAnswer the ques1;
oanns.rea the Information File on Ireland.
1. Where, in the country, is Ireland's capital?
32. WIShlraetlaPedrcentagfe of Irish people live in D~ b l in ?. n parto the UK? .
4. Do you think that Ireland experiences much hot weat her?
~ Readthe text Wired Irel d d1.What proportion of the Irfs~ pan a
lnswer the questions.
25.44? opu anon are aged betw een
2.What currency does Ireland have?3.What proport ion of Ireland' .
computers and telecommu~i~~~~ ~:?a re connectedto4. What proportion of Europe's softwa r~ originates in Ireland?
product, the iMac computer, led them to add aacallcentre to their operations inCork inorder to processcustomers' orders and Queries, and in2002the AppleCentre inCork became Apple's aheadQuartersfor Europe.Although there is less manufacturing done inCork today,the Centre currently employs 1,200 people workingintheareasof sales, financial management, planning, softwaredevelopment and testing, and customer service.
Thecall centre has nowexpanded to cover the wholeofEurope.This means that anyone inaEuropean
country phoning Apple with aQuery ortechni cal problemwith their Apple computer will speak directly to one ofthe multi'lingual operators inCork. Call centresingeneral are ahuge growth industry in Ireland, and havebecome one of the country's top employers.
I
.... A view of Cork.whereApplehave theirEuropean headquarters.
o 1m] Readthe text A bite of th A .Ihese events in Ihe correct 0 d e pple In Ireland and puta A I r er.
. pp e opened a call centre in Cork
: : ~~;~eb~~~t~~~pep~e\b~~~~~e~fnt~~i~dbu s ine s s in Cork.d. Apple produced the ',M quarters.ac computer.
IiJ Im]Are Ihese senle b1. Cork is the most im po';;':~taC'ty°UltlhelleXltrue or false?2 A I ' .. . I 10 re and.3:Th~ i';Ja~r~g~~~~t~~':":: ~n Ireland was manufactu ring.
4. Manufacturing is still APPI:.~r:;,~OP~ lar product.5. Over a thousand people k 10 usmsss 10 Cork.6. The call centre only ta ke;op~o~tthe IAIPfP le Centre in Cork.
Ireland. e ca s rom the UK and
7. There are employ hlanguages. ees at t e call centre who speak foreign
8. Call centres employ a lot of people in Ireland these days.
Speaking~ Discuss what can go wr hcomputer and wh . ong w enyou are using alechnicar'support.y you moght have to phone a call cenlre for
131
Conununicaf:ion and f:echno'ogy
r-- _I --------- _
I POwering the Network -:: !~ ~~~:ru:~r;~~;rh;~e:::;~~;n~t:ceess (1) ..nilbelisbeing essential I: going tobeproblems because ~ert~~eaHowever, there (2)will belare II never havinglwill never have this sort ~ trtecsh
ofIlhecountry (3) are I
I Thego . noogy. I: broadb~~~~e~l: ~';;,:s'~\4!h~i~telis glv~;g £30 million to provide :
: three years However, crilics say ;h~:j;~~~.:/~~~;9a: i~~~; Over thenbeXI :I enough. gomg to e I
: :People(6)will havelare going tohave problems ' sad . . :I when they buy an itemfor theirnetwork ,l one,entre,. I: ~~ause there isnobroadband in thearea~~~:~h~~\~en, I useIt :
: the ~~~:~~~~~~ta(~~ Ifn:~;7~9IiS going tobesplitequallybetween I~--------------_______ I
-------__ 01
Gramm ar f uture tense review (wiff. be qoinq to. present continuous)Skill s Speakinq: phone conversations
Televisions on wristwatches, the Internet on microwave ovensand OVO playe rs on fridges will all be potenti al futureproduc ts. Scientists might a lso develop energy-savingsvsterns to reduce bills and the cost to the environment.Research is alread y taking place to find out what those costswill be.
The home isn' t the on ly focus for new developmen ts:researche rs are going to develop cars that ta lk to servicestations and pe rsona l digital shopping assistants. They arego ing to progr<lm the shopping assistants not only to do theshopping but also to de liver it to people's homes.
The netvvorked home
So going shop ping and buying spare parts for your fridge maybecome a thing of the past.
Language & Cul~
Talkin g fridges a nd intelligent central heating systems couldbecome standa rd in houses all over the UK within a few ycars.The UK government an no unced that it is spending a bu dgetof £40 million on new techno logies over the next few yea rs.The fridges an d central heating systems will be able to speakto a service centre wh en they need a new part or wh en thereis a problem . Some of the new types of fridges will also beprogrammed to inform the owner when they arc running outof certa in food items . These fridges will speak to the ownerwhen the owner opens the door and will tell them wha l theyneed to bu y.
El Complete the table with the examplesof future tenses fromthe text. Thenexplain why each tense is used.
I!l Now read the text again quickly and find three modal verbswhich are used to express possibility or uncertainty about thefuture .
GRAMMAR£) What new technologies are scientists developing for thehomeand the car? Read the text The networked home quicklyand find the answer.
Will
will be able to
Be going to Present continuous
SKILLSm Complete the phone conversation w ith the words andphrases below,I didn't catch what yousaid Ijust wantedto ask you IsaidIthink I'll I'd bettergo I'll callyoutomorrow night It's meNo problem Oh, hi Pardon See you ~
Laura: Alison, (11 is that you? (21. , Laura.Alison: (31 ! How are you?Laura: Fine thanks. Look, I'm on a train. (4) if you're
going to the gymtonight.Alison: Well, I'm not sure. Lee phoned me and asked me to go
for a drink with him.Laura: 15) ?We were in a tunnel then. 16) .Alison: 17) Lee has asked meto go for a drink tonight.Laura: Oh. So are you going out with him or going to the gym?Alison: 18) go for a drinkwith him if that's okay.Laura: Veah.19) I'll go to the gymon my own.Alison: OK, (101 Maybewe could go together then.Laura: Fine. Look, Alison, (111 I'm losingthe signal.Alison: OK. 021 .Laura: Byel
O Read the text Poweringthe Networkand circle the bestfuture form 11 -71.
GUnpairs, act out the phone conversation in exercise 5.
~Now chooseone of the situations below andact out aphone conversation with your partner,>Vou are phoning a friend to arrange to gl>tothe cinema,>Vou are phoning the doctor's to makean appointment.>Vou are phoningyour motherto lell her you will be homelate.>Vou are phoning your brother/sister who is studying in adifferent town.
132
Society
D Compare the pairs of photographs. Do you thin kthey show the UK or the USA? What date would yougive to the older photos?
E) What changes to society do the photographsillustrate?
I!ICan you guess at any of the following statist ic s?1. The number of immigrants who apply each year
for Brit ish citizenship. _2. The average number of children per family in the
USA.3. The percen tage of Briti sh families where both the
mother and the fathe r wo rk.4. What percentage of th e UK populati on are aged
over 60.By the end of the module you'lI know w hether or notyour guesses were correct.
Societyrccrc a Positive discrim inat ion in education
Cou ntr ies III UK
Voc abulary a Educati on/ DisciminationLinks a 5b. uc
Positive discrimination
First impressionsofChalfont
Before you readDDo youhavestate schools and private schools in yourcountry?What type of parents tend to sendtheir children toprivate schools?What type of school often hasthe bestteachers and the best exam results?
THEC~ONTCO~GEGAZErrn
My name's Harriet Fisher and I'm a pupil at
Cha lfont College for Girls.The school is 150
years old , and it 's an independent sc hool for girls.That
mean s that o ur pa rents pay for our education, not the
state. The fees here are about £6,000 per te rm if you
are a aboarder,or about £4 ,000 per term if you are a
eday pupi l. I'm lucky to be here be ca use it's a fantastic
school. We have
sma ll class sizes(about I teacher
for every 9pupils) , the exam
results are usually
excellent, and
every yea r lots of
p up ils get into to p
universi ties like
Oxford and St
Andrew's.
r
•
AVIEWFROM YEAR 10
I'm Daniel Yatesand Igo to Hanbury Comprehensive
School in Birmingham. Comprehensive schools arepaid for by the state. There are1,500 pupils here and
the classes arequite big - about 25 pupils in a class.Thisyear's A-level results were quite good - 40% of
the students gotAor Bgrades.About 50pupils fromHanbury manageto get in to university each year, butnot many go to places like Oxford or Edinburgh. I
think there wasa pupil two years ago who gotinto
Cambridge, butthat's unusual.
I!JWhat doyou think that 'positive discrimination' means?How could it be usedin the context of schools or universities?
State and private education in the UK
UK pupils at state schools
UK pupils at independent (private) schools
A f d and Cambridge UniversitiesStudents at x orfrom state schools
Students at Oxlord and Cambridge Universities
tram private schools
93%
7%
49%
51%
R ad"nBl Read the table of statistics and the profiles of the twopupils. Find out:1.how muchit costs to send a girl to Chalfont College for Girls
eachterm, if they don't live at the College.2. if a comprehensive school is a private or a state school.3.the proportion of teachers to studentsat ChalfontCollege for
Girls.4.the names of fourtop UKuniversities.5.what percentageof UKpupils go to a privateschool.6.what percentageof students at Oxtord andCambridge
Universities come from private schools.
alleged III spoken about as if it wa s trueboarder III a pupil who lives at his or her schoolto boycott III to off icially refuse to take part in somethingday pupil III a pupil who lives with his or her fami ly and only comesto school during lesson hours
School heads a boycottBristol University
guidelines III recommendationsimpeccable III perfectincome III how much money you earnintake III the proportion that it admitsquota III percentage that has been off icially agreed
B ristol Unive rsity is be ing boycotted by top independentschools because of its e allcgcd poli cy o f positivediscrimination. Survevs reveal that record numbers of the bestindependent student~ have been rejected by Bristol this year,despite having l:II impeccable grades, and the Headm asters' andHeadmistresses' Conference and the Girls' Schools Associationare now adv ising their A- Icvel students not to apply to theuniversity. Angry teachers say that Bristo l is delib eratelychoosing state schoo l students with lower g rades instead inorder (0 mee t governmcnt "aquotas"
[] Readthe text above. Which of these sentences bestsummarises it?a. Bristol University has been accused of taking too many of its
students from private schools and not enough from stateschools.
b. Bristol University has been accused of rejec t ing pupils fromprivate schools because it wants to be more open to pupilsfrom state scho ols.
c. Bristol University has been accused of reject ing pupils fromprivate schools because they don't work very hard atuniversity.
lil Answer the questions about the text. Why:1.are some private schoots advising their students against
applying to Bristol University?2. do some head teachers think that Bristol is rejecting their
pupils' applications?3. does Bristol feel that it has to admit a certain number of state
school pupils?4.might students soon have to tell their preferred universities
how much their parents earn?
Vocabul rrn Match the words to thei r definit ions.1.admissions a. points, marks2. applicants b. the system where a university chooses3. credits its students4.elite c. only open to a few, top people
d. people who wantto get into a university
In its defence, the university said that it was under pressurcfrom the go vernment to increase its ai ntakc of sta te schoolpupils. At present, the go vernment issues eguidclincs toun iversities regarding the proportion of state school pup ilsthat they should admit, but universities cou ld soon be undereven more pressure to admit poorer students.111(' gove rnmentplans to rep lace the current system with specific targets basedon students' parents' e incomc and wheth er their parents wentto university.
Listening~~OListen to the report about Edinburgh University andchoose the correct alternatives in thesentences.1. Edinburgh Univers ity wants/doesn't wantpeople to think of it
as an elite university.2. The University is changing its admissions/examssystem.3. Applica nts wi ll be asked about their parents' jobs/money.4. Applica nts w ill get extra credits if tic-one/someone in their
family has already been to university.5. Applicants w ill get extra credits if they have had a
tragedy/academic success in the family.
S eakin(1JWhat do you think about the idea of using positivediscrimination to help students from poorer schools get intouniversity? Can you think ofanycases ofpositive discriminationinyour country?Think about) schools.) jobs.) politi cs.) representat ion in the media: TV,magazines, adverts, etc ,
135
Vocab~rary a Immiqration and CitizenShip
lrnks a 3d. 4c. 4e. IIITopic a Citiz enShip
Society
Countries a USA and UK
I
lie~,I,
The Uniled States Immigration Service
Citizens ip: an overview
Naturalization isthe wav immigrants become
citizens 01 the United States. The general
requirements loradministrative naturalization
include:
• aperiod 01 continuous residence and phvsical
presence inthe United States
• an ability toread.write and speak English
• good moral character
• attachment tothe principles 01 the US
Constitution
• alavorabledisposition toward the United States
All naturalization applicants must demonstrate
good moral character, attachment and lavorable
disposition.The other naturalization requirements
mav be modilied orawaivedloreertaln applicants.
such as aspouses01 US citizens. ,
citizen.vou cannot be adeponedorlose vour
citizenship even iI vou commit acrime orchoose
to live elsewhere inthe world.
As acitizen. vou get unique rights and privileges
which include the right tovote. having aUS
passport. the US governmenfs protection when
abroad and the right toapetitionlorgreen cards
lorvour children and close relatives.As aUS
Acitizen 01 the United States isanative-born,
loreignborn ornaturalized person who owes
allegiance tothe United States and who is
aentitledtoitsprotection.
ImmigrationBecoming American
Im mlg rdn ts 10 th e USA h , . _.
ca rd' if II " , . clH 10 o h td lll d 'grccn
1('\ 1\ ant 10 IIvt' p
c'oun trv Afl~'r ohta . crllldll('n tly in the
, u l1l111g d green c I ' .
ca n apply 10 become fu ll US -it..a~{ ,. Im m lgm n ls
e ,11 J '• CI rzcns - a p rurr-
( ('( na turdfizdtion ' N f - r- ' -_. 5
dllvthing fro m " , "1 ,1 u ra Izal lO/1 ra n take
, o 11011 15 10 2 v • I
of whi ch thC're is _ . ' , ea rs, at 11(' end
. .- d «('remonv \ -, • I
Citi zen fakes th e aOM J f \II ' .\ i erc ll{' new
The natura lizdtion )fO~~ _D: ('glance to the US.
hv th e lm nu nli r (55 111 \'0 /\'('5 <In exam 5<'1
Tilis COl ' f-( fon d n(~ Nat u rdliza tion se rv ice,
. l S15 S () an Int ervi ' , ' .
<hrt cl lion lest dnd 1 wr,'" c-iv, .d ll Eng lish
II (
en exa m \\'Ith . ,.
il ro ut the ('onsti tu t' _ I I . 'lues Ions
The UK t.. • 1011 a nr llstor\' of the US \
IS ('u rn'n ll\, int J . ' " • f .
exa m for imm ig rdnis In n~(J llClllglJ ,1 CI tizenship
, sc( on t 1(' US model.
allegiance a lo ya lt ycabi net a grou p of min ist ers w ho decid e gov ernment policycomp ulsory a obligator yto deport a to remo ve someone f rom a country as a punishmentto be ent itled to a to have th e right to possesseti quette a pol ite behav iour
CitizenShip testto be practical
I
than compelled , to learn En IJ' 'IThey will . g IS 1.
, ~ n steac1 be tau ght howto cope wa h life in Brit'lin 1to find a ' I ' ~, lOW
, , ]0) and be paid the1lllllll11Um wage an d Jth ' ' < lOW10 use
e N HS and socl··II so .• < . rvlces.
TIle comminee recommended thatnew "t" '" - <
CI lzens we re also t II < a ug ua )OL~t, how Britain is a "changingmuJtlCultural S()ciety" 1·1 · . .. '1 " . li s WIll:i~~ ude O"etiq uettcs of evclyday
, wha t makes for J /
neighho ., j gooeU1S, t t e changing status of
wom~n and the assu mption ofequalItybetween the sexes " 11·U .. 1ereW I also be a politk"il I . .n ·· · J < esson on
nu s 1 nat" - I .. ron a II1sti tutions1I1:'1~lding the monarch, the prin;~Il1I11Ister, parliament and tl '"a cabinet. le
favorable disposition a posit ive opin ionNHS a Nat iona l Heal th Serviceoat h a solemn promiseto petition lor a t o ask fo rspouse a husban d or w ifeto waive a to de lib erat ely ignore
Nicholas Watt
A Home Office conuuur .II, ' ee, set up:~~~ year ~o devi.se a a compu1.'iOly
CItizenshIp programme for the110,000 immigrants who aonlveach r l . PP )
<.' ) ear to )ecome naturalisedBlltOns ycsrer Ih ".". e ay recommendedt at the citizenship test sho uld:ocu~ on practical issu es, such aslOUsmg and the a NfJS· J'I ' rat lert ian on British history
~n the Controversialare~~'i of 13 't· .Jhlsto ' d ' n IS1
I', . Iy an comp ulsoly language
esson -; the COil ..' 1ll1Ittee responded
to feat:'; that the citi.t:enship testcOllld.b~come a form of 'Cultlu:ecoJoJ1lahsm'. Learning histo
~~l~lJ l c1 ~e optional and 'neZCItIzens wIll be en couraged, rather
Some sample questionsfrom the
US CITIZENSHIP EXAM
1 How many stars are on the US flag?
2 What colourare the stripes on the US flag?
3 How many states are there in the Union?
4 What is the 4th of July?
5 From what country did the Americancolonies declare Independence?
6 Who was the first President of the Un itedStates?
1 who is the President of the United Statestoday?
8 who is the Vice President of the UnitedStates?
9 For how long do we elect the President?
10 What is the Constitution?
rBefore y o u readDWhat do immigrants to your country have to do if they wantto become full, permanent citizens? Do you know what theyhave to do in the US or in Britain?
ReadinaEl~Read the texts BecomingAmericanand Citizenship: anoverview. Are the following statements true or false?1. You have to have a green card before you can apply to
become a US citizen.2. Naturalised citizens have to promise to be loya l to the USA.3. The citizenship exam is an oral exam.4. Naturalised citizens can automatically get green cards for
their fami lies.5. Your citizenship can be taken away from you if you are sent
to prison.6.The foreign wife of a US citizen could be given citizenship
even if she couldn't speak English.
I1l Read the sample questions from the US citizenship exam.How many of them can you answer?
[) Read the British newspaper article on this page . What isthe basic difference between the US citizenship exam and theproposed British citizenship exam?
mAnswer the questions about the text.1. How many immigrants apply each year for British
citizenship?2. What did the committee recommend about British history
lessons for immigrants?3. What did they recommend about English language lessons?4. What will immigrants learn about employment in Britain?5. Will immigrants learn aboutthe Queen?
Speaking _oDo you think that making immigrants take citizenshipexams is a good idea? How far should immigrants integrateinto the culture of their host countries? How far should theykeep their own customs?
1"-
/1ee I
SocietyTop ic a Globa lisat ion and t he anti -qlobalisat ion movement
Coun t ri es a USA and worldVocabulary a Protest / Marketing and advertising
Links CI td. 4d. 4f . 6( . ll j
Can you buy these companies' products-in your country? Doyou like them?
a. fast foodb. jeansc. sports clothesd. colae. designer clothe s and perfumef. coffe eg. casual clothesh.dolls
Globalisation
In November 1999, a collection of 50,000 enviro nmentalists,stude nts , anarchists and ordina ry members o f th e pub licgathered in Seattle, USA, to protest against a meeting thereof the world Trade Orga nisatio n. The demonstrat ion beganpeacefully, but by the end of the day, protestors hadasmashed shop windows and destroyed property, the policehad fired plastic bullets and gas in to th e crowd, and a stateof civil emergenc y had been declared. The 'Battle of Seattle'is now seen as the sta rt of a world-wide anti-globa lisa tionmovement.
Similar demon strations have now spread outside of the USAand have beco me common in cities that host globalmoneta ry meetings. In Londo n's fina ncia l d istrict an tiglobal iset ion demonst rat ions take place annually eve!)' 1stof May. The la rgest protest so far took place in Genoa, Italy,in 2001, whe re 300,000 demon st ra tors e cieshcd with pol icein a viole nt conflict: one perso n died and hu nd reds wereinjured.
Ann-globalisetion protestors are pro test ing abou t thedo minance in the world econo my of large (usuallyArm-rican) mu lti-na tional companies . They conside r thatthese companies spread the ir ow n western cu ltu re a t theexpense of o ther cultures, and tha t they exploit developingcountries and the environment in general.
Targets for vio lence and vandalism are often Ame ricancompanies such as Mcfronnld's, GAP and Starbucks. In 1999,Jose Hove, a French farmer who had been in the Seattleprotest, became a nationa l hero when he demolished d newMcnonald's as a protest about the standard isation of food ,the impact of Mclroneld's on loca l busi nesses and the highlevel of US taxe s on importee! Euro pean foo d.
BefOre You rea dD Look at the photos. What do you th ink the people areprotesting about? Where are they? Do they look peaceful orviolent?
E)Canyoumatchthese American company names to theirproducts?1. Calvin Klein2. GAP3. Levi's4. Manel5. McDonald's6. Nike7. Pepsi8. Starbucks
ABC a American t ele vis ion chan nelbrand III name and image of a prod uctbreed III typeto clash a to confront w it h vio lenceto enha nce a to make betterGirl Guide a fe m ale equivalent of a bay scout
hlqhliqht a key . imp ort ant fe aturejuniper berries a th e fru it f ro m w hic h qin is madeporch a shelt er over t he f ro nt door of a housescrewdriver a to ol used fo r putt ing screws in woodsidewa lk a pavementto smash a to break into pieces
No LogoThe Amer ican wri ter Naomi Klein's best-selling book S o 1.090 (I 999)exp lores how, since the 1980s, mu ltinational corporations have createdgloba l e brands and used marketing to spread the ir influence throughoutthe world. Here arc two ext racts from the first chapter of the book.
\Vith this wave of brand ma nia has come it new e bn-cd ofbusinessman . One who will proudly inform you that Brand X is no ta product. hut a way of life, an attitude, a set of values, a loo k, anidea . And it so unds really great - mu ch better tha n that Br,H1d X isa a scrcwdrivcr; or a hamburger cha in, or d pair of [cons. or even avery successful line of funning shoes. Nike, Phil Knight a nnouncedin the late eigh ties, is "a sports company" its mission IS not to sellshoes hu t to 'u cnhance people's lives through sports and fitness"and to keep "the mag ic of sports alive."
5 eakino How. according to the second paragraph from No Logo. docompanies try to market their products these days? Is itimportant to you what brands you buy (for example. for yourclothes)? Are teenagers influenced 100 much by marketingand branding?
mllli.J Read the No Logotexl. Which company has used orthought of these advertising techniques?1. Putt ing st ickers on envelopes containing concert t ickets.2. Putt ing advertisements in public toilets.3. Project ing an advertisement onto the moon.4. Spraying smells in cinemas.5. Paint ing a street pink.6. Putting stickers on fruit.
Ninet ies mar keters ... have come up with cleve r and intrusive newselling tech niques. Recent a highlights include these innovations:Gordon's gin experimen ted with filling British movie theaters withthe scent of aj uniper berries; Calvin Klein stuck "CK Be" perfum estrips on the hacks of Tickctmastcr concer t enve lopes. and in SO Ule
Scand inavian count ries you can get "free" long-distance calls withads rutting into your telepho ne conversations. And there's plentymore ...: sticker ads on pieces of fruit promoti ng a ABe sitcoms, Levi'sads in pub lic washrooms, corporate logo s on boxes of aGi ri Guidecoo kies, ads for po p albums on takeout food conta iners, and adsfor Baunan movies projected on e side walks or into the night sky.There <I re already ads on benches in nat ion al parks as well as onlihrary cards in publi c libraries, and in December 1998 NASAannounced plans to sell advertising !;pace on its space stations. Pepsi'scon tinuing thr eat 10 project its logo onto the moon's surface hasn 'tyet materialized , but Mette! d id paint an ent ire street in Salfo rd,England, pink - houses, e porchcs, trees, road, side walk. dogs andcars were all accessor ies in the televised celeb rat ions of Barbie PinkMonth.
oAnswer these questions about the texl.1.Why was Seattle chosen for the first anti-globalisation
demonstration?2. Was the demonstrat ion completely peaceful?3. When do ant i-globalisat ion demonstrations regularly take
place in London?4.When was there a large demonstration in Genoa?5. How many people died in that demonstration?6.What sort of companies are anti-globalisat ion protestors
protest ing about?7. Whic h th ree specific companies does the text ment ion?8. What did Jose Bove do to protest about globalisati on in
France?
Re i 91!l llli.J Read the text Global vs.Local. Match these titles to thefour paragraphs.a. The spread of the anti-gl obalisation movementb. Protests against specific companiesc. The first anti-globalisation demonstrati ond. What the protests are about
I
~ 1e~ 1I,
Society
Topic a Worki ng mothers. the birthrate and child careCount ries III USA. UK. Aust ralia
Vocabulary III Children and childcareLin ks III te. tc. ee . 111
II Working mothers
Btrtnrate tqures USA U ustrali
Average ageof mothers 27 30 29g iving birth
Averageagefor having 25 28 27
a first bab y
Average number 1.9 1.64 1.75of children per family
t
Who's holding the baby?These da ys, better education and ca reer opportunities for wo men in the Eng lishspeaking wo rld mean tha t man y women arc leaving it unt il th e age of 30, or eve n40, to sta rt a family. By this age, many women already have successful careers whichthey are often relucta nt to give lip. These days there arc a nu mb er of men , especiallythose in cou ples whe re th e woman earns the mos t mon ey, who are happy to stayat ho me in the tradit ional role o f the "housewife", but for a large pro por tion ofcouples th is is no t an option. Financial pre ssu res, part icu larl y in the UK, wh ereho use pr ices have reached a astronomical heights, mean that milny couples can note affo rd to give up o ne of thei r asala ries wh en a ba by arrives. In 590/0 of Britishco up les with ch ild ren , bot h paren ts work. and so me wo men return to wo rk whe nth eir babies are on ly three or four mon ths old . So wh o is holdi ng the bab y forthese couples?
.Jenny. Cope;;:;:== = = = = = = = = = :::::::1childminder, Lincoln, England"I look afte r five differ ent children in tota l, but they come on differ ent days of theweek, so I on ly ever have th ree each da y. J\ ly house isn 't big eno ug h for any mo re!Today I'm a min din g Kieran, who's three, Toby, who's two, and George, who'sfourteen mont hs. The ir paren ts a ll work fu ll-time, and they b ring th em at di fferenttimes of the day. For example, Kiera n arrives here at half past seven and his mu mcollects hi m at six o'clo ck in the even ing. I play with them , g ive them their me als,do some educa tional stu ff with them and let them watc h videos . we go ou t a lot,too - for wa lks or picn ics:'
V gcabylaryoOuickly read the profiles of the three women and match thewords to their definitions.
Before You readIJLookat the table of birthrate figures. How doyouthink thesestatistics might havebeendifferent 30yearsago? Why doyouthink that these statistics have changed in recent years?
El Who looked after you before you started school? Did yourmother work when you were little?
R e a d in 9111 Read the first paragraphof Whos holding the baby? andanswer the questions.1. Why are somewomen in the English-speaking world having
babies later in life?2. What sometimeshappens in couples where the woman
earns more than the man?3. What causes particular financial pressure on families in the
UKthese days?4. In what percentage of British families do both the mother
and the father work?
1. childminder2. day care center3. nanny4. nursery
a. a special type of 'school' whereparents can leave very young childrenall day (American English)
b. a special type of 'school' whereparents can leave very young childrenall day (British English)
c. someone who looks after one family'schildren in the family's home
d. someone who looks after variouspeople's children in their own home
to afford D to have enouq h mon ey fo rast ronomica l D extreme ly hlqhto qet som eone up D to qet someone out of bed and dress t hemto have t ime off D to have free t ime
to mind III to look afterto piCk someone up III to collectsalary III the money t hat y our employer pays yout ea III a llq ht me al in t he late afternoon or early eveninq
Tricia Durham==============~d~a;Y;C~ar~e~a~s;;s istant, Pittsburgh, USA
"I work here at Daisies Day Care Center, doing the early shift. That means that I workfrom eight in the morning unt il four in the afternoon, alth ough the center is openuntil six in the evening. \Ve take children from birth to five years. The ir pa rents leavethem here at the center and e pick them up after work. \Ve have five d ifferent rooms- one is for the babies to play in, two are for the older children to play in, one is forthe babies to sleep in and one is where we serve the ir meals. Of course there's also abig playground ou tside. wedo d lot of educational activities with the olcler children- music, painting, natu re studies. They don't just play with toys all da)(
Annette Stills==================~~n~a~nn~y~, Adelaide. Australia"I live with the Carter fam ily and look after their two daughters: Amy, who's three,and Ella. who's eig hteen mo nths. Not all nann ies live with their em ployers, bu tI've got my own room and bath room in the Carters' hou se. Mr and Mrs Carterleave the house really early to go to work, so I a get the ch ildren up and give themtheir breakfast. After that I take Amy to nursery and then I go to the shops wit hElla. I pick Amy up again at half past twelve, and the n we usually take sandwichesto the park. we go home after lunch so Ella can have a sleep and I can do so mecleani ng, the n I take Amy to ba llet and mu sic classes o n Tuesd ays and Thursdays.I give the children the ir e tee at about 5 o'clock and I g ive th em a bat h before theirparents come home. Their parents pu t them to bed while I start the dinn er. I a hevcSaturday afte rnoon an d all Sunday off'
Reading0 lOOWhich ofthe three women:1. regularlystarts workat halfpast seven?2. looks after very small babies?3. takes a child to various classes?4. looks after three children each day?5.gives the children a bath inthe evening?6.helpswith the houseworktoo?
Before yo u listenmHow doyouthink that workingmotherswho leave theirchildren with other people feel about the situation? Discusswith your classmates.
Listening~ (l)Alison and Beth both leave their childrenat Daisies DayCareCenter. Listen to what theysay and answer the questions.t . How many children does each woman have?2. How long dotheir children spend at Daisies each week?3, How dothe womenfeel about their children being there?
Spe a k in gmLook again at the birthratestatistics on page 140. Do youthinkthat the statistics are similaror different for yourcountry?
I1l Do you agree or disagree with these statements?1.Womenthese days have babies too late in their lives.2.Women who have young children shouldn't continue to work.3. It's OK for men who have young children \.0 continue to work.4. Men who lookafter their children while theirwivesworkare
ridiculous.5. It's wrong to pay someone else to lookafter your young
children while you work.
Caring for the elderly
Socie'fy
Topic a Insti tutions fo r old peopleCoun t ries a UK
Vocabulary III Care of the elderl yLinks III l e. 11k
T he UK, like ma ny European co unt ries, ha s au age ing population . At th e start ofthe new millennium, 18% of the British po pulation were aged over 60. As a result,the UK has a booming care home indust ry, with epproximetely a quarter of amillion old people cur rently resid ent in 13,000 di fferent inst itutions wh ere the)'rece ive vary ing deg rees of nursing car l'.
W e believe that a elderly people benefitfrom social interaction and mental
stimulation. We therefore offer a full programmeof activities, crafts and hobbies to suit our
residents.There arc also regular trips to localshops and places of interest and a local e vlcarcomes to the home to give a church e serviceonce a week.
A II rooms have their own television andtelephone, and 12 of the rooms have
Den-suite toilets. Residents are encouraged topersonalise their rooms with their own furnitureand pictures. We have two comfortable loungesand a large dining room that e ovc rloo ks thegarden. Meals can also be taken in the residents'rooms if preferred.
T he Beeches is a beautiful Victorian houseconverted into a 25-heo nursing home.
Nursing care is provided by a professional team,but w e aim to provide a relaxed, intimateatmosphere.There are no restrictions on visitinghours - relatives and friends are always welcome.
142
elderly a old
-----t en-suite a privat e and connec te dout of sight a hidd ento overlook a to have a view over
service a re ligious ceremonystaff a group of employees of t he same companyvicar a a priest in t he Church of England
Daisy Won, Liverpool . .My gran is 75 and she lives with us In ourhouse. She came to staywith uswhenmy grandad died, in 2001. I had to moveout of my bedroom and share a room.with my sister instead, but it's normal In
our culture to look after old peoplewithin the family. After all, Gran looked,after my dad when he was a child, so It sright that he should look after her now.
I don't agree withputting old people intocare homes. I think that'sjust a way to put themaout of sight so you canforget about them.I visited a local nursinghome with my schoolrecently, and I didn't likeit at all. The old peoplethere looked bored, andsome of them neverhaveanyvisitors.1couldn't ever live in a
.!'o place like that . .!'o
Who's looking after your grandPt~ren"tS:nold people's home?Do they still live at home, or are ey In Is
I· ith you and your paren .Or maybe they even rve WI • periences and the relationshipsThis week we look at different teenagers ex ,
between the generations.
\
zoe Hayes. EastbourneMy gran is82 and she lives at BroadmeadNursing Home. She's been therefor aboutfour years now. She decided that she
couldn't cope anylonger living in a bighouse on herown.Mum used to go andvisit her aboutthreetimesaweekat home,but it wasobvious thatshe needed morecare,and mum hadnoticedthat she wasstarting toget confused mentally.
She couldn't come and livewith us,because we didn't have a bedroom for her.Gran wasvery sad to leave her homeshe'dlived thereall her life - and she hadto sell the house to payfor hercare InBroadmead.We visit her there everySunday. I don't mind going there. Theestaft arevery niceandthere's quite a goodatmosphere. I'm sure it isn't the same asliving in your own house, though.
Ahomefrom home?
ReadinE} I]m Read the introductory paragraph andthe brochure forTheBeeches,an old people'shomein the UK. Are thefollowing sentencestrue or false?1.The Beechesis a modern building.2. It's got twelve bedrooms.3. Residents' families can visit when they want.4.All the rooms havea private toilet.5.Residents can bring their own furniture and pictures when
they arrive.6. Residents musteat in the dining room.7.Residents havethe opportunityto go outsideof the home.8. Residents are taken to a church everyweek.
SpeakinaI1J What general impression doesthe brochure give of life in anursing home? Doyou think that it gives a realistic picture?What advantages and disadvantages could there be in livingin a care home?
Readin$!,[) I]m Read about Zoe's and Daisy's experiences.Which ofthem:1. has the oldest grandmother?2. has a grandmother who liveswith her?3. doesn'tmindvisiting a care home?4. had a bad impression of a care home she visited?5. sharesa room with her sister?6.thinks that putting old people into care homes is wrong?
S eakin(i) Discuss these questions.1.Doyou think that the number of old people in British care
homes is high?2.Why do youthink that putting elderly family members into a
care homeis quite common in the UK?3. Dospecial institut ions for old people exist in your country?
Are they used by manypeople? What sort of reputation dothey have?
4. Doyou think it is wrong to put old people into care homes?Why [not]? .
Writing/Speakinalil lmagine that one of your relatives needsto go into a carehome. Write a list of questionsthat you would like to ask themanager. Then usethe questionsthat you have preparedtorole play an interview with a partner,who takes the part of thecare homemanager. When you havecompletedthe interview,swap roles with your partner.
SoundtrackChanging societies
Society
Topic a Scnq lyr ics ref lect inq chanqes to societyCountries a USA
T he lyrics of pop songs always re flect th eattitudes and the preoccup ations of their day,an d many of the m take a cri tica l view of asocie ty that they consider to be gradua llyedctcrioreting. These two songs comment onwo rry ing social problems of the ir ow n times andof OUf own - po llution, urban developm ent andan ove r-dependence on techno logy.
Vocabulary a Sonq lyric slin ks a 4f. 5d . sc
~~I B ig Yellow TaxiIoni Mitchell, 1969
In this song, Joni Mitchell, a folk-influencedAmerican singer, protests about various forms ofdamage to the environment. Some people considerthe song to be about Hawaii, where an enormouspink hotel dominates the aw at erfro nt in Honolulu.
1They paved pa rad iseAnd put up a pa rking lotwith a pink hotel , a bou tiq ueAnd a swing ing hot spot
Don 't it always seem to goThat you don 't know what you've got till it's go neThey paved parad iseAnd put up a parki ng lot
2They took all the treesPut the m in a lree mu seu mAnd they cha rged th e peopleA doll ar and a hal f just to sec the m
Don 't it always see m to goThat you don 't know what you've got till it's goneThey paved parad iseAnd put up a parking lot
..lley farmer, far merPut aw av tha t a DOT Il O W
Give md spots on my applesBut leave 111(' th e b irds and the beesPlease!
Don't it always seem to goThat you don' t know what you've go t till it's goneThey paved pa rad iseAnd put up a parki ng lot
4Late last n ightI heard the scree n door slamAnd a big yellow taxiTook a"vay myoid ma n
Don 't it always seem to goThat you do n' , know what you've got till it's goneThey paved pa rad iseAnd pu t up a parking lotThey paved paradiseAnd put lip a parki ng lot
a. nightclubb. lively and fashionablec. coverin concreted. car park
DDT D a controversial pest ic ide . now ille galto deteriorate D to get worseJudgement Day D in t he Christian re ligion. th e day on w hic h Godw ill appear and decide t he fate of al l humanslimp D w ithout st reng th or movementto make it D t o arr ive
• ~~ I n the year 2525Zager and Evans, 1969
This song, with its pessi mistic v ie w of t he futureof m ankind, was the only hi t for the Americanfolk duo Denny Za ger and Richard Evans.
In the year 2525If ma n is still a liveIf woman ra n surviveThey may find ...
III the yca r 3535Ain't gon na need to te ll the tru th. tell no liesEverything yo u th in k, do, o r sayIs in the pill you took today
In the year -l5-l5Ain't gOl1lld need yo ur teeth, wo n't need you r eyesYOLI won't find a th ing to do:\obody 's go nna look at yo u
In the yea r 5555You r arms arc han gin g e lim p al you r sid esYour legs got no th ing lo doSome mach ine is do ing th a t for yo u
In the yca r 6565Ain't gOI1l1i:l need no h usband, won't need no wifeYou'll e pir k yo u r so n, pick yo u r daughter tooFrom the bottom of a long b lack tube
In the veer 7510If God'~ a-com in' he ought to emake it by th en1\ II1 \'bc he'll look a ro u nd himsel f and savGu~ss it 's time for the a}udgement Day '
r
g What pollution problems do we experience in our worldtoday? Canyou think of any areas near where you live thathavebeen spoilt by new buildings?
VqcabylaryEl Look at the Joni Mitchell song. Match these wo rds to theirdefinitions .1. pave2. parking lot3. swinging4. hot spot
I!l (l)Listen to the Joni Mitchell song. Which two lines of thesong summarise its main message?
olmJMatch these topics to the verses (1-4) of Big YellowTaxi.a. Ch emicals in the environmentb. The singer's boyfriend leaving herc. Building in places of natural beautyd. Creating artif icia l landscapes
Before yoy listenmHow long do you think the human race will survive? Whatdoyou think might finally destroy it?
mighty a pow erf ulto pick D to choo sethrough a finishedtwinkling a Shiningwaterfront a w here the land me ets t he sea
In th e year 8510God's go n na sha ke hi s a mig hty headHe'll either say 'I' m pleased where man has been'O r tear it down and start again
In the yea r 9595I'm kinde wo nde ring if man 's gon na be a livel ie's take n everyt hing th is o ld ea rth ca n g iveAnd h e a in 't pu t back no thing...
Now it's been 10,000 yea rs1\ lan has cried a billion tearsFor what he never kne wNow man's reign is e throughBut through the ete rn a l n ightThe e twinkling o f sta rlightSo vc r)' far aW(1)'
Maybe it's o n ly yesterd ay ..
li.I~(l) Listen to the song In the year 2525. Match thesingers' predictions to these years.1.3535 a. Man w ill have destroyed the earth.2.4545-5555 b. God will decide whether or not to destroy3. 6565 the human race.4.7510-8510 c. Babies will be manufactur ed art ificially.5.9595 d. Humans will be contro lled by drugs.
e. Human bodies w ill be useless.
5 ea .i)Do you agree with the singers ' pessimistic view ofsociety's future? Do you think that any of the predictions inthis song are already coming true?
IIIDo you think that the social problems highlighted in thesetwo songs are worse or better today than in 1969, when bothsongs were recorded? Are there other problems in today'ssociety that you feel are [ust as important?
Writingl1)Write some song lyrics about a problem in your ownsociety. Before you start , make lists of English words thatrhyme leg . buylhighl, then try to use them in your lyrics.
mq: exchanqinq opinionsGrammar a CondTSki lls a spea~.lo~al sentences review
Society
The Del-!aans' hotel business was notgood intheautumn andwinter. andthehotel was threatenedwith closure.However, ~largef)T DeHaan noticedthatmost ofthepeople whoused park benches inthetown duringtheyear were elderly. She realisedthat these people were using the park benchesbecausethey hadnowhere else to goand nothing
218
AU ofthis means thattheover-50S andtheretiredcanhave active lives andactive holidays wherever
andwhenever they want.
DeHaandecided that iftheholidays worked, otherbusiness ideas for theover 50s \vould work too. In1984, he relaunched the Saga magazine. It dealtwith topics ofgeneral interest topensioners aswellas holiday information, and soon achieved acirculation of1.2 million. DeHaan thendevelopedSaga newsletters, Saga websites. Saga financialadvice services and insurance, and a Saga radio
station.
thechance tovisit France for aday for thosewho didn't have passports. Nowadayspensioners canchoose totravel totheUSforaweekend, cruise thelv\editerr.mean or
go wine-tasting in the South Africanvineyards. If pensioners want to travel to
particular places. they \vill find all theinformationthey need in the Saga travel magazine or on the
Saga website.
Overtheyears, Saga holidays offered older peoplethechance totravel abroad for weeks at a time, or
DeHaan decided totarget elderly people offeringthem cheap accommodation in his hotel. Hethought, 'If! offerthese people cheap holidays andorganise everything,theyw1l\ want totravel' He wasright. Hisinitial idea expanded and hestarted tooffercoach trips\vith a stay inhis hotel. This appealedto pensioners because it was very cheap and itmeant theycould travel inaway theyhadnever had
theopportunity todobefore.
else to do.If there was nO\vhere else to go, therewas amarketforcreating that place for oldpeople.
Langua
Theholiday industry in theUK was revolutionisedin1951 bya man called Sidney DeHaan.DeHaaninvented Saga, a package hoUday company forolder and retired people. His vision was torecognise thevalue ofolder people asa customergroup and to make their needs and interests thefocus of his business. If De Haan had notrecognised this market, life for theover-50s would
have beenvery different.
When Sidney and Margery De Haanbought a 12-bedroom hotel in
Folkestone after theSecond \'\'or\dWar,theydid not realise that they were goingtochangethe\i'll'S of many pensioners inthe UK.
The Saga story
SKILLSoComplete the dialogue with the ..I . . op'OIon phrases below
n my otnmon we'll h .What about you I do~~~;fn:gree to disagree ..I thinKSorry, I don't agree with you I think it depends on
A: I heard the government are .peopl e to work part-time ftproposrng to allow retiredB' vI: )ry good ide a. 121......? a er they retire. 11) / think that's a
· ....... ! think old Iand all peop e should retir hA: But wh~~aybOouu~ga~ ~ it,eoPl e totake the i ~j:b: n they haveto
141....... ifretired peo;I:~~enence olderpeople have?B: ~~~rl~o) n e would ?enelit fro~eitb a c k mto the workforc~,
':....that It s fair on ounA: r61d th ~~ opportunity tow~rk a~g~~~~\Retired people have
off~ ;"Ag edPerson and the skills and exps ould stay retired .B' OK' e oesn't matter. enence they can
· ,we il l guess 171...... on this one th ,m en.
In pairs, act out the dialog .ue In exerc ise 4
rn Choose t . .a nprc lromth I'~artner. Remember to us:t~:t:elow and discuss it with ah: ~~~ Pg~OVP le are not looked aft~;':;,~~1 rnhtrhases from exercise 4.
ernment should' IScountryc. i v;ryone should help ol~n~~~afe ~ensions for old peopled ~It g them out at least once ~ e Ykvls ,~ ng them more a ~ d· people should be allo wee.empl oyment. iftheywantweftd to returnto part-time•a erthey renre.
S·~~~~·d :· .. .. ..Third. :: ..::::: ..
I!lComplete the dialo . .. .
correct tense. gue with the verbs in bracket' hA'Did son t e
· your parents enjoyth . .B. Yes, thanks. They lovedit ~if Mediterranean cruise?
A
. Sag~ brochure, they121" YI ou 11 1..... (not give)themthat· That's gr t
'
W ..... neverthrnk) I .B. Well th:la,'·t hich ports did the boat s~o 901~g ona cruise!
, rs portwas M '11 P 10 .the sig hts, but if the 13) arsei es. They saw quite a few
A- (qo) t,o a football mai chl
..... (have] more timethey141 of· Idont bel ieve it
'Whe . . .....
B: After that they sioppe~e ~d they go after that?Sagrada Familia Churchoa nrn Barcelona. Th ey saw the~ny nightclubs! I'msure if 1 ~5~ oun~Tibld abo. They didn't se
A: O ~r~~~nka 1161......(visit) all th~ '~'ig ~tani abffo rd to goto enowyou like danci c u s.Barcelona? ancrng! And where did the
B:Well the fina l y go afterA: It all'soundS g ;eOa7,~a"tN aP l e s . They loved it'
year what 18) i 0/' you 17I ..... (take) m~ on h I'dB: Nightclubs f "t'b" IWI e see)? 0 ' ay next
,00 a ground ds an a lew famous buildings!
GRAMMARD Readthe text The Sabusiness which Sidneyg~:HtOI}' qdu icklyand list six areas of
aan eveloped.
El Read the text and unde . .~~~~. '...~.rite them on the~~~~"~"I~~~eb~~nditional sentences.
First .........:::................ ow.
Links to literature
DMatch thesecaptions to thepictures 1~4 above.a.The First WorldWar 191 4-1 918h.The Victorian era 1837-1 902c.The Elizabethan era 1558-1603d.The French Revolution 1789
EJ Can youmatchthese English writers10 the dates inexercise 11A Charles DickensBWilfred OwenCWilliam ShakespearenWilliamWordsworth
147
Shakespeare worked as a professi onal actor and playwri ghtwi th a group in London know n as the Lord Chamberlain'sMen . His 37 plays are based on a number of sourcesinclud ing ancient Greek and Latin writ ings and histor icalchronicles. They inc lude tragedies (Hamlet, 16011. comedies(A Midsummer Night's Dream, 1595-961, histories (Henrv V.1596-97) and fantasies (The Tempest, 161 1).
I.inks to literature
I William Shakespeare(1564-1616)
(J)Harry, England and Saint George
I IENRY: Once more unto the breach'. dear friends,on ce more;
Or dose the wall lip with o u r Eng lish dea d.In peace there's noth ing so becomes i1 man -As modest st illness and humili ty:
5 But when the blast>of war blows in our ears,Then im itate the action of the tiger ;Stiffen th e sinews', su m mon up ; th e blood,Disgui se fair na ture wit h hard-favour'd rege":Theil len d the eye a te rribl e asp ect;
10 . . . On, on , yOll noblest English .w hos e blood is set fro m fathers of war-proof"!Fathers that, like so ma ny Alexnnders",Have in these pa rts from morn till eve n? foughtAnd sheat hed" their swo rds for lack of argumen t:
15 Disho no u r not your mothe rs; no w attestThat those whom you call'd fathe rs did beget you!' .Be copy" now to men of grosser blood,And teach them how to war; And you, good yeomen".\Vhose limb s were made in Eng land, show us here
20 The me ttle of your pasture!': let us swearThat you are worth your breeding; which I doubt not ;For there is non e of you so mean end base,That ha th" not nob le lustre in your eyes .I sec you sta nd like greyho unds in the slips";
25 Straining upon the sta rt. The game's afoot":Follow your spirit, and up on this chargeCry 'God for Harry, Engla nd , and Saint Geo rge!'
From H/:'lIrf V, Act III, Scene I
GLOSSARY1 battle2 nothinq suits a man better3 noise of t he t rumpet4 mak e your muscl es tense5 call to6 put on an appearance ofdetermined anqer7 whose ancest ors prove d theirworth in wa r8 an ancient Greek warrior and hero
~Shakespea re's works
9 f rom morninq unt il eveninq10 put back in their covers11 prove th at t he men you ca llfather s re ally are your fa th ers12 be a mode l13 independent workinq men14 the quali t y of y our homeland15 has16 like ractnq doq s welttnq t o race17 the c eme has just st arted
tRingD According to Henry, what animal should a man resemblewhen he goes into battle? What physical changes shouldhappen to him?
El What part of the speech tells you that England and Francehave been at war tor a long time?
ED What second animal are the men compared to at the end ofthe speech? How might they resemble this animal?
Your analY..sis[) How many references does Henry make to the soldiers'fathers? Why do you think he does this?
iL>JThe text
In th is speech, one of the most famous pieces of patrioticEnglish literature, King Henry V addresses the Englishsoldiers before th ey face the French at the Batt le ofAgincourt (1415) duri ng th e Hundred Years War (1337-14531.
~ links 2a, 3a, 3c, 4e, se. 6d, 6e, It i
mFrom what social class w ould most of Henry's soldierscome? Why, then, does Henry twice refer to them as noble?
IIIWhat makes Henry a good speech -maker? What effe ct havehis words had on the soldiers by the end of the speech? Howdo you know? What do you imagine happens immediatelyafter this speech is finished?
Conteme.orar linksEiI Can you think of any leaders in today's world who makegood speeches and have a good effect on crowds?
mHow important is it these days tor politicians to say theright thing and to have the right image in today's media?Is this more important than their actual policies?
..
> 11-~1Links to literature
William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
(j)Composed upon Westminster Bridge, Sept. 3, 1802
Earth has not an yt h ing to show more fair':Dull wo uld he be of so u l' who co u ld pa ss byA sight so to uchi ng in its majesty :This City now doth like a ga rment' wea rThe beauty of th e morning : silen t, ba re,Ships, towers, domes, thea tres, and temples lieOpen unto the fields, and to th e sky;All b right and gl itteri ng' in the smokeless " if.Never d id sun more beautifu lly steep>
10 In his first splendour val ley. rock, or hill;Ne'er saw I. ne ver felt a ca lm so deep!The river glidcth at his own sweet will":Dear God! the very houses seem aslee p;And all th at m ighty heart is lying still!
GLOSSARY1 beautiful2 he would be unteeunq andunrespons ive3 an item of clothinq4 shlninq5 soak . as if with a liquid6 fl ow s In the way tha t it wa nts to7 multitude8 ye llow flower (narcissus)9 w avinq10 ctrenqe shape wh ile shininq . likea star
11 a te rc e qalaxy12 throwinq their head s in anenerqet! c danc e13 were better th an14 joy15 happy16 cheerf ul17 stared18 often19 appear suddenly in the mind ormemory20 j oy
(1) 1Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
I wa ndered lonely as a cloudTha t float s on high o 'er vol es and h ills,\VI1('11 all a t once I savv il crowd,1\ host", of go lden daffodi ls":
5 Beside the la ke, b enea th the trees,Flutt ering" and d ancing in th e breeze.
Co nt in uo us as the SiMS th at sh ineAnd twinkle" on the mil ky wav".They stretc hed in never-ending line
10 Along the margin of a ba y:"e n th ousa nd saw I at a glance,Tossing the ir head s in sprightly dance".
The wav es besid e them danced : but thevOut-did" the sparkling waves in glee!': ,
15 A por-t co u ld not but be gayl>,In suc h a jocund" co m pa ny:I gazed l 7
- and gazed - bUI little thought\Vhat wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft". when on m y couch I lie20 In vaca nt or in pensi ve mood,
They fla sh upon that inwa rd eye"\ Vhich is the bliss" of so litude;And th en m y hea rt with pleasure fills,And da nces with th e daffodi ls,
~Wordsworth's works
With Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Wordsworth wrote thecollection of poems Lyrica/Ballads I17981, which is usuallyseen asmarking the beginning of the Romantic era in Englishliterature. Wordsworth's themes includethe beauty andsublimity of nature, divine inspiration, and the conflictbetween man's feelings and his reason.
~;,The text
In the first poem, Wordsworth surveys the panoramic viewof London from Westminster Bridge. In the second,he remembers a beautiful sight that he saw near his homein northern England's Lake District.
l> Links 2e
rRingDIn the first poem, what time of day is it, andwhat is theweather like? Is there muchactivity in the city? Findthewordsand phrases in the poem that tell you this.
aWhateffect doesthe view of the city haveonthe poet?
l!l ln the secondpoem, what various things are the daffodilscompared to?
eHowdid the poetfeel when hefirst saw the daffodils? Howdoes the beauty of the daffodils still havean effect on him now?
Yi r nlXi!i:lWhat is the poetsaying in lines 1and9-10 of the first poem?Why is this unusual? How is the secondpoem a moretraditional subject for a poet?
0 Which of thesesentences do youthink reflectsWordsworth's feelings?a. Beauty can only be found in natural things.b. Beauty can be found everywhere if you look for it.c. Thecity is more stimulatingthanthe country.
Contempprar linksEiJ Many Romantic poems idealise life in the country and painta badpicture of city life. What arguments can you think of tooppose this view? Discussthe goodpoints of the city and thebad points of the country.
Jane Austen(1775-1817)
Emma passes judgement
"But did yOli neve r set' him ? He is in Ilighbury evc rynow and then, and he is sure to ride through evcry weekon his wa)' to Kingston. l ie has passed you very often."'That may be, and I Ind)' have seen him fifty
'i times, hut without havi ng any idcd of his na me.A you ng farmer, whe th er 0 11 horseback o r on fool , isthe vcry last sort of pers on to raise Illy curios ity. Theyeo manry ' arc precise ly the order of peo ple withwhom I fed I ca n helve n o thi ng 10 do. A degree or lwo
10 lower, and a crcdi te bh-' a ppearan ce m igh t int e res t me;I might hope to be useful to th ei r famil ies in 50 111(' wayor ot her. But a farmer ra n need non e of my hel p, andis, therefore, in one sense, as much above my not ice asin ('very other he is below it. '" I have no do ubt of his
Ij being d very respectable young man, I know, indeed,th at he is so, and , as such, wish him well, \ vhat do youimagi ne his age to be?""l ie W dS four-and-twent y the 8th of last Jun e, and mybirthday is the 23rd , jus t d fortni gh t and a clay's
20 difference - which is very odd,""Only four-and-t wenty. Tha t is too young to settle', Ilismother is perfect ly right not to be in a hurry. Theyseem vcr y comfor table as they a rc, and if she were totake any pains to mdrry him, she would probably
15 repent it. Six yedrs hence", if he could meet with <1
good sort of young woman in the same ran k' as hisown , witb d little mon ey, it migh t he \'lTy desirable,""Six years hen ce! Dear Miss \Voodhou se, he woul d hethi rt)' Y('drS old !" ,
30 "I wish yOll may not get in to a scrape". Harrie t,when ever he do cs marry; - I mean, as to bei ngacq uain ted with his wife - for though his sisters, froma su pe-rior ed uca tio n. arc not to be altogether ob jectedt01
, it does not follow th at he might marry allYbody at
II
/iiJI I
Links to literature
35 all filSfor you to notice. The misfo rtune of your birth '}ou ght to ma ke yOll particu la rly ca reful as to yourassocia tes. There can be no do ub t of your be ing agent lema n's dau ght er, and you must suppo rt yourclaim to that stat ion" ... I say that if you should still be
-10 in this co u ntrv't when ,\ 1r, ,\ lartin marries, I wish YOU
mdY not be d~dwn in" by your intimacy with the 'siste rs, to be acq uainted with the wife, who willprobably be some mere" fanner's da ughter, wit houteducat ion."
-15 "To be sure. Yes. ... if he marries a very igno rant.vulgar wom an , ("erlain ly I had better not visit her, if Ican help it."Emma watched her through the fluctuations of thisspeech, and SdW no alarming symp toms of love, The
50 young man had bee n the first admirer, but she trustedthere was no other hold". and that there would be noserious difficulty, on Harriet's side, to oppose any friend lyarrangement of her own.
From Emma , Chapter ..J
l'JAusten's works
Austen's six majornovels (Sense andSensibility, Pride andPrejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, PersuasionandNorthanger Abbey) were all written between the yea rs 1811and 1817. They deal primarily with rural middle-class familylife and relationships, and exhibit a strong sense of satire.
GLOSSARY1 fi nanciall y independent w ork ing'cl ass people2 resp ect able3 make a hom e and get m arr ied4 fro m now5 socia l position6 make an emba rra ssing mist ak e7 are not com plet ely unsui tab le8 suitable
9 Hemet is iIIE'qitim at e. and nc -cnekno ws who her parents are .10 make people believe that youreally are a gentleman's daughter11 cou nty. region12 led13 humb le14 she believed that t her e w asn'tany gr eater attachm ent
, · .The text
EmmaWoodhouse has decidedto find a good husband forHarriet Smith, a new friend of hers with no socialconnections. Harriethas been staying with schoolfriendsandis attracted to their brother, Robert Martin, a farmer. She isdescribing himto Emma.
(; Links tc, 2e,5c, lOa
150
rReadingD Why is Emma interested in poorpeople, but not in farmerslike Robert Martin?
EJ Who doesEmma think Robert Martin shouldmarry, andwhen?
I1J How doesshethink that Harriet shouldbehavetowardsRobert's wife when he marries?Why?
oWhy is Emma satistied at the end of the conversation?
Your analy.sisll'I What social class do you think Emma belongsto? What isher attitude to peoplefrom othersocial classes?
mWhy do youthink Emma is so interested in Harriet?
IIIDopeoplestill worry aboutsocial class when decidingwhoto marry?
Links to literature
James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)
Magua demands justice
"Listen," sa id the Indi an .. .: "Mague \\',) 5 horn a chief anda warrior among the red Huron s' of th e lakes: he sawthe suns of twenty sum mers make th e snows of twentywinters run off in th e streams before he S.lW a pa le face;and he was happy! Then his Cana da fath ers (a rne intothe woods, and taught him to drink the fire-water, andhe became a rascal' . The Iluro ns drove hi m from th egraves of his fathers, as they wo uld chase the huntedbuffalo. Il l' ran down the shores of the lakes, and
10 followed their outlet' to the 'city of canno n', There hehunted and fish ed , till the people chased him aga inthrough th e woods into the arms of his enem ies. Thechief, wh o W d S born a Huron, wa s at 1.151 <1 warrioramo ng the I\ lohaw ks>!"
15 "Someth ing like th is I had heard before," sa id Cora. ."\ Vas it th e fault of Lc Rena rd" that his head was notmade of rock? \ Yho gave him the fire-wat er? \Vho madehim a villain? Twas the pal e faces, the people of you row n co lo r."
20 "And am I answerable thile th ough tless and un principledmen ex ist, whose shades of countenance" may resembl emin e?" Co ra ca lmly demanded of the excited savage."1'\0 ; j\ tagu a is a man, and not a fool ; such as you neverop en the ir lips to the b urn ing stream': the Great Spirit
1') has given you wisdom!""\ vh at. then, have I do to, or say, in the matt er of yourmisfort unes, not to say of your errors?""Listen ," re pea ted th e Ind ian, resuming his earnes tattitude": "when his English and French fat he rs dug up
50 the hatchet", l.c Renard struck the war-post of th eMohawks", and went ou t aga inst his own nation. Thepale faces have d riven the red- skin s from their huntinggrou nds, an d now wh en they fight, d wh ite man leads
the way.The old ch ief at l lor lran. your father; was th e)) great capta in of our wa r-part y He sa id to th e .\ lohawk.s
do th is, end do th at, and he was minded". He ma de alaw, that if an Ind ian swa llowed the fire-water. and ca rneinto the d oth wigwams" of his wa rriors, it sho uld not heforgotten. 1\ iegua foolishly opene d his mo uth, and th e
40 hot liq uo r led h im into th e cabin of l\ lu nro, \Vhat did thegra y-head? Let his daughter say.""He forgo t no t his words, and d id justice, by pu nishingthe offender;" said the u nd au nted" da ughter,"justice!" repeated the Ind ian ".. "is it justice to make evil
4'i and then punish for it? 1\ tagua was not himself; it wasthe fire-water th at spo ke and acted for him! But Munrodid not believe it. The Iluron chief was tied u p be fore allthe pale-fared warriors, and wh ipped like d dog." ""\Vhat woul d you han'?" continued Cora.
50 "\Vhat a lIuron loves - good for good ; had for bad !" ".."\Vhat must I promise?" de ma nde d Cora, stillmaintaining a secret ascendancy"; over the fierce nat iveby the collected and femini ne d ign ity of her presen ce,"When Mogua left his people his wife was g iven to
ss another ch ief; he has now made friends with the Huro ns,and will go back to the graves of his trib e. on the shoresof the great lake. Let the daugh ter of the English chieffollow, and live in his wigwam forever."
From TIle l.asl of the .\l tllliw fl.5. Chapter II
l\:. Cooper's works
J . F. Cooper is best known for his storie s of American fronti erlife and pioneer adventure. His most popular wo rk is The Lastof the Mohicans (1832), the second of f ive novels whichcentr e around Natty Bumppo (know n also as "H awkeye" ]. awhite man who has adopted the Indian way of life .
II ' The text
GLOSSARY1 Maqua's tr ibe2 alcohol3 vill ain. bad per son4 river t hat runs out of a lake5 a rival tribe to the Hurons6 Maqua's ot her name ("The Fox')7 Is it my fault8 the colo urs of their fa ces9 alcoho l
10 beco ming seriousIt started fiqhtinq aqain12 promised to flqht fo r theMohaw ks13 obeyed14 te nts15 unafr aid16 superiority
Set in 1757, during the war between England and France forcontrol of North America, The Last of the Mohicans tell s thestory of Cora and Alice Munro, daughter s of the Englishcommander, who are travelling to the ir father's fort. On thejourney they are capt ured by Magua , a savage Indian w hohas changed allegiance between Indian tr ibes, and betwe enth e two European armies. Here, Magua explains to Cora w hyhe wis hes to be revenged against her father.
iii.:. Links 3b, 3d
rReadingO Pulthese events of Magua's life in the correct order,a, He joined the Mohawk tribe.b, He lived a peaceful life w ith his nat ive trib e.c. He fought against his native tribe with Munro as his leader,d. The English and the French declared w ar on each other.e. His native tribe rejected him.
El The Huron rejected Magua, and Munro punished him for thesame 'cr ime', What was it?
111 How did Munro punish Magua, and how did it make himfeel? How does Magua plan to use Cora to get revenge?
Your anal sisO Who does Magua blame forthe misfortunes of his life? Doyou think that he is justified?
m What impression do you get of Cora'scharacter in this scene?How do you think she will react to Magua 's final demand?
Contem r r linko How have Native Americans been treated in the USA sinceThe Last of the Mohicans was written?
~ Can you think of any other races or cultures that have beendominated by colonising nations? What effect did thecolonisation have on them?
II
I.inks to literature
Harriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896)
Property and possessions
Sto pping o pposite to Tom, wh o had been atti red' for salein his best broadcloth ' suit, with well-starc hed' linen andshining boob, he briefly expressed himself as follows:"Sta nd lip."
~ "lorn stood up."Ta ke off th.u srock'!" a nd . as Tom, encumbered by hisfetters ' . proceeded to do it, he assisted him, by pulling it,wi th no gentle hand, from his neck. end putting it in hispocket.
10 Legree now turn ed to Tom's trunk", which. prev iou s toth is, he had been ran sacking", and, taking fro m it d pai rof old pantaloo ns and d ilap idated" coat, which 'lorn hadbern won t to put on about his stable-wo rk". he said,lilx-roting 'lorn's hands from the handcuffs I ll , .md
]'j po int ing to d recess in among the boxes,"YOLI go tlu-n -. and pu t these on."Tom obeyed, and in (l few moments returned."Ta ke off you r boots: ' said J\ lI: Legree.To m d id so.
20 "There: ' said the former; throwing him ,1 pair of coarse,sto ut" shoes, such as were com mon amo ng the slaves,"put these on ."In 'lorn's hurried excha nge, he had not forgotten totran sfer his cherished Bible to his pocket. It WdS well he
n d id so; for j\ lr; Legree, havi ng refitted Tom's ha ndcu ffs,proceeded del iberate ly to inves tigate the con tent s of hispockets. li e drew" out a silk handkerchief. and put it intohis own pocket. Several little trifles". which Tom hadtrea sured. chiefl y becau se the y had amused EVil , he
')0 looked upon with a conte mpt uo us grunt, and tossedthem over his sho ulder into the river.Tom's j\ 1ethodist hymn-book". whi ch. in his hu rry, hehad forgotten, he now held up and turned over.Humph! pious!', to be su re. So, what's yer nam e, - you
Y; belong to the church, eh?""Yes, j\ las'r;" said Tom , firmly."\ \'e ll, I'll soon have that o ut of you. I have none 0 ' yerbawling". praying, sing ing ntggcrs" un my place: soremember. Now, m ind yourselfll' ," he said, wit h a
-to stam p and ,1 fierce glance" of his gray eye, directed atTom, "l 'm you r church now! You und erstand. - yo u'vegot to b e as I say." .l ie took Tom's tru nk, which conta ined d very neat andabundant wardrobe, to th e fon..'cdstle1
" , wh en' it was soon-t') surrounded by va rious hands" of 111<' boat. \ \' ith much
laugh ing, at the expense of nigger.'> who tried to bege ntle me n, the articles vefY readily were so ld to on e andano ther, and the emply trun k finall y pu t up at a uct ion".It was d good joke, the y all thought, es pecially to sec how
so Tom looked after h is things, as Ihl'y were goi ng this W d Y
and that: and then the auction of the trun k, tha t wasfunn ier th an all, an d occasioned abundan t witticisms" .This little affa ir being over, Simon sauntered UpH again tohis prop erty.
55 "Now, Tom, I've rel ieved you of ,lilY extra baggage, yousec. Take might y good care of th em cloth es. It'll be longenough 'fore yo u get more. I go in for ' making nig.gc!"Scareful ; one su it has to do for o ne yedr; on my p l (lCe~
From Clldt TOIII 's (Ilbiu, Chapter 31
GLOSSARY1 dres sed2 a high 'quality fabric3 made riqid4 neckcloth5 rest rict ed by his chai ns6 large suitc ase7 viol entl y searc hinq thr ouq h8 old and used9 used to w ea r fo r w or ki nq in thestables10 metal r ings t hat lock t he handstcqe tner11 st rcnq12 pull ed13 insiqniflc ant t hlnqs14 book of sonq s conne cted to t heprotestant Met hod ist churc h
15 reuerc us16 sncuttnq17 very abusive term fo r a blackperson ( f rom 'neqro'j18 beha ve corr ect ly19 putting his f oot down heav ilyand lookinq anq ry20 part of a boa t where the crew'saccommodat ion is21 workers22 a competition to bUy somethingw ith di fferent offers of mo ney23 was the cause of a rot o f jokes24 walked casua lly25 1ike
~Beecher Stowe's works
A committed Amer ican social reformer and Christian,Beecher Stowe published essays, religious poems andnovels. Her anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) soldhalf a millio n copies in th e United States and was quicklytranslated into 37 languages.
IIhThe text
Tom, a blac k slave, has had to leave his home in NewOrleans, where his kind master and his master's daughter,Eva, have died. He has just been bought bv a plantat ionowner named Simon Legree and put on a riverboat wi thLegree's other slaves. Legree is inspecting his newpurchases.
Ir-J Links 3b, 3d, 3f
rReadingDHow is Tom dressed at the start of the scene? Whatchanges does Legree make to Tom's clothes?
El How does Legree discover that Tom is a religious man?What is Legree's attitude to this?
I!lWhv do the crew of the boat find Tom's possessions soamusing? What do they do with them?
O What possessions is Tom left w ith at the end of the scene?
Your anal siso How would you describe Legree's treatment of Tom, and hisattitude to slaves in general?
rn What is svmbolised bVthis description of how Tom isgraduallv deprived of all his clothes and possessions?
~Which of these words describe Tom's behaviour throughoutthe scene?angry calm despairing passive .resigned violent
Contern/?orar linksm Oo you think the slavery of black people has had a longterm effect on race relations in the USA?
I.inks to literature
Charles Dickens(1812-1870)
An English lesson at Dotheboys
lie could not but observe how silent and sad the boys allseemed to be. There was none of the noise and clamourof d schoolroom; non e of its boisterous ' play, o r hcartvmirth' . The child ren sat crou ching and shivering>
5 together; and seeme d to lar k th e spirit to move about.After so me half-hour's <leidY, 1\ l r Squccrs reappeared. andthe boys took their places and their books, of which lattercommodity" the <lverclge might be about one to eightlearners. A few minutes having elapsed>, during which Mr
10 SfJlICCrs looked vcry profo und, as if he had a perfectapprehension of what was inside all the books, and couldSdY ('\'cry word of their conte nts by heart if he only choseto take the trouble, that gentleman called up the first do ss.Obed ient to this summons there ranged themselves in
I') front of the schoolmaste r's des k, half-a-dozensca recrows", a uf at knees and elbows, one of whomplaced d torn and filthv" book beneath his learned eye.'This is the first class in English spelling and philosophy,i'\icklcby,' said Squccrs. beckoni ng'} Nicho las to stand
2.0 lu-sidc him.'\Vc'lI gel up a Latin one, and hand that ove r to you. Now,then , where's the first boy?''Please. sir, he's cleaning the back-parlour window,' saidthe temporary head of the philosophical class.
1.5 'So he is, to be sure,' rejoined Sq ucers. " Ve go upon thepractical mode of teach ing, :\'irkleby; the regulared ucatio n system. C-l-c-a-n. clean, verb active, to makebright, to scour". \ v-i-n. win, d-e-r; dcr; winder", acaseme nt. \ Vhen the boy knows this out of book, he goes
30 and docs it. It's jus t the same principle as the use of theglobes , \Yhere's the second boy?''Please, sir; he's weeding" the garden' replied a small voice.
GLOSSARY
To be sure,' said Squccrs. by no mean s disconcerted. 'Sohe is. B-o - t, bo t, t-i-n, tin, bott in. n-('-y, ney, bottinncv! ' .
)) noun substa ntive, a know ledge of plants. \Vhen he haslearned that boui nncv means a know ledge of plants, hegoes and knows 'em. That's our system. Nicklcby: wha tdo you th ink of itt'It 's very useful one, at an y rail'.' answered Nicholas.
-10 'I believe yo u,' rejoined Squccrs. not remarking theemphasis uf his ush er!'. Third boy, what's horse?''A beas t. sir,' replied the boy.'50 it is,' said Sq ucers. 'Ai n't it, :\'kkk'by?''I bel ieve there is no dou bt of that . sir,' a nswered
.J.) Nicholes.'Of course there isn't,' said Squcers. 'A horse is d
quadruped. and quadruped's Latin for beast. aseve rybod y that' s gone through the grammar knows, orelse whore's the usc of having grammars at alit
') 0 't v lu-rc. indeed!' said Nicholas obstrectccllv".'As you' re perfect in that' resumed Sq uccrs. turn ing tothe boy, 'go and look after 1\ 1)' horse, and rub himdow n well, or I'll rub you down. The rest of the class goan d d raw wa ter up". till someb ody tells yOli to k-avc
5 ) o ff 17, for it's washing-d-ry tomor row, and they want thecoppers" filled .'
From .\"idlOlas Xif klt'by. Chap ter 8
Ii- Dickens' works
Dickens wa s one 01 the most prolific authors of the 19thcentury. His works, includ ing some of the best- loved novelsin the English language (Oliver Twist1837-39, NicholasNickleby 1838-39, Oavid Copperfield 1849-1 8501. we republished in seria l lorm in magazines, and his public readingtou rs 01 Britain and the US earned him huge popularity. Hisnovels are populated by memorable, often comic, charactersfrom all social classes, and many of his wo rks criticise thesocial inequality of Victo rian England.
I rouq h2 sincere happiness3 bent and shakinq with cold4 a reference to the books5 passed6 tiq ures mad e by f armers tofriqht en birds7 w it h holes in their clothes8 very dirty9 indic atinq to
10 cle an viqorously11 so ueers: mi sspelflnq of w indow12 pull inq out the unwanted pl ants13 Squeers ' misspellinq of bota ny14 assistant15 vaquely16 pull water up from a hole in theqround17 stop18 tarqa pans
...·The text
In the novel olthe same name, 18-year-old NicholasNickleby's father has died, and Nicholas, his sister and hismother are dependent on the dead man's brother. Nichol as'uncle has secured him a job at Dotheboys Hall, a school forpoor boys in Yorkshire run by Mr Squeers.
.- Links Sa,8a
rRea ;ngIJHow is the atmosphere 01 the classroom at Dotheboys Halldifferent to a normal classroom?
E) What do the boys there look like?
g) What does Squeers make the boys do when they havelearned to spell a word?
O What lour tasks does Squeers make various boys do?
Xgu r analY..s;sm What details in the text show that:a. the school has no money?b. Squeers is uneducated?
Ii) What is Nicholas'reaction to Squeers' teaching methods?How does Dickens show this?
~What serious message does Dickens intend to convey inthis scene? Why, then, does he make it a humorous scene?
Confem/?ora linksmHow are today's classrooms and teaching methods differentlrom the classrooms and methods 01 100years ago?
m What do you think makes a good teacher? And a bad one?
Links to literature
I George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)
Eliza enters society
M RS IIIGGINS: \Vill it rain, do vou think?EUZA: The sha llow depressio n in the west of these islandsis likely to move slowly in a ll easterly direction . There areno indication s o f any great change in the ba rometr ical
'i situation.FREDDY: lIa! ha ! how awfully funny!ELIZA: \Vhat is wTO ng with that, young man? I bet I go tit right.FREDDY: Killing '!
10 MR.'i EYI"5FORD Ihu: I'm su re I hope it won't turn co ld.There's so m uch influenza about. It runs righ t th roughou r whole family regu larly every spring.EUZA: j\ ty aunt d ied of influe nza: so they said .j\ IRS EY:-:SFORD Htu, (clicksherIOllgueS!"lIpalhflimllyJ
15 EU1J\: But it's my belief they do ne the old woman in' .;..tRS IIIGGI l\S: Done her in?EI.I1J\: Y-e-e-e-es. Lord love you! why should she die ofinfluenza? She com e through>di phthe ria righ t eno ughthe yea r before. I saw her with my own eyes. Fairly blue
10 with it, she was. They all thought she was dea d: bu t myfather he kep t ladling~ gin down her throat til she cam eto' so sudden that she b it the bowl off the spoon.J\ l RS EV;\,SFORD lila : Dear me!EUZA: \Vhat caW wou ld it woman with that strength in her
zs have to die of influen za? \Vhat becom e of her new strawhat that sho uld have come to me? Somebody pinched" it;an d what I say is, them as pinched it do ne her in",1\ IRS [\X SFORD H ILL: \VIMt docs doing her in mean?IIIGGI:\'S: Oh, that 's the new small talk' ". To do a person in
30 mean s to kill them.j\ IRS En':SFORD HILL: You surely don't belie ve that you raunt was killed?EI.II.A: Do I not! Th em" she lived with wo uld have k i lledher for a hat-p in, let a lone a hat.
3') J\ l RS EYNSFORD 11 111.; But it can't have been righ t for you r
GLOSSARY
father to pou r spirits do wn her th roat like that. It mighthave kill ed her.EI.lI.A: Not her. Gin was mo ther's milk to her. Besides, he'dpoured so much down his own th roat that he knew the
40 good of it.MRS EYNSFORD H ILL: Do yOli mea n that he d rank?EU /.A: Drank! My word! Some thing chronic",j\ '1RS EYi'\SFORD H ILL: How d readful for you
'-inks to literature
Wilfred Owen(1893-1918)
<J)Parable of the Old Man and the Young
So Abram rose, and clave' the wood, and went,Ancl loo k the fire with him, and a knife .And as they sojo urned- both of them together,Isaac the first-bo rn spoke' end said , My Fath er,
s Beho ld- the pre pa rat io ns, fire and iron ,But where the lamb for this bu rnt-o ffer ing?Then Abra m hou nd ; the youth with belts an d stra ps,And buildcd pa rapets and trenches" there,And stre tched fo rth the kn ife to slay7 his so n.
10 when IO!Han angel ca lled him out of heave n,Saying, Lay not thy hand upon the lad",Neither do any th ing to him. Beho ld,A ram caugh t in il thicket " by its horns;Offer th e Ram of Pride ins tead o f h im.
15 Bu t the o ld ma n woul d no t so, bu t slew'' his so n,And ha lf the seed of Europe, o ne by one.
GLOSSARY
1 cut2 st ayed3 spoke4 look at5 tied6 low wa lls and di t ches (t y pical o f Fir st Wor ld War battle fi eld s)7 ki ll8 look!9 do not to uch the boy10 a male sheep t rapped in a bush11 kil led
rReading,O Which lines in the poem refer specifically to soldiers'equipment and to the landscape of the First World War?
El How does Owen's version of the Abraham and Isaac storydiffer from the version in the Bible?
Your analy.sisI!lWork out the symbolism of the poem,Who do Abraham and Isaac represent?Who are 'half the seed of Europe'?Why is the ram call ed the Ram of Pride, and why won'tAbraham kill it?
• • Owen's works
Wilfred Owen is regarded as the great est of the First WorldWar poets. His poems reject nat ionalism and sentimenta lityand mix tra ditional romant ic imagery wi th the bloody realityof wa r. In 191 6, Owen became shell- shocked and w as senthome to recover. He voluntarily returned to the army in 1918and wa s kill ed a week before the end 01the war.
or. .The text
In th is poem, Owen modernises the Christian story ofAbraham and Isaac. In the Bible, God tests Abraham's loyaltyby asking him to sacrif ice his son to him. Abraham begins tofollow God's instruct ions, but at the last minute God sends aram to be sacr ificed in Isaac's place.
I.' Links 3c, 4f
oFind in the poem all the different terms used to refer toAbraham and Isaac. What is the significance of these terms,and the poem's title?
m Which are the only two rhyming lines in the poem? How dothey add to the poem's effect?
Contem orar linksIIIHow far is Owen's symbolic poem still relevant to war inour own times? 00 old people and young people hold differentopinions ofwar?
~ Is war always just a waste of life, or can it serve anypurpose?
I Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)
/1iil I.inks ~o 'i~era~ure
Shakespeare's sister
it would have been impossible, completely andentirely, for dny woman to have writ ten the plays ofShakes peare in the age of Shakespeare. Let meima gine, since facts arc so hard to co me by, what
5 would have happen ed had Shakespeare had awonderfull y gifted! sister, called Jud ith, let LIS sa )'.Shakespea re him self ... got wo rk in the th eatre,became it success fu l acto r, and lived at th e hub- of th euni ve rse, meeting everybody, knowing everybo dy,
[0 practising h is art Oil the board s' , exe rcising his wits' inthe streets, and eve n getting access to the pa lace of theq ueen. Mean wh ile h is ext raord ina rily gifted siste r, letus suppose, rema ined at horn e. She WdS asad venturo us, as imaginati ve, as agog" to see the wo rld
15 as he was. But she was no t sen t to school. She had nochan ce of learn ing grammdr an d logic, let alone ' ofread ing l lorecc and Virg il. She picked up a book nowand th en , on e of her brother's pe rhaps, an d read a fewpages. But then her paren ts carne in and told her to
20 men d th e stockings or mind" th e stew" and no t moonabou t'! with books and papers. They would ha vespo ken shar ply but kind ly, for the y were substantialpeople who knew the cond itions of life for a womanan d loved their daughter - ind eed, mo re likely tha n not
25 she was the apple of her father's eve". Perhaps shescr ibbled" some pages lip in an apple loft on th e sly"but \VdS ca refu l to hide them or set fire to th em. Soo n,however, before she was out of her teens, she was tobe betrot hed to" the son of a neigh bou ring
30 woolstep lcr!' . She cried out tha t ma rriage was hatefulto her, and for that she was severely bea ten by herfathe r. Then he ceased to sco ld " her. He begged herinstead not to hurt h im, not to shame him in this
GLOSSARY
1 talented2 centre3 the stage of a t heat re4 inte ll igence5 fUll of ant icipation6 not to mention7 look after8 a stnqte pot of meat andvegetables9 waste time. dream10 her father's spe cial f avour it eII w rote in a hurry12 in secret
13 promised In marr iage t o14 someone w ho sorts wo ol int odifferent classi ficat ions15 spe ak harsh ly to16 underski rt17 sharpest inte ll igence18 laughed lou dly19 w ant ed very much to observeand mak e use of20 pregn ant21 trapped22 buses23 an are a of London
matt er of her marriage. He would give her a chain of35 beads or a fine pet ticoat", he said; and there were
tears in his eyes. 1I0w could she d isobey him "? Ilowcoul d she break his hear t? The force of he r own giftalone drove he r to it. She made up a small par cel ofher belongi ngs, let herself do wn by a ro pe on e
40 su mmer 's nigh t and took the road to London. She wasnot seventeen. The bir ds that sang in the hedge werenot more mu sical than she was. She had the qu ickestfancy" . a gift like her broth er's, for the tun c of word s.Li ke h im, she had a taste fo r th e th eat re. She stood at
43 the stage door; she want ed to act, she said. Menlau ghed in he r face. The manager - a fat, loosclippedman - guffawed ".. .. Yet her ge nius was for fiction andlusted to feed abundantly upon" the lives of men andwomen and the study of their ways. At last - for she
50 was very young, oddly like Sha kespeare th e poet inher face, with the same grey eyes and rounded brows at last Nick Greene the artorman ager took pity on her;she found herself wit h child" by th at ge nt leman andso - who shall measure the heat and violence of the
55 poet's heart when cau ght and tan gled" ill a woman 'sbody? - killed herself on e win ter's night and liesbu ried at some cross-ro ads wh ere th e omnibuses" nowstop outside th e Elephan t and Castle".That, more o r less, is how the story would run, I think,
60 if a woman in Sha kespeare's day had hadShakespea re's gen ius.
From A Room oj OI1/:"S 0 11'11 , Chap ter 3
I.- Woolf's works
Virgin ia Woolf was a key f igure in the 'Bloomsbury Group' - agroup of major English writers and artists of the early 20thcentury. Woolf's novels IMrs Dafloway, 1925, To theLighthouse, 19271are known fortheir innovative "stream ofconsciousness" technique, concentrating not on plot, but onthe interior workings of her characters' minds. Woolf wa salso a pioneer of feminist prose-writing.
.." The text
A Room of Ones Own 11929) is a long essay about wo menwr iters and the position of women in society in general.Woo lf conc ludes that, in order to achieve equality w ith men,wo men need fundamentals such as the ir own money, andt ime away from the domest ic sphere.
1£ Links te, IUd, lla
rReadingD Is Woolf's story about Shakespeare's sister real orimag inary?
El What sort of education does Judith receive?
~What forces her to run away from home, and where doesshe go?
O What career does she want to follow, and what react iondoes she receive from the men she meets?
iii Why does she kill herself?
Your anal sism What, precisely, makes it impossible for Judith to have thesame kind of life as her brother?
~Does Judith hate the man she is betrothed to, or the idea ofmarriage itself? Why do you think this is?
Contem ora linksIIIHow have attitudes towards women working changedsince Shakespeare's land Woolf's) day?
I1lWhat problems can women still experience today if theywantto have both a family life and a career?
';i;, r---1~i/ 11j
I.inks to literature
I John Steinbeck(1902-1968)
A crime that goes beyond denunciation
The de cay sp rea ds ove r the State, and the sweet smellis it g rea t sorrow' on the land. Men who ca n grare thetrees and make the seed fertil e an d big can find noWilY to let th e hungry people ea t thei r prod uce. Men
5 who have created new fru its in the wo rld cannotcreate a syste m wh ereby their fru its may be eaten , andthe failure hangs ov er the Sta te like a g reat sorrow.The works of the roots of th e vi nes , of the trees, m ustbe destroyed to keep up the price, and th is is th e
10 saddest, bitterest thing of all. Carloads' of orangesdumped" on the gro u nd. The people come from milesto take the fruit , but th is cou ld not be. How wo u ldthey buy oranges a t twen ty cents a dozen if they coulddri ve out and pick th em u p? And men w ith hoses>
ts sq uirt" kerosene on the o ra nges , and they a rc angry a tthe cr ime, angry at the people who have come to takethe fru it. A mi llion people hungry, needi ng the fru it and kerosene sp rayed over th e golden mou ntains.And the sm ell of roe fills the co un try.
20 Burn coffee for fuel in the ships. Burn corn to keep warm,it makes a hot fire. Dump potatoes in the rive rs and placeguards a long the banks to keep the hungry peo ple fromfishing them out. Slaug hter" the pigs and bu ry them, andlet the putrescence" d rip down into the earth.
25 There is a crime here that go es beyo nd denuncia tion .There is a sorrow here tha t weeping can nol symbo lize.There is a failu re here tha t to p ples" all o u r success.The fert ile ea rth, the straigh t tree rows, the stu rdy"trunks, and th e ripe fru it. And chi ldren dying of
:;0 pel lagra" m ust di e because a profit ca nnot be takenfrom an o range. And coroners" must fill in thecertificates - die d o f mal nut ritio n - becau se the foodmu st rot , must be forced to rot.The people come wit h nets to fish for potatoes in th e
GLOSSARY
35 river, an d the guards ho ld them back; they co me inra tt ling ca rs to get the dumped ora nges, but thekeros ene is sp rayed . And they stand still and wa tch th epotatoes floa t by, listen to the scream ing pigs bein gkilled in a d itch" and covered wit h q uicklime!' . wat ch
40 the mountains of ora nges slop down to a putrefyin gooze": and in the eyes of the peo ple there is it failu re;and in the eyes of the hu ngry there is a growing wrath " .In the sou ls of the peo ple the grap es of wrath are fillingand growing heavy, growing heavy for the vin tage" .
Fro m lIrc Gmpcs oj l\ 'mlll, Chapter 2:3
iF Steinbeck's works
Steinbeck is best remembered for his three novels of theGreat Depression era of th e 1930s: Tortilla Flat, OfMice andMen and The Grapes of Wrath. These works all deal w ith thestr uggles of poor agricu ltural workers in the USA during thatperiod.
1 sadness2 blend one type of plant wi thanother3 quantit ies br ouqht by car4 abandoned5 rubber t ubes used to spray liquld6 spray7 decay8 kill9 rottinq fl esh10 causes to fa ll
11 st ro ng12 vita min deficiency13 people wh o legall y decide t hecause of dea th14 lon q narrow hole in the qr ound15 a po wd er th at help s t hings to rot16 rot to liq uid form17 anger18 t he w ine pro duced from aparti cu lar harvest
Il>JThe text
The Grapes of Wrath 119391follows the Joa d family as theyjoin thousands of other farmers leaving their nativeOklahoma during the Depression to try to make a living inSouthern California. In th e presence of the starvi ng refugees,the produce growe rs of Califo rnia destroy food to maintainscarcity and high prices.
..Links 3e, se, 10c
rRe dOngD The extract describes the destruction of five specific typesof food. What are they, and how are they destroyed?
E)What effect does the destruction of the food have on thepeople in California?
Your anal sisI!JUnderline all the words connected with decay. Why do youthink there are so many of them? What does the decay of thefood symbolise?
O What other words are repeated throughout the exlract?Why do you think that Steinbeck uses this repetition?
rn What are the consequences of a wo rld economy like ours?Who benefits from it and who suffers?
I.inks to literature
II Dylan Thomas(1914-1953)
(D Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night
Do not go gent le int o th at good n ight,Old age should h u rn and rave ' a t d ose o f d ay;Rage , rage again st the dyin g of the light.
Though wise men at their en d kn ow dark is right,Because the ir words had for ked no lightn ing' theyDo not go gentle into th at good night.
Good men, the last wave bv', cry ing how brigh tTheir frail deeds; might 11<1\,(' danced in <1 green bay.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
10 \\'i1d men who caught and sang the su n in night,And learn, too late, they grieved" it on its way.Do not go gent le into that good night.
Grave men, ncar death, who see wit h blinding sig htBlind eyes co uld blaze" like meteors and he gay'\
I') Rage, rage against the dy ing of the light.
And yO ll, my fetlu-r; the re on that sad height ,Curse, bless 111(' now with you r fierce tea rs. I pray.Do not go gentle into that good night.Rage, rage aga ins t the dy ing o f th e light.
GLOSSARY
Thomas's works
Dylan Thomas, the unofficial national poet of Wales , is bestremembered for his poems and for his 'play for voices',Under Milk Wood. The play was written for the radio anddepicts the inner throughts of the inhabitants of a Welshseaside town.
I screa m and shout2 show violent enqer3 had no dramati c impac t (forkedIiqhtnlnq Is th e fl ashin q o f IIqht Inthe sk y durinq a st orm )4 wh en the last wave is near {i.e.wh en deat h is clo se)
5 w eak acti ons6 they missed the sun w hen it haddisap peared7 bur n briqhtly8 happy. merry
( · .The text
In this poem, Dylan contemplates the approaching death ofhis father.
~ Links 10e
rRingD in verse 1, wh at three phrases does Thomas use tosymbolise death? How does he think that old and dying peopleshould react as death approaches ?
E] In verses 2-6, Thomas examines different people's reactionsto death. Match these people to the verses:a. his fatherb. serious peoplec. fast- living peopled. good peoplee. inte ll igent people
Your nat sisE1According to Thomas, which ofthe people identified inexercise 2:a. feel that life has passed too quickly?b. regret that their actions had no great effect or meaning
(two groups of people]?c. regret that they did not have a more exciting, intense life?
[) Does Thomas w ant his father to have a peaceful death?Why/Why not? .
Contemeorar linksmHow does your religion or cul ture view death. and advisepeople to react towards it? Is Thomas's reaction the same asthis or different?
rn How does your society tre at old peop le in the last few yearsof their lives? Do people pay attention to their thoughts andfeelings?
Links to literature
Zadie Smith(1975-)
A clash of cultures
Samed growled '. 'I told you al ready. I do n't want yo uparticipating in that nonsense. It has nothi ng to dowith us , Magid. VVh)' are yOlI a lways trying to besomebody you are not?'
5 There was a mutual, silen t anger as each acknowledge dthe painful incident thai was bein g referred to. A fewmo nths earl ier, on Magid's ni nt h bi rth day, a group ofvcry nice- looking white boys with meticulousman ners- had turned up on the doorstep a nd as ked
10 for Mark Smith .'Mark? No Ma rk here,' Alsa na had sa id, bendi ng downto their level with a ge nia l sm ile, 'Only the fam ily Iqbalhere. You have the wrong house:But before .. she had finished the se ntence, Magid had
15 dashed' to the door, ush ering" his mother out of view'Hi, guys:'il L tvlark:'Off to the chess club, Mum''Yes, 1\·1 - M - Mark, ' sa id Alsa na. close to tears at th is
20 fina l sn ub' . th e replacement of ,Mu m' for 'Ar uma', 'Donot be late, now:'I GIVE YOU A GLORIOUS NAME LIKE MAGIDJvlAIi FOOZ MURSIIED M UIHAS IM IQBAL!' Semedhad yelled after Magid when he ret urned home th at
25 eve n ing and wh ipped" up the sta irs like a b ullet tohide in h is room. 'AND YOU WANT TO BE CALLEDMARK SMITI I!'But this was just a sym pto m of a far deeper mala ise'.Magid rea lly wa n ted to be in some ot her famil y. He
50 wanted to own cats and not cockroaches", he wa ntedhis moth e r to make the m usic of the cello, not thesound of the sewing machine; he wan ted to have atre llis? of flowers growing u p one side of the hou se
ins tead of the ever growing p ile of other people's35 ru bbish; he wa nted a piano in the ha llway in place of
the b roken door off co us in Kurshed's car; he wa nted togo o n b iking holidays to Fran ce. not day trips toBleckp o ol" to visit au nt ies: he wanted the floo r of hisroom to be sh iny wood, not the orange an d gree n
40 swirled" carpet left over from the resta uran t; hewa n ted his fat her to be a doctor, not a one-handedwa iter; an d this mo nt h Magid had converted all thesedesires in to a wish to join in with the Harvest Festiva llike Ma rk Smith would. Like eve rybody else wo u ld.
From lVhi le Teeth, Ch apte r 6
dIf; Smith's works
Zadie Smith astonished the Brit ish literary world with thepublication, in 2000, of her first novel, White Teeth.The bookwon the Wh itbread First Novel Award for that year and wasdesc ribed by many review ers as the most outstandingwrit ing debut for years.
~The lexl
GLOSSARY1 made a noise like an anqry animal2 caref ul politeness3 hurr ied4 pushinq5 insult6 ran
7 unh appiness8 large bee tl es9 wooden st ructu re10 a worki ng-c lass seasi de resort11 mixed to get her
White Teeth tells the sto ry ofthree families, one Indian, onewhite, and one of mixed race, in North London and Oxlordfrom World War II to the present day. In this extract, SamadIqbal, a Bangladeshi immigrantto London, is asking his sonMa gid why he wants to take part in his school's HarvestFestival, a Christ ian celebration.
II.. Links te, lb, lOb
El What is his real full name?
I!IWhat work does his father do?
O What work does his mother do?
0 Why is Magid determined 10 participate in the HarvestFestival?
li!Why doesn't his father want him 10 go?
Your analY..sisEilWhat do items like cats, pianos, holidays in France andwooden floors symbolise for Magid?
iii How is this text representative of the immigrantexperience?
Contemeora!:y' lin sID What problems can immigrants experience in terms ofclashes between their native culture and the culture of thecountry they live in?
am Do you think that the older and younger generations ofimmigrants in your country have the same disagreements asSamad and Magid?
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