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Actor‐Network Theory VS Network Analysis VS Digital Networks Are We Talking About the Same Networks?

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Are We Talking Aboutthe Same Networks?

Tommaso VenturiniAnders Kristian Munk

Mathieu Jacomy

Actor-Network theory

NetworkAnalysis

DigitalNetworks

6Pa _&CRad _ �HUR _f� 6CH Re NV �U d�ZNaR_VN i RZV aVP� Rad _ �P ZR�a TRaUR_�a �NPa�N �N�dU R HUR R� Rad _ �N_R�a_N VR a �ReV aV T�V �N�P aN a�ZN V T�N �_R&ZN V Th�_R NaV � RR �a �OR�_R RNaR f�m R_S _ZR n� _�aUR�Rad _ �dV � V cR �

Uaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V(G PVN M Rad _

G PVN �CRad _ �6 N f V � GC6 �V cR aVTNaR � PVN � a_bPab_R �aU_ bTU�T_N U�aUR _VR � a�PUN_NPaR_VgR � a_bPab_R �V �aR_Z � S� R � V VcV bN �NPa _ � R R �_�aUV T �dVaUV �aUR� Rad _ �N �aUR�aVR � _�R TR � _R NaV UV � _�V aR_NPaV �

aUNa�P RPa�aURZUaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V(G PVN M Rad _ MN N f V

9VTVaN �CRad _

A few definitions(from Wikipedia)

HUR� aR_ Ra�V �aUR�T ON � f aRZ� S�V aR_P RPaR �P Z baR_� Rad _a�V �N� Rad _ � S� Rad _ � S�ZV V �S� _VcNaR � bO VP �NPN RZVP �Ob V R �

N �T cR_ ZR a� Rad _Uaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V( aR_ Ra

HUR�K _ �KV R�KRO�V �N �V S _ZNaV �NPR�dUR_R� PbZR a �N � aUR_�

dRO�_R b_PR �N_R �V aR_ V R �Of�Uf R_aRea� V �N �PN �OR�NPPR R �cVN�aUR� aR_ RaUaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V(K _ MKV RMKRO

Actor-NetworkTheory�(ANT)�Re NV �U d�ZNaR_VN i RZV aVP� Rad _ �P ZR�a TRaUR_�a �NPa�N �N�dU R HUR R� Rad _ �N_R�a_N VR a �ReV aV T�V �N�P aN a�ZN V T�N �_R&ZN V Th�_R NaV � RR �a �OR�_R RNaR f�m R_S _ZR n� _�aUR�Rad _ �dV � V cR �

Uaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V(G PVN M Rad _ �

Social�Network Analysis�(SNA)�V cR aVTNaR � PVN � a_bPab_R �aU_ bTU�T_N U�aUR _VR � a�PUN_NPaR_VgR � a_bPab_R �V �aR_Z � S� R � V VcV bN �NPa _ � R R �_�aUV T �dVaUV �aUR� Rad _ �N �aUR�aVR � _�R TR � _R NaV UV � _�V aR_NPaV �

aUNa�P RPa�aURZUaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V(G PVN M Rad _ MN N f V

Digital�Networks

A few definitions(from Wikipedia)

HUR� aR_ Ra�V �aUR�T ON � f aRZ� S�V aR_P RPaR �P Z baR_� Rad _a�V �N� Rad _ � S� Rad _ � S�ZV V �S� _VcNaR � bO VP �NPN RZVP �Ob V R �

N �T cR_ ZR a� Rad _Uaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V( aR_ Ra�

HUR�K _ �KV R�KRO�V �N �V S _ZNaV �NPR�dUR_R� PbZR a �N � aUR_�

dRO�_R b_PR �N_R �V aR_ V R �Of�Uf R_aRea� V �N �PN �OR�NPPR R �cVN�aUR� aR_ RaUaa 3((R dV V R VN _T(dV V(K _ MKV RMKRO�

8N �B �ANd �? � �FV �6 � 21/BN V T�aUR�9f NZVP � S�GPVR PR�N �HRPU Tf �A 3�BNPZV N �

Where the conflation started

Instead�of�following�the�actors�we�may�

therefore�follow�the�texts �KR�ZNf� a �V �aUV �

dNf �SV � ba�RcR_faUV T�aUR_R�V �a � d�

NO ba� PVR aV a �N � NO _Na _VR � dRcR_ �

aUR� ab f� S�aRea �V �dR � bVaR �a � b_�

N_aVPb N_�N � VZVaR �aN 3�aUNa� S� ab fV T�

PVR aVSVP�PUN TR

The�force�of�such�texts�also�resides�in�the�fact�

that�they�contain�links�with�other�texts�

(references�to�the�literature),�work�and�

institutions � � bZ �aRea �ZN R� VO R�aUR�

P a_bPaV � S� V NTR �ORadRR �ReV aV T�

R aVaVR �N �aUR�S _ZNaV � S� cR �R aVaVR �

HUR�aUR _RaVPN �V RN�aUNa�P RPaVcR� UR ZR N�N_R�OR a� R P_VOR �

a�Of�aURV_� bO aN PR �Oba�Of�aURV_�_R NaV � actor-network�theory �

HUR�ZRaU TVPN �N RN �S _� Rd�aRPU V bR �a �N N f R N �

_R _R R a�aUR�P RPaV �ORadRR � PVN �NPa _ � network�analysis �

, HUR�V abVaV �aUNa�aUR�V P_V aV � RSa�Of�P RPaVcR�NPaV �P b �OR�

_R& b_ R �S _� PVN �_R RN_PU� network�data �

;R VPVa b f�P S b R �Of�aUR�NZOVTbVaf� S�aUR�d _ �k Rad _ l

N�P PR abN �a Tf� aUR� NPR� S�P RPaV �N � R �a �aUR�

:bP V VN � NPR� S�P _ V NaR

N� Ra� S�P Z baNaV �aRPU V bR � aUR�ZNaURZNaVP � S�T_N U

, N �Uf R_&aReabN � _TN VgNaV � S�V P_V aV � aUR�_R NaV N � NaN Ra �

The 3 ingredients of the conflation

N aUR _f�dVaU ba�ZRaU

NPa _& Rad _ �aUR _f

A marriage made in heaven

N�ZRaU �dVaU ba�aUR _f�

PVN � Rad _ �N N f V+

N aUR _f�dVaU ba�ZRaU

NPa _& Rad _ �aUR _f

…and in earth

N�ZRaU �dVaU ba�aUR _f�

PVN � Rad _ �N N f V+

D PR�f b�PN �TRa�V S _ZNaV �N �O _R �OfaR �Z RZ � P Ra �PNO R �N �

� �f b�UNcR�NPabN f�N�Z _R�ZNaR_VN �dNf� S� V T�Na�dUNa�UN R �

V �G PVRaf �Virtual�Society�thus,�is�not�a�thing�of�the�future,�it’s�the�

materialisation,�the�traceability�of�Society � a�_R R_ �cV VO R�ORPNb R� S�aUR�

O R VcR� RPR Vaf� S�ZNaR_VN V V T V S _ZNaV �V a �PNO R �V a � NaN �

ANa b_ �7 � 221HU bTUa�Re R_VZR a �V � PVN � PVR PR3�S_ Z�aUR� PVN �P a_NPa�a �cV_abN � PVRaf

� a�JV_abN �G PVRaf5�6 bN �EbO VP�ARPab_R �7_b R �I VcR_ Vaf �A

+

KR�a �a �aUR�KRO�a � ab f� bO VP� RONaR � � PVR PR�N �aRPU Tf �Oba�dR�S b �kV bR& Rad _ l� V aRN �; dV T�Uf R_ V �NZ T� NTR � RN V T�dVaU�N�TVcR �V bR �dR�S b �aUNa�aUR R� V � _ cV R �N�ZRN �a � RZN_PNaR� aUR� Rad _ �aUNa�P b �OR� NV �a �OR� aNTV T� aUR�P a_ cR_ f� V �aUR� Rd�ZR VbZ

BN__R �C � �F TR_ �F � )). �FRPV R�S _�H_NPV T�aUR�;NaR� S� bR �N �aURV_�EbO VP � �aUR�KRO�A �7_b � �E �KRVOR : �BN V T�HUV T �EbO VP � N_ _bUR(8NZO_V TR�BN 3�L B(B H�E_R �

Exploiting the relationality of digital traces for social sciences

a�V � OcV b �a �a_f�a �N f� aN N_ �PVaNaV �N N f V �aRPU V bR �a �

aUR�dRO l Uf R_aReabN PVaNaV � a_bPab_R �D R�PN � VZ f�aUV � S�

RcR_f� V �N �ORV T� V R�N �NPN RZVP�PVaNaV �

ENTR �A �7_V �G �FNWRRc �B � �HR__f �K � 221HUR�ENTRFN �8VaNaV �FN V T3�7_V TV T�D_ R_�a �aUR�KRO

And the other way around

N aUR _f�dVaU ba�ZRaU

NPa _& Rad _ �aUR _f

From conflation comes power(and responsibility)

N�ZRaU �dVaU ba�aUR _f�

PVN � Rad _ �N N f V

aUR�ZNW _�aRPU TVPN �N �RP ZVP�V cNaV � S�aUR�PR ab_f

VTVaN � Rad _ �

+

Are We Talking Aboutthe Same Networks?

Are We Talking Aboutthe Same Networks?

NO

Networks are not networks

EN_aVN Vaf� S� VTVaN �V P_V aV

ANP � S � RaR_ TR RVaf� S� R �N �R TR

, ANP � S �FRcR_ VOV Vaf� S� R �N � Rad _

- 9f NZVP � S�_R NaV N �PUN TR

E NaS _Z �N_R� a�aUR�KRO

HUR�KRO�V � a�aUR� aR_ Ra

HUR� aR_ Ra �V � a�aUR� VTVaN

C a�N �V P_V aV �N_R� VTVaN

C a�RcR_faUV T�TRa �V P_V aR

1. Partiality of digital inscriptions(a) Not everything is digitally traced

7 b VR_ �9 � ) . �E b_� R � PVR PR � PVN R R�a_ V VpZR To o_NaV  3� R �a_NPR �bZo_V bR Nbe�_o V bR � �E �B �BR TR_ : �7VT�9NaN �R a_R _V R Ra� PVR PR �PVN R �EN_V 3�D R �: VaV �E_R

1. Partiality of digital inscriptions(b) Tracing is also translating

1st�generation� 2nd�generation� 3rd�generation�

Concept�of�social� Society/(ies)� Opinion(s)� Vibration(s)�

Type�of�inscription FRTV aR_ ( bV_VR � 6b VR PR(E � H_NPR (JVO_NaV �

Validation�principle� :eUNb aVcR R � FR _R R aNaVcR R � H_NPRNOV Vaf�

Major�players GaNaR � HUR�ZN �ZR VN� 7_N �

Operational�Actors� CNaV N � aVabaR � E V T� _TN V NaV KRO� NaS _Z �

Authors� 9b_ URVZ� N b �ANgN_ SR 8N �ANa b_ �ANd�

[an�actor-network]�is�distinguished�from�a�simple�network�because�its�elements�are�

both�heterogeneous�and�are�mutually�defined�in�the�course�of�their�association.

8N �B � 21/ � HUR�G PV Tf� S�N �6Pa _&CRad _ 3�HUR�8N R� S�aUR�: RPa_VP�JRUVP R � �B �8N � ? �ANd � �6 �FV � : �BN V T� aUR� f NZVP � S� PVR PR�N �aRPU Tf � 2i,- � A 3�BNPZV N

2. Heterogeneity of nodes and edges(a) heterogeneous nodes and parallel edges

2. Heterogeneity of nodes and edges(b) negative connections

7 __N : �KR aRc_R R : �8VbPPN_R V E � N aR O_b R_ 6 � �JR ab_V V�H � ) .G PVRaN �8 a_ cR_ VR � V �KV V R VN�6_aVP RE_ PRR V T � S�aUR�,,_ �6 bN �68B�8 SR_R PR� � bZN �;NPa _ � V �8 Z baV T�Gf aRZ �

Uaa 3((ddd P a_ R VN Ra( RZ

H �a_f�a �S d�N �NPa _& Rad _ �V �N�OVa� V R� RSV V T�N�dNcR&P _ b P R�V �aUR�2,) 3�N f�R aVaf�PN �OR� RVgR �RVaUR_�N �N �NPa _� N�P _ b P R � _�N �N� Rad _ � N�

dNcR �It�is�in�this�complete�reversibility—an�actor�is�nothing�but�a�network,�except�that�a�network�is�nothing�but�actors—that�resides�the�main�originality�of�this�theory

ANa b_ �7 � ) ) � CRad _ �G PVRaVR �G UR_R 3�FRS RPaV � S�N �6Pa _&CRad _ � HUR _V a � � aR_ NaV N �GRZV N_�D �CRad _ �HUR _f3�CRad _ �Bb aV VZR V N Vaf� �HUR�9VTVaN �6TR �6 R OR_T� GPU �S _�8 ZZb VPNaV � N �? b_ N V Z � A �6 TR R �I VaR �GaNaR �

3. Reversibility of nodes and networks(a) Ego-networks VS global networks

Uaa 3((ddd V R UN_RRa(TPUR V aV ( PVN &Rad _ &N N f V &

, 0,)-.

3. Reversibility of nodes and networks(b) actors VS infrastructures

Reality�is�a�process �AV R�N�PURZVPN �O f�Va� N R �aU_ bTU� bPPR VcR� aNaR �

8N �B � 21/O � G ZR�R RZR a � S�N� PV Tf� S�a_N NaV 3� ZR aVPNaV � S�aUR� PN �N �aUR�SV UR_ZR � S�Ga�7_VRbP 7Nf � �? �ANd� : �E dR_ �NPaV �N �OR VRS3�N� Rd� PV Tf� S� d R TR5� �2/i , � A 3� F ba R TR �

4. Dynamic of relational change(a) The puzzle of dynamic networks

ANa b_ �7 �BNbTbV �E � �HRV � � 22

6�C aR� �G PV &aRPU VPN � _N U

G PVN �Gab VR � S�GPVR PR

4. Dynamic of relational changeRooting through networks

:b R_ � 0,/

G baV _ O RZNaV N �TR ZRa_VNZ Vab � R_aV R aV

4. Dynamic of relational changeFrom networks to streams

JR ab_V V �H �7NfN ANSSVaR �C �8 V aRa �? &E � _Nf � �LNOON �J � �9R�E_fP � �) - �HU_RR�ZN �N �aU_RR�ZV b R_ aN V T 3�6� VTVaN �ZN V T� S�P VZNaR�

V ZNPf �7VT�9NaN� �G PVRaf � �

Are We Talking Aboutthe Same Networks?

MAYBE

7 aU� S�aUR R�N _ NPUR �_RWRPa�N� _V _V�_RVSVPNaV � bPU�N �kaUR� PVN l� _�

k PVRafl �7 aU� S�aUR R�N _ NPUR �P V R_�aUR� _ bPaV � S�ZRN V T�

N �N �NPaVcVaf� S�P RPaV T( V P RPaV T�N �N N f R U d�NPa _ �P ZR�

a �OR�P_RNaR �aU_ bTU�P NO _NaV � S� aUR_�NPa _ �V � VSSR_R a�

P aRea ; _�O aU�N _ NPUR �aUR�aVR � _RPR R�aUR� R � �101 �

BbagR �G � ))2 �CRad _ �N �8b ab_N f�8 aVabaR �E_ PR R 3�6�8 Z N_V � S�

FR NaV N �G PV Tf�N �6Pa _& Rad _ �HUR _f �8b__R a�G PV Tf �.0 C cRZOR_�

))2 �10 i110 �Uaa 3(( V _T( ) 00()) ,2 )2,- ,

The ties precedethe node and the network

Resonance not resemblance

6� VNT_NZ� S�N� Rad _ �aUR � R �

a� � V R�N� Rad _ �Oba�ZNV aNV �

aUR� NZR� bN VaVR � S�_R NaV �i

_ eVZVaVR � RT_RR � S� R N_NaV �N �

�S _aU�i aUNa�N� Rad _ �N �_R bV_R �

V � _ R_�a �S _Z

FR RZO N PR� U b �UR_R�OR�

P V R_R �N�_R NaV T�_NaUR_�aUN �N�

UVR_N_PUf� � -

Bb aR_ �6 � ) , �6 �6R aUR VN� S�CRad _ �8NZO_V TR�BN 3�B H�E_R �

Networks as maps(Jacob L. Moreno, April 3, 1933, The New York Times)

S�dR�RcR_�TRa�a �aUR� V a� S�PUN_aV T�N�dU R�PVaf� _�N�dU R� NaV �dR�d b �UNcR�N �V a_VPNaR�ZNgR� S� fPU TVPN �_RNPaV �dUVPU�d b � _R R a�N� VPab_R�S�N�cN a� N_� f aRZ� S�V aN TVO R� a_bPab_R � dR_Sb f�V S bR PV T�P bPa �N �

T_NcVaNaV � R �O VR �V � NPR �GbPU�N �V cV VO R� a_bPab_R�b R_ VR � PVRaf�N �UN �V �V S bR PR�V � RaR_ZV V T�aUR�P bPa� S� PVRaf�N �N�dU R �

?NP Zf �B �JR ab_V V �H � RfZN �G � �7N aVN �B � ) -

; _PR6a N �N�8 aV b b � _N U�ANf ba�6 T _VaUZS _� N f�CRad _ �JV bN VgNaV �9R VT R �S _�aUR� R UV G SadN_R

E G D R

Force Vector Spatialisation

A methodological applicationVisual Network Analysis

JR ab_V V �H �?NP Zf �B �8N_cN U ER_RV_N �9 � ) .

JV bN �CRad _ �6 N f V

Zo VN NO�d _ V T� N R_

From the Leviathanto the Japanese rice

Continuous but not uniform

8 R �_VPR �PN �OR� RSV R �

f�Of�N�P a_N VPaV � S�

bO aN PR4�Va�V �Na� PR�

P UR VcR�N � RaNPUNO R4

Va � bO aN aVN � R aV NaV �V �

aUR�S_NTZR a �aUR�P bZ 4

aUR�c NaV R�P T ZR_NaR

Va�P aVabaR �V �aUR� VPab_R

N�P Z NPa�dUVaR R �

T_N b N_ �N �fRa�S_VNO R3

dUNa�P ZR �a �aUR�aNO R � R R�N � abP �a TRaUR_ �P ZR �b R�Na�N�

a bPU� S�aUR�PU aVP �aU bTU�dVaU ba�RcR_� PNaaR_V T �N �VS� VcV V �

PPb__R � f�a � _ bPR� aV �N aUR_�V__R bPVO R�P UR V

F N �7N_aUR � 20) HUR�:Z V_R� S�GVT ��

E_ SR _�j f b� U b � a�P Sb R�aUR� Rad _ �aUNa�V � _Nd �Of�aUR�

R P_V aV �N �aUR� Rad _ �aUNa�V �b R �a �ZN R�aUR� R P_V aV �

Gab R a�j 5�

E_ SR _�j 7ba�fR !�Gb_R f�f bl �NT_RR�aUNa� _NdV T�dVaU�N� R PV �V �

a�aUR� NZR�aUV T�N � _NdV T�aUR� UN R� S�N� R PV

al �aUR� NZR�dVaU�aUV �NZOVTb b �d _ � Rad _ �

ANa b_ �7 � )),D �b V T�6CH�S _� ab fV T�V S _ZNaV � f aRZ 3

N� ZRdUNa �G P_NaVP� VN TbR

�8 �6cTR_ b �8 �8VO __N � �; �; �AN � :HUR�G PVN �Gab f� S� S _ZNaV �N �8 ZZb VPNaV �Gab f

DeS _ 3�I VcR_ Vaf�E_R