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Presentation by Vera Lex Engel on adaptive management in Atlantic Forest in Brazil. This was presented at the SER Conference Mexico, August 2011
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Adaptive management can increase ecological, social and economic resilience from restored areas in
Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Vera Lex Engel [email protected]
Colaborators:
John A. Parrotta; Danilo S. Ré; Lauro R. Nogueira Jr.; Diego Soto Podadera; Liz Mio Otta; Rodrigo Minici de
Oliveira
According to our forest legislation, in properties were the native vegetation (besides the riparian buffers and other permanent protection areas) is under 20%, the legal reserve must be restored
Legal deadline: 30 years, starting in 2001
But Brazilian landowners • Aim at short term benefits • Lack a forest tradition • See the forest as a barrier to development • Believe that the way they the land today is a consequence of past governmental contradictory policies and resist to adequate themselves to current legislation •Are not willing to pay for “loosing” part of their land
In many situations, socio-economical and cultural constraints are more relevant for forest restoration than the ecological ones!
Around 71% of landowners are “outlaw” and have erosion problems in their properties
Social constraints
23%
8%
46%
23%
Factors hampering restoration of legal reserves and permanent
protection areas
Manutenção Informação Custo Falta de Interesse
maintenance
Lack of information
Lack of concern
costs
How are can we overcome barriers to forest restoration?
Most degradation is resulting from human interference in the ecosystems;
We are concerned to restore not only ecosystems, but Social Ecological Systems (SES, Bryian & Meyers, 2004);
SESs resilience needs to incorporate all three dimensions (Lamb, this conference)
A research project conceived since 1995 to test alternatives to concealing biodiversity restoration with provisioning stakeholders goods and services .
John A. Parrotta
Understanding and managing resilience
Edgardia Experimental Farm, UNESP campus
Treatments (plantation models) -after 10 years Control
(T1)
Direct seeding of five fast growing species (T2)
Agroforestry systems with 20 tree sp: annual crop production + medicinal and fruit trees (T3)
Mixed comercial species planting (25), divided in 2 growth groups
High diversity (41 sp.) planting using different functional and silvicultural groups (T5) Neighbor forest
fragments (references)
Reference sites: seasonal semideciduos tropical forest.
Reference sites: Basal Area = 20.8 to 38.4 m2. ha-1
Seed rain :46 (site 1). 56 and 82 sp. (site 1) (33 families). Tree species richnees76 . 82 and 112 Seedling density: 20.453 ind./ha (Pires& Engel. 2009). Seed bank density: 482.16; 588.6 and 800.3 seeds.m-² ) ; Nakayama (2009); Martins & Engel (2007 ). Seed deposition density :126.27 ( site 1);155.2 seeds. m-² (site 3); 256.48 seeds.m-² (Site 2)
Are these models liable to be acepted by small and medium
landholders?
•Must be as simple and easy as possible •Money input as low as possible •Maximum direct and indirect benefis:
high opportunity cost of land in developed parts of country; low land tenure in less developed regions
Are these restoration systems ecologically resilient?
In some aspects, yes: Trees over passing early filters are doing well (around 50%
in all treatments); Structure (including canopy stratification in the more
complex systems) and physiognomy are forest like; Natural regeneration of more than 100 tree species, most by
zoochory; Other life forms are beginning to colonize the plots:
epiphytes; lianas; forbs, understory trees; Invasive grasses have disappeared in some plots; A litter layer is overspread Functioning seems to follow normal trajectories
But some ecological surprises arise
Direct seeding untill two years ago
Canopy stratification, colonization by other life forms than trees
Nowadays: high mortality of Enterolobium trees due to fungal disease; Schizolobium monodominance: necessity of adaptive management: thinings + enrichment plantings?
And grasses are still there! (edge effect)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control DirS AfS Mix A Mix B HDiv A HDiv B Forest
other
grasses
76 bird species after 5 years(15 families)– 11 % strictly frugivores;
Responsible for bringing 9.111 seeds/ha at DirS treatment and ; 37.889 seeds/ha at Hdiv system (only 12% autoctonous). (Rosa, 2003)
10 medium and large mammal species are using the restored areas (Caes, 2009) against 3 in the pastures
“Field of dreams” hypothesis (Palmer et al., 1997)
Medium and large mammals similarity between restored sites, native forest and passive restoration (Caes, 2009)
Restored areas: + similar to reference ecosystems in composition; + similar to pastures in density (low) densidade; -mammals foraging and sheltering habitats, but they still don’t support resident populations
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Frag Pasto Rest
Nu
mbe
r of
Spe
cies
Treatments
n° species observed n° expectded richeness for 100 individuals sampling
Fisher’s α- = 10.11 H’= 2.776
H’= 2.34 Fisher’s α = 6.773
Fisher’s α = 13.08 H’ = 2.807
a a
b
Frugivore butterflies associated to restored areas (Furlanetti, 2010)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
RES FRG PAS
Treatments
Abun
danc
e
“If you build it, they will come” Big fish!
Are the systems economically resilient?
In some of the models the implantation and early maintenance costs may be supported;
Later additional incomes from firewood, timber and NTFP (medicinal plants, food,
honey, seeds)
Implantation costs between US$800.00 and US$2,600.00/ha
�
�����������
����������
2 m
2 m
5 m
Agroforestry System “Taungya” modified
Annual crops
Firewood species(10)
Timber and fruit trees (10)
10 m 1,5 m
corn
Sweet-potato pumpkin
beans
Afs Phase 1: annual crops, one –two cicles/year
Implantation and initial maintenance costs were paid within 4,5 years.
Other incomes: firewood from thinings, NTFP
Phase 2: Enrichment plantings with fruit trees (site 1), native medicinal trees + heart-of-palm trees (Euterpe
edulis, Arecaceae) in site 2
Mixed commercial plantings using two different groups of species according to growth rythms ( 12 anos)
Selective harvesting in two cycles: 15-20 and around 30 years with intermediate thinings
114-135 s.m.ha-1 from thinings at seven years, US$ 20-25.00/s. m.
Plywood and sawmill timber by reduced impact felling techniques
Currente challenge question: how to manage mixed plantings for firewwod and timber preserving natural regeneration?
Volume equations for every plantation model and site; for groups of homogeneous species: defining thinning and harvesting regimes
Timber stock per treatment after 12 years
DirS AfS Mix A Mix B HDiv A HDiv B
Treatment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Timber stock (m
3 .ha-1
)
Wilks lambda=,10927, F(10, 52)=10,531, p=,00000Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals
Dark Red Oxisol Ultisol
Site
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Timber stock (m
3 .ha-1
)
Wilks lambda=,79235, F(2, 26)=3,4069, p=,04852Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals
(Volume estimation equations developed by D. S. Ré (this conference))
Timber annual mean yield (m3.ha-1. year-2)
DirS AFs Mix A Mix B HDiv A HDiv B
Treatment
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Mean anual yield (m
3 .ha-1
.y-2
)
Wilks lambda=,10927, F(10, 52)=10,531, p=,00000
Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals
Dark Red Oxisol Ultisol
Site
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
Mean grow
th rate (m3 .ha
-1.y
-2) Wilks lambda=,79235, F(2, 26)=3,4069, p=,04852
Vertical bars denote 0,95 confidence intervals
Adaptive management Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, exotic nitrogen-fixing
tree, facilitating or inhibiting?
Effect of eradicating this tree: growth, natural regeneration and grass invasion potential. Incomes as firewood
Other possible incomes
Brazilian pepper (Schinus therebintifolius )
5-8 kg of fruits/tree after 3 years
US$ 30.00/kg Market value as a
spice, for cosmetic and pharmacy industry
Non-timber forest products
500 ind./ha were planted in the AFS
Heart of palm, 0.7 kg/tree, U$ 6-8/kg
Fruits with high nutritional value; consumption of 850 ton/year in natura only in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, 4.5-6 kg/tree/year (1.8-2.4 kg of fruit pulp)
Euterpe oleracea, “palmito” tree, an Atlantic Forest keystone species
Future challenges
Adaptive management to increase ecological and economical resilience Phenological patterns and keystone species
concept to guide enrichment plantings Thinings and felling regimes for mixed
plantings
Social resilience remains to be tested: gap of knowlegde
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FINANCIADORES USDA-FOREST SERVICE
FUNDUNESP CAPES
APOIO: FCA
SEMENTES PIRAÍ ADUBOS VERDES
VIVEIRO BIOVERDE (LIMEIRA)