Prof. Mohamed Rami MahmoudNational Water Research Center, Cairo Egyptrami@mwri.gov.eg, Oct 2015www.m-rami.org

Before liberalization of cropping pattern, early 1980s: Water delivered based on mandatory

cropping patterns and calendars determined by the MALR.

After liberalization of cropping pattern, early 1980s: Uncertainty of actual irrigation water

demands. Cases of significant “mismatch” have occurred (under- or over-estimating crop water demands)

System constraints, such as canal capacity, system storage capacity, and lag time between water releases from HAD to the farm.

Giza Canal

Leithi P.S

Koraimat P.S

Beni Saleh P.S

Sannour P.S

Blad Elarab P.S

Deir Elmaimoun

Sharouna P.S

Sharouna Island P.S

Elsheikh Fadl P.S

Gabal Elteir P.S

Kordahi P.S

Sawad P.S

Deir Abou Hennes P.S

Tall Elamarna P.S

Ganal Canal P.S

Dairout Spillway

Dairout

Regulator

Hafez

Regulator

Se

eri C

ana

l

Wasta

Regulator

Beni Hedier

Weir

Ashmont

Regulator

Geneidi

Regulator

Sharahna

Regulator

Maghagha

Weir

Matay

Regulator

Menia

Regulator

Makousa Spillway

Maasara Spillway

Sharahna Spillway

Saaida Spillway

Massanda Drain

Qosheisha Drain

Elsheikh

Zeiad Drain

Etsa Drain

Badraman P.S

Elabeed

Regulator

Sakoula

Regulator

Mazoura

Regulator

Touna P.S

Deir Elsankouria P.S

Mazoura P.S

Sakoula P.S

Abou Elshekouk

Regulator

Lahoun

Regulator

Bahr Hassan

Wasef Canal

Bahr

Yousef

Canal

Delta Barrage

Damietta

Branch

Rosetta

Branch

Assuit Barrage

Spillway/Drain

Kabkab P.S

Menshaat

Eldahab P.S

Beni Mazar

P.S

Nile

Riv

er

Canal System

Main canal

Branch canal

Branch canal

Mesqa

Water Requirements are determined on biweekly basis

Releases from Aswan Dam to meet the requirements

Operation of Barrages/Storage upstream water levels for hydropower

generation and water storage

downstream water level for water requirements and navigation

Head difference on gates to sustain the flow and structure stability

Lag time Priorities of allocations Response to changes in weather/crop

calendar

In 2000, both MWRI & MALR established MISD program.

Collect real data on cropping pattern and calendar, and to deliver this information, on a biweekly basis, to the district irrigation engineers.

Information flow is still lacking and the accuracy is not on the required level.

Lack of Information Need for improved mechanism to

monitor the cropping pattern and calendar.

Need for water flow information to the districts.

Lack of water resources management system based on real time data Need to allocate water to different

agriculture area based on different crops and water irrigation physical constraints.

MenoufiaQaliobiaIsmailiaSharkiaDamiettaDakahliaKafrElsheikh

GharbiaBeheiraAlexdate

4%1%18%14%16%23%0%2%1%2%15-Nov-10

9%11%20%33%41%27%4%11%6%24%22-Nov-10

20%29%66%59%87%49%45%21%34%70%29-Nov-10

33%29%89%59%87%73%70%48%42%85%06-Dec-10

71%78%93%92%101%76%86%64%76%91%13-Dec-10

82%79%104%92%101%76%92%79%88%94%20-Dec-10

85%79%109%92%101%93%95%83%92%95%28-Dec-10

87%84%109%101%101%93%100%89%95%95%03-Jan-11

92%84%115%101%101%93%100%90%96%95%10-Jan-10

92%90%115%101%101%93%100%97%97%95%17-Jan-10

% means planted area of the total targeted area

Wheat agriculture area in 2013, 2,000,000 faddan in delta. About 5,000 m3/feddan , 7 times, first

after 21 days.

Cultivation starts from Nov 15 to 30 and harvesting begins in early May.

Lag time (~40 days) between last irrigation and harvesting MWRI keeps delivering water even after

the wheat final irrigation. Estimated water losses is about 300 million m3/year.

Determining the Wheat agriculture area and growth using Remote Sensing technology.

Monitoring water level/discharge in irrigation canals using low cost telemetry system.

Optimizing water resources available using simulation/optimization models

Landsat 8 Launching February 11, 2013

Multispectral with resolution 15m for panchromatic, 30m for multi-spectral spatial resolutions.

Swath width = 185 km

Revisit = 16 day (10:00 AM)

Area Covered (World), data is released for free

Availability low cost communication system

Cost effective Online Monitoring Solutions (Include SMS Text and Email Alerts) through cheap shared bundle from Mobile service provider

Made in Egypt data logger (target price EGP 1800).

Add to the TELEMETRY system at MWRI, Low cost field measurement.

LANDSAT8 imagery with the high temporal (daily) MODIS imagery fusion.

Ground truth points on different fields on different dates

pilot area Menyoufiya governorate

GPRS/3G communication will reduce the per-unit communication operating cost compared to dial up systems

Low power consumption which can run for years with very cheap battery (40AH) and very small solar cell (20W) with almost minimal operation costs.

Proper selection of the five locations will minimize big size network which makes it possible to track and predict the water information through the system using fewer sensors

Made in Egypt Data Logger

Calculates water demand, supply, runoff, infiltration, crop requirements, flows, and storage, and pollution generation, treatment, discharge and instream water quality under varying hydrologic and policy scenarios.

The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical programming and optimization. GAMS is tailored for complex, large scale modeling applications, and allows you to build large maintainable models that can be adapted quickly to new situations.

Egypt Agricultural Model

This model was used to analyze the current and future demandsfor irrigation water and to formulate investment programsin the water sector of Egypt.

Western Delta Region

1990

2000

1990 2005

West Delta (Egypt)

District2010-2013

Feddan))

Zagazig2,020

Ibrahimiya272

Deyarb Nejm1,046

Menia Elkamh1,047

Mashtool

Elsouq

303

Source: Qiaozhen Mu, University of Montana

SEBAL – Bastiaanssen, WaterWatch Used world-wide

Applications: ET and crop productivity

METRIC Univ. Idaho / Idaho Dept. Water Resources

Univ. Nebraska / DNR

New Mexico Tech.

Montana DNRC

Nevada DRI / NOSE

Colorado NCWCD / Riverside Tech.

World Bank - Morocco

Source: Rick Allen, University of Idaho

Vegetation Surface

Shortwave

Radiation

Longwave

Radiation

RSaRS

(Incident

shortwave)

(Reflected shortwave)

RL

(Incident

longwave)

(1-eo)RL

RL

(emitted

longwave)

(reflected

longwave)

Net Surface Radiation = Gains – Losses

Rn = (1-a)RS + RL - RL - (1-eo)RL

Sill

),( ji ss ),( ji ss

RangeMajorRange

MinorRange

Angle Direction

Mahmoud, M.R., and Fredericks, J. W., September 2007, "Using Satellite Imagery for Irrigation Scheduling.", Proceeding of the 58th ICID International Executive Council Meeting and the USCID Fourth International Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, ICID, Sacramento, California, U.S.A., September 30 to 6th October, 2007.

Mahmoud, M.R., and Fredericks, J. W., September 2005, "Low Cost Information Technology for Integrated Water Management Districts.", Proceeding of the 19th International Congress on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), ICID, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, September 10-18, 2005.

Ali, H. M., and Mahmoud, M.R., April 2004, “Management of Egypt Crop Pattern According to Reservoir Water Volume”, Proceeding of Second Regional Conference on Arab Water 2004: Action Plans for Integrated Development, National Water Research Center, April 13-15, 2004, Cairo, Egypt.

Mahmoud, M.R., and Amer, K. M., August 1998, “Evaluation And Planning Simulation Model For Water Management Of Northwest Egypt”, Journal of Engineering & Applied Science, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 45, Issue 4, pp. 467-480.

Ali, H. M., and Mahmoud, M.R., March 1999, "Determining Optimal Allocation And Crop Pattern In Egypt By the Use Of Linear Programming ", Proceedings of the Seventh Nile 2002 International Conference of Comprehensive Water Resources Development of the Nile Basin: The Vision for the Next Century, National Water Research Center, pp. EGY7.1–EGY7.11, March 15-19, 1999, Cairo, Egypt.

1. An accurate information system for wheat agriculture area and stage.

2. A more reliable monitoring system for water distribution.

3. Mathematical model providing water at the appropriate time with the right quantities according to the actual irrigation needs

Achieve equity of water allocation among different regions and users.

Reduce water shortage conflicts among farmers and consequently increase the agricultural production.

Prof. Mohamed Rami