WEL COME

Presentation On

Advanced Production Technology Of Mangosteen

PRESENTED BYPawan Kumar Nagar

Student of M.Sc. (Horticulture)Fruit Science

Registration No: 04-2690-2015

Mangosteen

• Kingdom: Plantae• Division: Magnoliophyta• Class: Magnoliopsida• Order: Malpighiales• Family: Guttiferae• Genus: Garcinia• Species: mangosteena• Origin: South- East Asia Probably in Malaya archipelago.• Chromosome No. : 2n = 24

Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is the finest fruit of the world it has high

potential for both domestic and export markets. The fruits dark violet or deep brownish-purple skin and white edible portion make it one of

the most valuable fruits of the tropics. It is consumed fresh and also in processed forms. Many Westerners enjoy its delicious taste and consider it a health food. Mangosteen is known as "Queen of Fruits' belongs to family Guttiferae. Its origin is in Malaya and can now be found in Northern Australia, Brazil, Burma, Central

America, Hawaii, Southern India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, and other tropical countries.

In India, it is generally cultivated in the lower elevations of Nilgiri hills and to a limited extent in Kerala and West Bengal.

Mangosteen is one of the most widely recognized tropical fruits and has universal appeal because of its quality in color, shape and flavour.

Description of mangosteen:

• The mangosteen is a small to medium height evergreen tree, 6 - 25 m tall with a straight trunk and evenly spaced branches, which form a conical crown.

• The dark green shiny leaves are oblong to elliptical, 19 - 23 cm long and 7 - 10 cm wide.

• Only female flowers are produced on the ends of branchlets. They have four petals, which are yellow/green with red margins.

• The fruit is rounded and dark purple in colour when ripe. It is 4 - 7 cm in diameter and weighs 55 - 75 g.

• The pulp, which is very light and soft with an exquisite flavour, is best eaten fresh, preferably after chilling the fruit in a refrigerator.

Uses of mangosteen: Most parts of the mangosteen tree can be used for medicinal purposes. The leaves and bark can be used as an astringent for the cure of aphtha or

thrush, a fungal disease affecting the tongue and throat. A leaf infusion can be applied to wounds. The rind is effective in curing chronic intestinal catarrh. Rind consists of 7.15% tannin, and is used to tan leather and dye fabric

black. Dried fruit rind is used pharmaceutically as an astringent. Seed contains 30% valuable oil used in skin preparations, soap and shampoo. Fruits contain flavones and xanthones, which are compounds used in

medicines and as antibacterial agents.

Climate The mangosteen is ultra-tropical. It requires a wet lowland tropical climate. It is killed at temperatures below 5° C and sunburns occur at temperature above 38° C. It grows upto 1500 m above mean sea-level. It ordinarily requires high atmospheric humidity and an annual rainfall of at least 127

cm and no long periods of drought.Soil

The tree is not adapted to limestone and does the best in deep, rich organic soil, especially sandy loam or laterite.

In India, the most productive specimens are on clay containing much coarse material and a little silt.

Sandy alluvial soils are unsuitable. Sandy soil low in humus contributes to low yields. The tree needs good drainage and the water table to be about 1.8 m below ground

level.

Varieties Elite mangosteen varieties are unknown, though it has been cultivated for

centuries. The occurrence of natural variability is also limited by the fact that ‘seeds’

are of asexual origin, they are formed from nucellar tissue in the parthenocarpic fruit.

However, a general grouping of cultivated mangosteen into 2 types is possible: one with large leaves and fruits of variable size and the other with small leaves and small fruits.

In Philippines, a variety called Jolo produces fruits that are larger, with big seeds but more delicious pulp than the common cultivated type.

Propagation:Propagation by seeds

On average, the fruit produces 4-8 arils (segments) with about 1 to 2 seeds. Seeds germinate well only under high seed moisture content.

Viability is reduced when air moisture content falls below 20%. When sowing is delayed by 5 days, germination is reduced by 75%. If seeds need to be transported to distant places, they should be kept in moist

coir dust or clean newspaper to prevent dehydration. To minimize deterioration, the seed may be stored in moist coir dust in

airtight containers up to 3 months. Seed can also be stored while inside the fruit for 3 to 5 weeks.

The seeds have a high germination rate of over 90% if they are fresh. The plants above are less than six months old.

Vegetative propagationCleft grafting has been found to be highly successful.Plants for rootstocks should be in a state of active growth.Compatible rootstocks include G. mangosteena, G. kydia, G. venulosa, and G.

morella.Preparation of rootstock

Select rootstocks from plants that have been propagated from seedlings and are highly, about 1.5-2 years of age, about 30-40 cm in height, and with the same stem diameter as that of the scion (1.6-2.0 cm).

Grafting is more successful by having the same stem size for rootstock and scion, because the cambiums or growing tissue can match closely.

Put potted seedlings for rootstocks in a shaded area and precondition them by applying 2-4g of ammonium sulphate per seedling 15-20 days before grafting.

Planting Grown primarily in back yards and gardens, these attractive pyramidal evergreen

trees grow to a height of 25 m. Effort was made to establish commercial orchards, however, obstacles yet to be

overcome include difficulties in propagation, the slow growth period, problems in harvesting, and yield.

A spacing of 10-12 m is recommended. Planting is preferably done at the beginning of the rainy season.

Pits 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.3 m are prepared at least 30 days in advance, enriched with organic matter and topsoil and left to weather.

The young tree is put in place very carefully so as not to injure the root and given a heavy watering.

Partial shading with palm fronds or by other means should be maintained for 3 to 5 years.

Pruning

Through pruning is not essential, however, it is a good practice to prune old, diseased and damaged branches, and those branches that touch the soil and suckers that grow up from the base of the trunk.

Severe pruning and removal of growing tips or branches should be avoided. It is better to prune when the tree does not have flowers, fruits or new

flushes of leaves.

Irrigation

Mangosteen needs regular irrigation at those places where rainfall is light and good drainage where rainfall is heavy.

The frequency of irrigation should be decided on the basis of weather and soil moisture.

Mulching with grass or dried leaves helps the trees as the process conserves soil moisture

Manuring and fertilization

Mangosteen crop in the field is often not fertilized, but when in nursery, a mixture of N: P: K (20:20:20) containing trace minerals may be given to each seedling at the rate of 5 ml/4 litres of water.

It may be applied to soil as well as foliage once in 15 days. Because soils vary in fertility, it is difficult to specify common fertilizer dose. The general recommended dose is given in Table it can be modified de pending on soil type and tree

growth.

Annual fertilizer and manure recommendation for mangosteen plant

Age of the tree(years)

20-20-20 NPK* mixture (KG)

FYM (KG)

1-2 0.25 20

2-4 0.50 204-6 1.00 406-8 2.00 508-14 4.00 60Over 15 7.00 60

Flowering and fruiting:

Mangosteen has been reported to flower in alternate years, similar to other perennial crops e.g. mangoes. The plant requires a stress period of about 3 - 4 weeks to ensure uniform flowering. After a dry period of three or more weeks, mangosteen can be induced to flower by applying irrigation

water. Flowering can be induced during off-season, depending on plant vigour and climate, and in combination

with proper pruning, adequate nutrition and irrigation. In Southern Thailand it was observed that application of paclobutrazol 3 months before natural

flowering increases flowering by almost 10%. Foliar spray application of a mixture of 0.25% thiourea and 3% dextrose in 20 litres of water induces

flushing of a further 80%. Extensive flowering can produce a large number of fruits that are below the minimum size of 80 g. Flower- and fruit-thinning activities are recommended to remedy such a situation. Small fruit can also be caused by low plant nutrients, poor soil conditions or water stress during the fruit

growing period

The female flower bud and the open flower

Maturity Pick fruits that have turned violet, or approximately 113 - 119 days after

flower opening. Pick every 2 - 3 days. It takes about 5 months from flowering to fruit ripening. Ripeness is judged by full development of color and slight softening. Picking may be done when fruits are slightly under ripe but they must be

fully mature (developed) or they will not ripen after picking.

YOUNG MANGOSTEEN FRUIT WEEKS      RIPE MANGOSTEEN. IT STARTS TO TURN A DARK AWAY FROM FULL RIPENESS. PURPLE COLOUR.

Harvesting When provided with appropriate care and management, mangosteen bears fruit

five to six years after field planting. Mangosteen usually flowers only once annually. However, flowering occurs twice annually following a dry period. Fruit set is highly variable. In India, there are two distinct fruiting seasons, one

in the monsoon period July - October and another from April - June. Hand picking is desirable to prevent fruit from falling to the ground, damaging

the peel. Damage due to impact is one of the most serious problems in mangosteen,

reducing fruit quality. If trees are too tall, use a long pole with a hook and a basket to prevent the fruit

from falling to the ground.

Yield

The yield varies from tree to tree and from season to season. The first crop yields 200 to 300 fruits. Average yield of a full-grown tree is about 500 fruits. The yield steadily increases up to 30th year of bearing when crops of 1,000

to 2,000 fruits are obtained. In Madras, individual trees between the ages of 20 and 45 years, have

borne 2,000 to 3,000 fruits. Productivity gradually declines thereafter, though the tree will fruit at 100

years of age.

Protection from insect, pest and diseases:

Only a few insect pests affecting mangosteen have been reported, possibly due to its bitter sap. Common pests include:

Tussock caterpillar (Eupterote favia Cramer), which feeds on the leaves. Coconut scale insect (Aspidotus destructor Sig.), which forms colonies underneath the leaves

causing leaf yellowing and stunted growth. Leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella), which burrows into the leaves. If the infestation is not

serious, leaf miner can be controlled by biological agents. In isolated cases plants may be infested by mites, mealy bugs and ants. Mites damage the fruit surface with small bites and scratches, making it unattractive for market. Ants on trees, trunk and branches can damage the growing tips and inhibit new growth. Growers should monitor new flushes as they emerge for evidence of insect feeding damage. Insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis are effective in controlling leaf-eating caterpillars. Azadirachtin extract from neem plants is also found to be effective in controlling leaf eating

caterpillars in Thailand.

Diseases

Diseases of mangosteen include gummosis, anthracnose, bacterial blight, and sooty mould.

Gummosis is caused by the yellow latex produced by the branches of the fruit itself, and seeps into its flesh giving it a bitter taste.

Fruits exposed to strong sun may also exude latex.

Physiological disorders:

1. Gamboge Gamboge are physiological disorders in mangosteen. Gamboge is characterised by yellow exudation of gum on the fruits and branches. Fruits with gamboge have a bitter taste and are completely inedible. Heavy and continuous rains during fruit ripening favour gamboge in certain

locations.  Gamboge is more pronounced in fruits exposed to direct sunlight, and in crop that

matures in summer.

2. Fruit splitting Fruit splitting results in swollen arils with a mushy pulp. Heavy and continuous rains during fruit ripening favour fruit splitting in certain

locations. 

Fruit spotted with yellow resin Desecrated yellow latex in the aril

Postharvest Management:

Mangosteen fruit should be handled and packed with care especially to avoid damage from the attached peduncle.

It is recommended to treat the surface of the fruit with Bordeaux mixture to avoid rot during shipping and the shipment should ensure that the fruit arrives at the market near or at maturity.

Storage In dry, warm and closed storage, mangosteen can be stored for 20 to 25 days. Longer periods cause the outer skin to toughen and the rind to become rubbery; later, the

rind hardens and becomes difficult to open and the flesh turns dry. Ripened mangosteen keeps well for 3 to 4 weeks in storage at 4°-13° C. Trials in India have showed that optimum conditions for cold storage are temperatures of 4°-

6° C and relative humidity of 85 to 90%, which maintain the quality for 49 days. It is recommended be wrap fruits in tissue paper and packed 25 to 30 fruits in light wooden

crates with padding.

THANK YOU