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Is History Really History?
Oppression of Blacks in America Today
Overview
Early EducationHigher EducationRacial Profiling
Oppression of Black Women
Education: Brief History
Jim Crow Legislation 1870’s
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Brown v. Board of Education 1954
Ernest Green Video Clip
Education TodayTest Score Trends
Mathematics4th Grade: Point gap 26 points in 2007 and
2009 from 31 in 19908th grade: Point gap 33 points in 1990 to 31
points in 2007, and 32 in 2009
Reading4th grade: Point gap was 27 points in 2007,
lower than any other year8th grade: Point gap was 26 – not much of a
difference from any other year
(NAEP, 2009)
Education Continued…Attendance Rates
In 2000 there were no differences in the absenteeism from school between Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics
Retention RatesBlacks have a higher retention rate than Whites and
HispanicsDrop Out Rates
In 2007 the drop out rates for Blacks was higher than Whites but less than Hispanics
College RatesBlack college enrollment rates have increased
Possible Causes for TrendsFamily Breakdown
Poverty Rates 31% Black children lived in poverty in 2000
# of parents in the home Less than ½ Black children lived with 2 parents in 2000
Risk factors for kindergartners Black kindergartners with 2 or more risk factors was 4
times greater than their white peers Being Read to
Black 3-5 year olds were less likely to be read to or told a story in the past week than their peers
Possible Causes Continued…Health
1/8 children under age 18 had no public or private health insurance
A little over ¼ children 19-35 months had not received immunizations
Parental Education81% had mothers with a high school level
education
Higher EducationIn 1980, Blacks represented 9% of all students
enrolled in college. Now Blacks comprise 11% of the total enrollment in school12% enrolled in 2 year institutions11 % enrolled in 4 year institution
In comparison to other racial groups:Whites comprise 68% Hispanic 4%Asian/Pacific Islanders 6%American Indians/Alaska Natives 1%
Majors their studyingAccording to the 2001 NCES report, Blacks
are enrolled inBusiness Management 19.5%Computer & Information Science 3.9%EducationHealth Science 5.4%Engineering 3.6%Law 1.8%Medicine 0.3%
Why these trends?Although Blacks are entering college only
18% are graduating.Factors that are hindering blacks from
entering college are:ACT testingFinancial barriersParental EducationMany Blacks choose to attend HBCU’s
instead of traditional white institutions.
Historical Black Colleges & Universities (HBCU’s)Brief history of the schoolMany attend these universities because
Smaller intimate settingAdmit higher % of disadvantaged studentsAccept lower SAT & ACT scores“Legacy effect”Belief that there is an absence of racism on
campus
Discrimination in the Hiring ProcessIn 2001, the Fair Employment Council found
that over 20% of employers still treats black applicants less favorably than whites.How do companies do this…
Journal: The Hidden Prejudice in Selection: A Research Investigation on Skin Color Bias
Definition of Racial ProfilingAny police initiated action that relies on the race,
ethnicity, or national origin rather than the behavior of an individual or information that
leads the police to a particular individual who has been identified as being or having been,
engaged in criminal activity.
Racial Profiling Cont…June 10,1999 Political figures gather together
at a forum called “Strengthening Police-Community Relationships
Clinton says racism is morally indefensibleKS, MO, WA, and CT pass state legislation for
state policeEnd Racial Profiling Act of 2007
Anecdotal and Empirical ResearchDr. Elmo Randolph’s experience with law
enforcement
Wilkins vs. Maryland State Police
Personal Scenarios
Social Theory
How Racial Profiling affects African AmericansLow self-esteem, weak academics, behavior problems, etc
Distrust in the law
Youth being prosecuted as adults-Juvenile arrests per 1,000 persons in populationAll 56.2% ; Whites 49.1; Blacks 101-Cases referred per 100 juvenile arrests All 88.8%; Whites 88.4%, Blacks 98.5%
Controlling Images
Precarious BehaviorsAlcohol consumption and drug use
-Lifetime alcohol use (had at least one drink of alcohol during their life)
69 Blacks; 76 WhitesEpisodic heavy drinking (had five or more
drinks of alcohol within a couple of hours before or at least one occasion during the last 30 days)
13 Blacks; 30 Whites
Precarious Behaviors Cont..
Drug selling (ever sold or helped sellmarijuana, hashish, or other hard drugssuch as heroin, cocaine, or LSD)
-Blacks 13; Whites 17Theft of less than $50
- Blacks 38; Whites 44
Oppression in Black WomenWays oppressed todayStepping stones in historyGreat influences today
Oppression Today African American Women experience double
oppression. They receive oppression for being black and for being a woman.
Ron Daniels, The Struggle for Women’s Equality in Black America that black women are put on as a ‘pedestal’ to black men.
An example of this: While more likely to be employed than African-American men, African-American women earn lower wages than African-American men and White women do according to Dr. Julianne Malveaux study completed in 2007.
According to the same study African American women made 284 less a week than white men.
Even though we have over come laws oppression black women, oppression still exist in our culture.
Black women face social and economical segregation.
The belief is that if blacks women fail in society it is because of their color and sex.
Black females have the ‘strong black female’ role placed in their heads at young ages. They will not be expected to be taken care of and they will not ask for help.
Black Women are raised to believe that their experiences define them.
A black woman reaches adulthood through her experiences.
Media today portrays black women as large and
obvious.
According to the Journal of Black Studies, In 1993 Black women make up 6.5% of Enrollment to
undergraduate programs.
According to the same study when speaking with black
females they perceived their school environment as hostile
and the school officials as not supportive.
Born in rural Mississippi to a poor unwed teenage mother, Winfrey got her start in television news before taking over a morning talk show in Chicago in 1984
Michelle ObamaReceived a sociology and
African American Studies degree from Princeton
Received a Law Degree from Harford Law school
References Beckham, A. (Ed.). (2007). The State of Black America: Portrait of the Black Male. NeYork,
NY: Beckham Publications Group. Gourdine, R. (2009). ‘Worldview and strength based perspectives: Defining normative
development for african american female adolescents-implications for black south african female adolescents’, Social Work in Public Health, 24:1 124-130
Harrison, M. S., & Thomas, K. M. (2009). The hidden prejudice in selection: A researchinvestigation on skin color bias. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(1), 134-168. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00433.x
Jansson, B. S. (2009). The reluctant welfare state. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Malveux, J. (2008) ‘Perspectives: The status of african american women’ retrieved from:
http://diverseeducation.com/artman/publish/article_10797.shtml Mastro, D.E. “Media Social Identity Approach to Understanding the Impact of Television
Messages” Journal of Black Studies 32.3 (2003): 98-113.
Matthews-Armstead E. (2002) ‘And still they rise: College enrollment of african american women from poor communities’ Journal of Black Studies, 33;44
National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences. (2009). Achievement gaps: How black and white students in public schools perform in mathematics and reading on the national assessment of educational progress (NCES Publication No. 2009-455). Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2009455
National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences. (2003). Status
and trends in the education of blacks (NCES Publication No. 2003-034).Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2003034
National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences. (2009). The nations report card: National assessment of educational progress at grades 4 and 8 (NCES Publication No. 2010-451). Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pubs/main2009/2010451.asp
Neelum, Arya and Ian Augarten. Criticial condition African American youth in the Justice system. www.campaignforyouthjustice.org. Ramirez, Deborah. McDevitt, Jack. Farrell, Amy. (2000) A resource guide on racial
profiling data collections systems: Promising practices and lessonslearned. Northeastern
University. Stewart, Eric A. Baumer, Eric P. (2009) Neighborbood racial context and
perceptions ofpolice- based racial discrimination among black youth. College of Criminology
andCriminal Justice. Florida State University.