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October 23, 2009 Washington DCAccelerating Energy Innovation: Lessons from Multiple SectorsRebecca Henderson and Richard Newell
Citation preview
Agricultural Innovation
Brian Wright and Tiffany ShihUC Berkeley, Agriculture and Resource
EconomicsAccelerating Energy Innovation: Lessons from Multiple
Sectors Sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research
Washington, D.C.Oct. 23, 2009
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Agricultural Innovation: A Context
Estimated rates of return to U.S. public investment (1915-1999): 45-60% (Evenson, 2001)
Increases in rates of food supply outpaced population and consumption growth, leading to better nutrition, longer life expectancies, increased labor productivity
Impressive history of achievement through public investments
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• Benefit-cost ratio of U.S. research expenditures:
National: 32:1 Within-state: 21:1 Between-state: 11:1
• But lag time between
Agricultural Innovation: A Context
Rate of Return on investment in agricultural research is large in the U.S.: 40-60% per annum
(Pardey, personal communication; image from University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Plant and Soil Sciences e-Library: http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/)
investment and return is about 24 years
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Agricultural Innovation: A Context
Environmental variation shapes research activities
Total developing country public investments overtook total developed country public investments for the first time in the 1990s
Production and consumption of agricultural resources are geographically dispersed, with spillovers
Agricultural R&D Expenditures: Uniquely Diverse
DC Public
DC Private
LDC Public
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Agricultural Research Investments
• Research investments as % of agricultural output value:
Devel’d Countries: 2.64 Brazil: 1.40 China: 0.40 India: 0.33 All LDCs: 0.50(Pardey, personal communication)
• China: recent growth in agricultural biotech spending:
$17M in 1986 to nearly $200M by 2003 (Huang et al, 2002; Huang et al, 2005)
Much higher now
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Agricultural Research Investments
• U.S. public agricultural research expenditures: 57% on product development, 43% on environment and
other Growth in spending down to 1% from 2% between 1915-
1990
• World Bank agricultural lending: Big reverse: $1.5 B in 2002 average of $4.6 B/yr between 2006-2008
Research investment levels and directions tend to fluctuate inversely with food prices
Brian, is this statistic what Phil Pardey told you for the U.S.? Or for the world?
Brian, is this statistic what Phil Pardey told you for the U.S.? Or for the world?
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• Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
Investment levels and directions tend to fluctuate with food prices
Agricultural Research Investments
Trend to shift research focus away from yield enhancement
Investments dropped between 1994-2002, rose
after prices rose
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Agricultural Research Investments
Public sector produces basic research that private sector relies upon to do focused applied research
Final users
General and pre-invention
sciences
Innovation products
Technology invention
Public investment
Private investment
(adapted from Huffman and Evenson, 2006)
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Intellectual Property (IP) Outcomes
• Private investment responded to biotech revolution, and IPRs:
Amount comparable to public investment currently CAVEAT:
Investments mostly on inputs and processing Focuses on a few commercially important crops (corn,
soybean, cotton, and canola)
Highly efficient in development and delivery of technology packages (e.g. Monsanto’s Roundup Ready)
Privatizing innovation increases private investment, but does not substitute for public investment
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Importance of Public Investments
“We also have to strengthen our commitment to research, including basic research, which has been badly neglected for decades. That's always been one of the secrets of America's success…
The fact is, though, basic research doesn't always pay off immediately. It may not pay off for years. When it does, the rewards are often broadly shared,
That's why the private sector generally under-invests in basic science. That's why the public sector must invest instead. While the risks may be large, so are the rewards for our economy and our society…”
September 21, 2009
President Obama, speech at Hudson Valley Community College, Troy, New York
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Importance of Public Investments
“That's why the public sector must invest instead.”
President Obama, September 21, 2009
• Key question: -Can the public sector still support the
necessary persistent commitment , in agriculture or in energy?
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History of Sustained U.S. Public Agricultural Support
• Early historical influences Europe, esp. Germany, established role of science in
agriculture Prioritization by important U.S. leaders, Washington,
Franklin, Jefferson, and Ellsworth
• Importance of locally adaptive research and large buildup of research capital stock for innovation Institutional innovations: land grant colleges and local
research stations with long term committed funding source (federal land grants)
Hybrid corn in the U.S.
• Private interests influence public research funding
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Conclusions
Public investment in agricultural research has had extremely high rates of return, in farm income and cheap food:• Future success will require
continued sustained investments
• However, long lag times and high rates of return make this need difficult to for the public to understand
• Geographic dispersion of activities is appropriate for agriculture
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Conclusion
• Leading private firms, motivated by IPRs, are efficient in developing, promoting and disseminating commercial technology packages
• Has this come at the expense of small-firm entry?
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Conclusion
• Need for local adaptive technology motivates global dispersion of research efforts and support
• Upstream research are still dominated by public institutions and nonprofits
• High historic rates of return accrued to public ag research in U.S. via sustained federal-state investment oriented by a clear mission
• Is this still politically possible, in agriculture or energy, or will investment follow the crises?
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