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A presentation by Dr. Irene Forichi, former research officer for the Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe, and Regional Emergency Agronomist for the Food and Agriculture Organization for Southern Africa. Dr. Forichi's spoke with our IB year 2 Economics classes about the role of agricultural productivity in contributing to human development and economic growth in Southern Africa.
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Prepared by Dr. Irene Kadzere-Forichi
For ZIS Grade 12 Economics Class
6 Feb 2012
SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE AND SOCIO-
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA
SOUTHERN AFRICA
15 countries in
SADC
• Maize/corn
• Wheat
• Small grains
• Sugarcane
• Cotton
• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Tobacco
• Potatoes
• Sweet potatoes
• Cassava
• Plantation crops e.g.
tea
http://www.liv.ac.uk/~kempsj/projects.html#top
http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/images/Livestock_MIS.jp
g
http://www.newcastle-
staffs.gov.uk
Basic Indicators Malawi South Africa ZimbabweTotal population (thousands), 2009 15263 50110 12523
Total adult literacy rate (%), 2005-2008* 73 89 91
Primary school net enrolment/attendance (%), 2005-2009* 91 87 90
% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, urban 95 99 99
% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, rural 77 78 72
% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, urban 51 84 56
% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, rural 57 65 37
Estimated adult HIV prevalence rate (aged 15-49), 2009 11 17.8 14.3
Orphans, Children (aged 0-17) orphaned due to all causes, 2009, estimate (thousands) 1000 3400 1400
Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, male 87 96 98
Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, female 85 98 99
Number per 100 population , 2008, phones 12 91 13
Number per 100 population , 2008, Internet users 2 8 11
Life expectancy, 1970 41 53 55
Life expectancy, 1990 49 61 61
Life expectancy, 2009 54 52 46
GNI per capita (US$), 2009 280 5770 a
GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970-1990 -0.1 0.1 -0.4
GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990-2009 0.5 1.2 -1.9
Average annual rate of inflation (%), 1990-2009 28 8 62
% of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 1994-2008* 74 26 -
Source:
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup13.html
SELECTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Angola 15.9 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8
Botswana 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
DRC 63.7 65.8 68.1 70.4 72.8
Lesotho 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Madagascar 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.8 21.3
Malawi 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.5 15.9
Mauritius 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Mozambique
19.9 20.6 21.2 21.8 22.4
Namibia 2 2 2.1 2.1 2.1
Seychelles 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
South Africa 47.4 47.9 48.7 49.3 50
Swaziland 1 1 1 1 1.1
Tanzania 37.5 38.3 39.5 40.7 42
Zambia 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.9 13
Zimbabwe 12 12 12.1 12.2 13.5
SADC Region
248 253.8 260.3 267.1 277
248
253.8
260.3
267.1
277
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Po
pu
lati
on
(m
illi
on
s)
SADC National SADC Aggregated
Population
Source, SADC
Steady increase in
urban population
and
decline in rural
population
Source: Southern African Development Community, 2012
RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Angola
Botsw
ana
DRC
Leso
tho
Mal
awi
Mau
ritius
Moz
ambi
que
Nam
ibia
South
Afri
ca
Swaz
iland
Tanza
nia
Zambi
a
Zimbab
we
SADC
Gro
wth
(%
)
2008 2009 2010
Fig 2: SADC – Inflation, 2008-2010
Source, SADC
:
Source: Rugube, 2011
Source: Rugube, 2011
Source: Rugube, 2011
AGRICULTURE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Up to 80% of the population in SADC
depends on agriculture
Crops
Livestock
GDP contribution (see figure below)
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0914.pdf
FACTORS LIMITING ATTAINMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL IN THE REGION
Poverty – limited use of external inputs such as fertilizers, poor asset base e.g. Animals for land preparation
Technological limitations
Gender imbalance in access to production resources and decision making
Policy limitations
Limited/lack of financing or access to credit by smallholder farmers
Limited technical know-how/capacity
Limited access to information
Poor access to markets
Poor infrastructure – roads, rail, air, ports, storage facilities, etc
High postharvest losses on farm, in transit to markets, during marketing
Limited diversity of crops/livestock
Climatic challenges – floods, droughts, variability in rainfall
High land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc)
Disease pandemics – human
Pests and diseases outbreaks – and implications on output, qulity and marketability
Conflicts/unrest
Low investments into agricultural resach and development
Land Degradation
Source, ACT
Source: IFPRI, 2004
Source: Rugube, 2011
Low investments into
agriculture
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0M
aiz
e Y
ield
(to
nn
es p
er
hecta
re)
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mozambique
South Africa
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source, FAO STAT
Poor Crop
SOME POSSIBLE WAYS TO ADDRESS THE CONSTRAINTS
Development and promotion of suitable technologies
Empower women – address gender disparities and mainstream issues such as HIV/AIDS
Promote policies that are more favourable to smallholder farmers including subsidies as appropriate
Improved credit access or financing of rural farming interventions
Improved access to quality inputs
Capacity building including information generation, networks and communication
Support to establishment of sustainable market linkages
Infrastrucre development including local level storage facilities and handling and processing zones
Reduce postharvest losses – improve onfarm storage etc
Diversify production and support COMMERCIALIZATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING
Increase productivity
Climate mitigation through e.g. small scale irrigation
Building up the asset base for the poor – e.g livetsock
Social protection measures
Addressing soil and land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc) –intergrating agroforesty
Smallscale agroprocessing initiatives – value addition
Increased public and private sector invetsments into agricultural research and development
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Qu
an
tity
(to
nn
es)
Major sources
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
To
tal
Va
lue
('0
00
US
$)
Selected imports by Malawi - 2009
$81 million of wheat imported in
2010, a 23% rise from 2009
Source: FAO STAT, 2012
SUPPORTING VULNERABLE FARMERS TO
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Recovery from emergencies/disasters, risk
reduction and mitigation
• Access to inputs and market linkages (e.g. Contract farming)
• Improved production techniques
• Mitigation to disastsers - diversification, conservation
farming techniques, local seed production, small scale
irrigation, gardening
• Small livestock projects including pass on-schemes
• Control of pests and diseases
• Improved postharvest handling
Most common method of planting under smallholder farming
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
Conservation agriculture (CA)
can increase maize yields by up
to 200%
Source: ACT and FAO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Febr
uary
Mar
chApr
il
May
June
July
Aug
ust
Sep
tembe
r
Octob
er
Nov
embe
r
Dec
embe
r
Janu
ary
timing of field preparation
perc
en
t o
f p
lots
CF basins plow
Source: Haggblade and Tembo (2003)
Conservation agriculture can help farmers to prepare their
fields and plant on time
Practicing various forms of
crop mixtures/rotations under
CA help to improve soil health
and diversiy food
Source, ACT
AWARENESS AND CAPACITY
BUILDING REQUIRED AT ALL
LEVELS
Training of agricultural
extension workers
Capacity building – practical sessions for farmers
Awareness and training among farmers and extension
staff
Source, ACT and GART
Increasing awareness among policy
and decision makers
Source, FAO and ACT
More research on
the farms
AGROFORESTR
Y
CAN AGRICULTURE HELP SADC COUNTIRES TO
DEVELOP?
http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0000393/index.php
Most are pre-dominantly agricultural based
Food dominates agricultural trade
Enhanced agricultural trade could help to fight poverty
promoting regional integration
increasing economic growth and welfare.
The World Bank estimates - 10% increase in crop yields could reduce by 9% the proportion of people surviving on less than $1 per day.
IFPRI: Increased farm incomes (by $1) can significantly increase rural incomes (by between $0.5 and $1.5)
MALAWI AS AN EXAMPLEOF AGRICULTURE-BASED
ECONOMIC GROWTH
2005 -launched an improved seed and
fertilizer voucher subsidy programme
targeted at the vulnerable households
Increased maize yields observed – see
earlier graph
Positive balance on maize supply – surplus
exported
Malawi Agricutural Value and GDP
65109 122 108 116 113 153
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1980-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-2005 2006 2007 2008
GD
P G
row
th (
%)
Gro
ss P
rod
uc
tio
n V
alu
e (
mil
lio
n U
S$
)
Gross Production Value of food (million US$)
Gross Production Value of Tobacco (million US$)
GDP Growth
Source: FAO STAT; SADCAccording to NEPAD CAADP report, Malawi is among the
countries allocating more than 10% of their annual budgets
to agriculture
Source: http://www.nepad.org,
Malawi is one of the countries reported to be allocating more than 10% (2007 CAADP
report)
GLOBAL TRADE AND AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER
FARMERS – OBSTACLES FACED IN COMPETING
WITH WESTERN COUNTRIES
Quota system
More border restrictions – exporting as a country rather than as region – compare e.g. with EU
Competitiveness – costs of production
Subsidies in developed countries which may render their goods cheaper than those from developing countries
Quality standards of produce is lower
Exporting primary or semi processed products
Trade policies – need for regional trade policies to conform to a global economy
SADC countries are members of other regional trading block, such as COMESA - overlaps in trade policies
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f e
xp
ort
(%
)
Yr 2000
Yr 2007
General exports from the SADC
Region
Source: Negasi 2009
IFPRI, 2004
MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All sources of information used
All organizations and projects that I have
worked for and with
THANK YOU