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AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA
By:-Prateek AgrawalECE/67/08
What is Airport Authority of india ?
It is an organisation within the Ministry of Civil Aviation(MOCA).
The Airport Authority Of India operate most aspects of the airport (including Air Traffic Control).
Owns the 122 airports, among which
11 are international,
82 are domestic &
29 for defence airfield.
FUNCTIONS Controls the air traffic. Operation & Maintenance of
airports. To also develop and maintain
the Cargo terminals. Provision of Communication to
guide the pilot. Navigational Aids viz. RADAR
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL It consists of the following units:-
A-SMGCS NAV-AIDS VHF Communication L-BAND RADAR AUTOMATION
RADAR ATC Radar Types How It Works? Field Of Application Development Benefits & Disadvantage An Accident Example Future
RAdio Detection And Ranging
It uses Electromagnetic waves generally Radio waves. Radar is an object Detection system.It determines the Range, altitude, direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as ships, Aircraft,weather formation.
How Radar Works?Radar sets produce radio signals. They radiate (send out) these signals into space with a transmitter.
When a radio signal strikes an object such as an airplane, part of the signal is reflected back to the radar antenna. The signal is picked up there as a radar echo. Radar set changes the radar echo into an image that can be seen on a screen. Radar set also gives the direction of the target and its distance from the set.
MICROWAVE BANDS
Band Frequency Wave Length Description
L 1–2 GHz 15–30 cmlong range air traffic control and surveillance; 'L' for 'long'
S 2–4 GHz 7.5–15 cmterminal air traffic control, long-range weather, marine radar; 'S' for 'short'
X 8–12 GHz 2.5–3.75 cm
missile guidance, marine radar, weather, medium-resolution mapping and ground surveillance; in the USA the narrow range 10.525 GHz ±25 MHz is used for airport radar. Named X band because the frequency was a secret during WW2.
TYPES OF RADAR
Primary Radar Secondary Radar
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Following equipments are used for nav-aids:- NDB: Non Directional Beacon VOR: VHF Omni Range DME: Distance Measuring Equipment ILS: Instrument Landing System Satellite Navigation
DMEDistance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures distance by timing the propagation delay of radio signals.DME EQUIPMENT PROVIDE SLANT DISTANCE of the AIRCRAFT from GROUND EQUIPMENT
MARKERS
Outer Marker The outer marker is normally located 7.2kms away from the runway.
They Operate at the carrier frequency of 75khz provided.
MARKER
Middle Marker Middle Marker is
located at 1.1km. This indicates that
object is in approach region
MARKER
Inner Marker
It is situated at the distance of about 300m from the departure area.
RANGE CALCULATION:
The range, in nautical miles, between the aircraft and the transponder is obtained by the simple formula: Range = total time(μsec)-time delay(μsec)/12.36 μsec
The denominator 12.36 μsec is the time taken by the pulse to travel 1 nautical mile to and fro. This time is also called Radar Mile.
Multilateration System
• The Multilateration (MLAT) Subsystem is a secondary surveillance sensor that provides accurate position and identification information on transponder equipped aircraft and surface vehicles.
• The multilateration subsystem contains the following major components:
• Remote Units (RUs)
• Reference Transmitters (RefTrans)
• Target Processors (TPs)
DISPLAY
TARGET ICONS
A. arrival B. departure C. vehicle D. aircraft E. heavy aircraft
Thankyou for your attention......
Presented by-Prateek Agrawal