Ally McBride Level B5

Encomiendas

Definition:• The system that’s instituted

in 1503, under a Spanish soldier or colonist was granted a piece of land or village together with its Indian inhabitants.

Other Information:• Spanish crown granted a

person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility

• Receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith

Viceroys

Definition:• A person appointed to rule a

country or province as the deputy of the sovereign: the viceroy of India.

Other Information:• Originally used by the

Crown of Aragon

Francisco Pizarro

Definition• Spanish conqueror of Peru.

Other Information:• Pizarro was inspired by

Cortes and set his sights on the Inca Empire.

• Before he came a civil war had just finished leaving Atahualpa as the ruler

• Pizarro kidnapped Atahualpa.

• Demanded a huge ransom.• Killed Atahualpa and

thousands of his people.

MontezumaDefinition:• Montezuma is the

emperor of the Aztecs.

Other Information:• Took power after the

death of his half-uncle• Organized the

construction and completion of a double aqueduct pipe system, that supplying fresh water

La Malinche

Definition:• A Nahua woman from

the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, advisor, lover, and intermediary for Hernán Cortés

Other Information:• One of 20 women

servants given to the Spaniards by the natives of Tabasco in 1519

• She became a mistress to Cortés

• She was intermixed with Aztec legends

ConquistadorsDefinition:• Spanish explorers who

claimed land in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s.

Other Information:• Conquistadors would force

the natives to pan for gold.

• They had superior weapons and armor.

Las Casas

Definition:• Spanish Dominican

missionary and historian in then Americas.

Other Information:• One of the first European

settlers in the Americas• 1515, he reformed his

views, gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda

• Advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West-Indian colonies

Treaty of Paris

Definition:• A treaty signed in 1763 by

France, Spain, and Great Britain that ended the Seven Years' War and the French and Indian War.

Other Information• Made Spain surrender

control over Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico

• Cession of the Philippines made a payment of $20 million to Spain from the U.S.

• Signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean

Cartier

Definition:• Jacques French navigator

and explorer in Canada, who discovered the St. Lawrence River

Other information:• The first European to describe

and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River

• Born in 1491 in Saint-Malo

• His first voyage was in 1534

Olaudah Equiano

Definition:• African slave that was

sold in the West Indies. After gaining freedom, abolitionist and writer in England.

Other Information:• He was enslaved as a child

• He purchased his freedom

• He worked as an author, merchant, and explorer in South America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom

• He settled in the United Kingdom in 1792

Peninsulares

Definition:• Spanish-born Spaniard or

mainland Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies.

Other Information• Colonial social hierarchy,

the Peninsulares were nominally at the top

• Colonial officials arrived to fulfill their duty governing the Spanish colonies in Latin America and Philippines

Creoles

Definition:• A person born in the

West Indies or Spanish America but of European, usually Spanish, ancestry.

Other Information:• Generally excluded from high

office in both church and state

• The noun creole was used to denote descendants of any European settlers

Mestizos

Definition:

A person of racially mixed ancestry, especially, in Latin America, of mixed American Indian and European, usually Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry, or, in the Philippines, of mixed native and foreign ancestry.

Other information:• A Casta System racial category

during Spanish control over their American colonies.

• Mixed-raced people avoided being mixed up the original term of mestizo by using castas instead

• In colonial period mestizos became the major group in the Spanish-speaking part of Latin America

Tenochtitlan

Definition:

• The capital of the Aztec Empire: founded in 1325; destroyed by the Spaniards in 1521; now the site of Mexico City.

Other Information

• Aztec altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico, and was founded in 1325

• Was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas.

Columbian Exchange

Definition:The Columbian Exchange was a big widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Other Information• The Columbian exchange of

crops affected both the Old World and the New. Amerindian crops that have crossed oceans.

• Exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres

Middle Passage

Definition:

• The part of the Atlantic Ocean between the west coast of Africa and the West Indies. The longest part of the journey formerly made by slave ships.

Other Information:• Ships went to African Markets

with manufactured stuff to trade for purchased or kidnapped Africans to become slaves for the Europeans

• Was considered a time of in-betweenness

• Estimated 15% of Africans died at sea

• Slavery from 1500 to 1900 suggests up to four million African deaths