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1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.
U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty
1890 – 1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff
1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed anbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen uprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.
Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore
Perry
GentlemanGentleman’s Agreement: 1908’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco school board of San Francisco
to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separateschools.schools.1908 1908 Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement..
Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers,Non-European powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from owningexcluded from owningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.
““Yellow Journalism” & JingoismYellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington: Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and You furnish the pictures, and II’ll furnish the war!’ll furnish the war!
De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and aweak and abidder for the admirationbidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whileopen behind himself whilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the of the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.
Imperialist and Imperialist and American nationalist.American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having having the backbone of a the backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.
Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.
July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine independencePhilippine independence
William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.Great administrator.
The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofSpain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.Guam.
The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.
The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!
The American Anti-Imperialist The American Anti-Imperialist
League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.the leaders.
Campaigned against Campaigned against the annexation of thethe annexation of thePhilippines and otherPhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.
Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)
Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.powers that would endanger its independence.
2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.and coaling station.
4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?
Senator Orville Platt
Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act.. PR became an PR became an “unincorporated territory.”“unincorporated territory.”
Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.
Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods
1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases.. Constitutional rights were not automatically Constitutional rights were not automatically
extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!were legal!
Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act.. Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.
Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US.into the US.
PRs elected theirPRs elected theirown legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.
PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.
A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.Washington to vote for PR in the House.
Panama: The KingPanama: The King’s Crown’s Crown1850 1850 Clayton-BulwerClayton-Bulwer Treaty Treaty..
1901 1901 Hay-PaunceforteHay-Paunceforte Treaty Treaty. .
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.
1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..
The Roosevelt Corollary to the The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require ultimately require intervention by some intervention by some civilized nation, and in the civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United adherence of the United States to the Monroe States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the Doctrine may force the United States, however United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing wrongdoing or impotence, to the or impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police powerinternational police power .
Stereotypes of the Chinese Stereotypes of the Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act,
1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”
The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..
Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.
TaftTaft’s “Dollar ’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.
Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.
Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability should create stability and order abroad that and order abroad that would best promote would best promote AmericaAmerica’s commercial ’s commercial interests.interests.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he was and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano Zapata
Francisco I Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
WilsonWilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.
Spread democracy.Spread democracy.
Promote peace.Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.Condemn colonialism.
Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos
General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.
U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, 1914Investments in Latin America, 1914