An Integral Model of Human Resilience in Technological Systems (6.15)

An Integral Model of Human Resilience in Technological Systems

Johnny Thomas, MSEE, MBA PhD Student, Research Associate Dan Eisenberg, Dr. Thomas Seager Arizona State University School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment

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•  Does resilient technology require resilient people?

•  What is social-technical resilience?

•  How can we model Integral human resilience in engineered systems?

Research Questions

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•  Does resilient technology require resilient people?

•  What is social-technical resilience?

•  How can we model Integral human resilience in engineered systems?

•  How can we organize the vast array of resilience knowledge? •  How can we index resilience epistemologies and methods? •  How can we link resilience research perspectives?

Research Questions

4 (Larry Downing / Reuters-Corbis, 2011)

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Hurricane Katrina: a resilience failure

“as if no one was in control” (Westrum, 2005)

Latent Psychopathologies è breakdowns governance, law enforcement, medical care, utilities, & communications

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New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin

Coast Guard Commandant Thad Allen

President George Bush

(Larry Downing / Reuters-Corbis, 2011)

� 1,833 died � 200 Civil servants AWOL � 25 Officers leave high stress areas � 2 Officers commit suicide � Poor leadership & judgment � Criminal behavior

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• Moral reasoning (Kumpfer, 1995; Stokols, Lejano, & Hipp, 2013)

(Sept. 2014)

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The number of events is increasing!

(TISP, 2015)

Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-21)

“U.S. efforts shall address the security and resilience…” (The White House, 2013)

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National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013

Directs national policy among Federal agencies (U.S. Homeland Security, 2013)

Resilience: Plan & prepare, absorb, recover, & adapt

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Plan Prepare

Absorb Recover Adapt

Basic construct interpreted among disciplines

Francis & Bekera, “A metric and frameworks for resilience analysis of engineered and infrastructure systems,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 121 (2014)

>3,700 Peer Reviewed Journal Articles with Resilience in the Title

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(Baggio, Brown, & Hellebrandt, 2015)

January 2000 è April 2012

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Spatial & temporal dimensions of interrelated & interconnected meta-complex systems… social, technical, ecological, environmental, biological, economic, and…

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An Integral Approach

Ability to hold multiple simultaneous perspectives without marginalizing or diminishing one over another

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(Wilber, 2000)

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Subjective, “I” 1st person

Inter-subjective, “WE” 2nd person

Objective, “IT” 3rd person (singular)

Inter-objective, “ITS” 3rd person (plural)

Experience Behavior

Culture Systems

Holon: subject, object, or

unit of inquiry

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(Wilber, 2000)

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An Integral Perspective of

Resilience Research

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(Wilber, 2000)

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Social-technical Systems

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Link

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Individuals & organizations

Social

Technical Infrastructure

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Black Creek beneath Finch Ave Toronto, August 2005

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Adapted and modified: (Esbjörn-Hargens, Zimmerman, 2009)

Experience Behavior

Culture Systems

Social

Infrastructure

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Capacities / properties Processes / actions

Social

Infrastructure

Processes / actions Capacities / properties

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•  Emotional Intelligence •  Psychological Dev. •  Cognition •  Conation

•  SAAL •  Sensing •  Anticipating •  Adapting •  Learning



Social

Infrastructure

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•  Culture & values •  Ethics & morals •  Worldviews & ideologies •  Social intelligence

SAAL Social Systems

SAAL Technical Systems



Social

Infrastructure

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•  Emotional Intelligence •  Psychological Dev. •  Cognition •  Conation

•  Culture & values •  Ethics & morals •  Worldviews & ideologies •  Social intelligence

•  SAAL •  Sensing •  Anticipating •  Adapting •  Learning

SAAL Social Systems

SAAL Technical Systems



Social

Infrastructure


Resilience Enabling Processes

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�  Sensing—monitor systems state variables �  Anticipating—imagining possible state outcomes

�  Adapting—changing state variables to higher performance �  Learning—create & integrate new knowledge to inform system behaviors

(Park, Seager, Rao, Convertino, & Linkov 2013) (Hollnagel, Paries, Woods, & Wreathall 2013) (Linkov, Eisenberg, Bates, Chang, Covertino, Allen, Flynn, Seager 2013)


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�  Sensing—monitor systems state variables �  Anticipating—imagining possible state outcomes

�  Adapting—changing state variables to higher performance �  Learning—create & integrate new knowledge to inform system behaviors

Sensing Anticipating Adapting Learning

Individual & Group Resilience Actions, behaviors, & artifacts

(Park, Seager, Rao, Convertino, & Linkov 2013) (Hollnagel, Paries, Woods, & Wreathall 2013) (Linkov, Eisenberg, Bates, Chang, Covertino, Allen, Flynn, Seager 2013)

Resilience Enabling Capacities

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Table 1 Human Resilience Capacities (Connor, 2006; Olsson et al., 2003) Cognitive Social / Emotional Behavioral Ability to adapt to change Coping1 Action-oriented approach Ability to view change / stress as a challenge

Faith1 Ability to perceive / demonstrate the strengthening effect of stress

Ability to use past successes to confront current challenges

Hope

Engaging the support of others

Balanced perspective on experience Optimism Rebounding Enduring set of values Patience Secure attachments to others Fortitude, conviction, tenacity, & resolve Self-efficacy1 Tolerance of negative effect Internal locus of control1 Self-esteem Personal or collective goals1 Sense of humor Sense of meaningfulness !

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Affect Cognition

Personal & Interpersonal Capacities Behavioral Capacities

Innate Acquired

(Thomas 2014)

Affect, cognition, & behavioral capacities can provide a developmental perspective of social-technical resilience.

Model Architecture

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Interior Capacities

Exterior Processes

(Hannah & May 2011)

Outcomes: Actions, behaviors, & artifacts

Human Resilience Model

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Personal & Interpersonal Capacities

Personal & Interpersonal Processes

Behavioral Capacities

Behavioral Processes




(Hannah & May 2011)

Human Resilience Model

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Affect Cognition Innate Acquired

Sensing Anticipating Adapting Learning



Personal & Interpersonal Behavioral


Zone 2 & 4

Zone 6 & 8

(Thomas 2014)

Johnny Thomas, MSEE, MBA [email protected] WeWorldNetworks.com

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Thank You! Resilience, Simulation for Water, Power & Roadway Networks, NSF Grant No. 1441352 This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant No. 1441352. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.

Collaborators: Dan Eisenberg & Dr. Thomas Seager

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References

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American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–8. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20 •  Brand, F., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the Meaning (s) of Resilience: Resilience as a Descriptive Concept and a Boundary Object. Ecology and Society, 12(1).

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Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36(1), 321–342. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-052610-092905 •  Connor, K. (2006). Assessment of Resilience in the Aftermath of Trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, (suppl 2). Retrieved from

http://breathofhopefoundation.org/articles/v67s0207_Resilience.pdf •  Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a New Resilience Scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety,

18(2), 76–82. doi:10.1002/da.10113 •  Esbjörn-Hargens, S. (2007). Integral Teacher, Integral Students, Integral Classroom: Applying Integral Theory to Education. AQAL: Journal of Integral Theory and

Practice, 1–42. Retrieved from http://integraleslebenwien.at/LS/Bil/Esbjorn-Hargens_Integral-Education.pdf •  Esbjörn-Hargens, S. (2010). An Overview of Integral Theory. In Integral Theory in Action: Applied, Theoretical, and Constructive Perspectives on the AQAL Model (pp.

33–61). State University of New York Press. •  Esbjörn-Hargens, S., Zimmerman, M. (2009). Integral Ecology, Uniting Multiple Perspectives on the Natural World. Integral Books. •  Everly, G. S., Davy, J. A., Smith, K. J., Lating, J. M., & Jr, F. C. N. (2011). A Defining Aspect of Human Resilience in the Workplace  : Disaster Medicine and Public

Health Preparedness, 5(2). •  Fiksel, J. (2003). Designing Resilient, Sustainable Systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(23), 5330–5339. Retrieved from

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0344819 •  Fuhs, C. (2010). An Integral Map of Perspective Taking. In Integral Theory in Action: Applied, Theoretical, and Constructive Perspectives on the AQAL Model (pp. 273–

302). SUNY. •  Hannah, S. T., & May, D. R. (2011). MORAL MATURATION AND MORAL CONATION  : A CAPACITY APPROACH TO EXPLAINING MORAL THOUGHT

AND ACTION West Point – United States Military Academy. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 663–685. •  Herrman, H., & Stewart, D. (2011). What is resilience? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5). Retrieved from http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/21586191 •  Holling, C. (1996). Engineering Resilience Versus Ecological Resilience. In Engineering Within Ecological Constraints (pp. 31–44). •  Keck, M., & Sakdapolrak, P. (2013). What is social resilience? Lessons Learned and Ways Forward. Erdkunde, 67(1), 5–19. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2013.01.02 •  Kumpfer, K. L. (1995). Factors and Processes Contributing to Resilience. In Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptations (pp. 179–224). Kluwer

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Society, 3(1), 71–84. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsp028 •  Reich, J., Zautra, A. & Hall, J. (2010). Handbook of Adult Resilience. The Guilford Press. •  Reid, R., & Botterill, L. C. (2013). The Multiple Meanings of “Resilience”: An Overview of the Literature. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(1), 31–40.

doi:10.1111/1467-8500.12009 •  Richardson, G. E. (2002). The Metatheory of Resilience and Resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321. doi:10.1002/jclp.10020 •  Stokols, D., Lejano, R. P., & Hipp, J. (2013). Enhancing the Resilience of Human – Environment Systems  : a Social Ecological Perspective. Ecology and Society,

18(1). •  The White House. (2013). Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-21. •  Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–33. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 •  U.S. Homeland Security. (2013). National Infrastructure Protection Plan 2013. •  Ungar, M., Ghazinour, M., & Richter, J. (2013). Annual Research Review: What is resilience within the social ecology of human development? Journal of Child

Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 54(4), 348–66. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12025 •  Westrum, P. R. (2005). All Coherence Gone  : New Orleans as a Resilience Failure. In 2nd symposium on resilience engineering. Juan-les-Pins, France. •  Wilber, K. (2001). A Theory of Everything: An integral vision for business, politics, science, and spirituality. Shambhala Publications. •  Wilber, K. (2006). Integral Spirituality. Integral Books. •  Nepal Statistics: http://www.mercycorps.org/articles/nepal/quick-facts-what-you-need-know-about-nepal-earthquake •  White House Photo: http://pixshark.com/situation-room-west-wing.htm

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Human Development (Richardson, 2002) (Brown & Westaway, 2011) Sociology (Norris & Stevens, 2007) (Keck & Sakdapolrak, 2013)

Biology & Health (Garcia-dia et al., 2013) Neuroscience (Feder, Nestler, & Charney, 2009)

Human Development (Masten, 2001) (Unger et al., 2013) Management & Organization (Luthans, 2002) (Davy, Smith, Lating, 2011)

Human Resilience

Psychiatry (Connor & Davidson, 2003) (Herrman & Stewart, 2011) Psychology (Bonanno, 2004) (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004)

Experience Behavior

Culture Systems Org

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Human Development (Ungar, Ghazinour, & Richter, 2013)

Ecology & Sustainability (Walker et al., 2004), (Redman, 2014)

Engineering (Woods & Branlat, 2010)

Management & Organization (Luthans, 2002)

Sociology (Cutter, 2006)

Biology & Health (Garcia-dia et al., 2013) Neuroscience (Feder et al., 2009)

Human Development (Richardson, 2002) (Brown & Westaway, 2011) Sociology (Norris & Stevens, 2007) (Keck & Sakdapolrak, 2013)

Psychiatry (Connor & Davidson, 2003) (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004) Psychology (Bonanno, 2004), (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2004)

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