APLL8 Balukh slides

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Causative Prefix pa- and Serial Verb Constructions in Dhao;

A Language in Eastern Indonesia

Jermy I. BalukhLUCL, Netherlands/STIBA CN Kupang, Indonesia

APLL8 Conference, LondonMay 13 – 14, 2016

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Map of Indonesia


Map of East Nusa Tenggar, Indonesia

Ndao

Sawu

Sumba Timor

Rote

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Kupang

FloresAlor

60+ languages


Map of Ndao

Ndao

Do’o

Nuse

Rote

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• Dhao is mainly spoken on Ndao by about 3000 people. Around 500 people on Rote, and 1000 people on Timor. Some scattered on Sawu, Sumba, and Flores.

• Dhao is genetically grouped into Sumba-Hawu, Central Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of Austronesian (Grimes, 2010)

• Instead of Sawu, Ndao has an intense contact with Rote.

51) Language and its speakers


(1) ka nèngu

puru

PART 3SG go.down‘then he went down’

(2) nèngu puu hua3SG pick fruit‘he is picking fruits’

SV

SVO

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(3) *hua puu nèngu

fruit pick 3SGOVS: passive-like

2) Basic Clause Constructions


Meanings BasesCausative Monovalent verbs

Bivalent verbsAdjectivesNounsNumeral

Intensity Monovalent verbsBivalent verbs

Reciprocal Bivalent verbsFactitive NounsSimultaneity Monovalent verbs

Bivalent verbsResultative Monovalent verbsHabitual Bivalent verbs

Nouns

3) Prefix pa- and the bases7


• Causatives are verbal constructions in which an action brings about a particular process resulting in a change of state of an object nominal (Kulikov, 2001; Shibatani, 1976; 2001).

CAUSE – BECOME – RESULT STATE

Typology: • Lexical, Morphological, and Syntactic type.• Serial Verb Constructions

4) Causative construction8


Base Category Causative verbkako ‘to walk’ V1 pa-kako ‘to run X’madhe ‘die’ V1 pa-madhe ‘to kill X’sanède ‘to remember’

V2 pa-sanède ‘to remind’

madhera ‘long’ Adj pa-madhera ‘to make X long’ro’a ‘hole’ N pa-ro’a ‘to make hole’èci ‘one’ Num pa-èci ‘be one, to unite’

5) Causative with Prefix pa-

Syntactically distinguished into two: 1)Single verbal predication2)Serial verb constructions (SVCs)

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(4) a. kahibi èèna madhe le goat DIST.SG die PERF

‘That goat has been dead’ b. rèngu pa-madhe kahibi èèna 3PL CAUS-die goat DIST.SG

‘They kill the goat’

c. rèngu pa-madhe boe kahibi èèna 3PL CAUS-die not goat DIST.SG

‘They don’t kill the goat’

5.1) Single verbal predicationPrefix pa- is attached to verbs, nouns, and numerals.

• Prefix and verb root are fused to express causing event.

• Prefix denotes causative and verb root denotes result state.

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Haspelmath (2015) Semantic:•SVCs indicate one complex event involving two or more simultaneous sub-events.

Syntactic:•SVCs involve two or more verbs •The verbs involved must be independent•SVCs are productively schematic, in that the meanings of the constructions are predictable from the meanings of its parts.•SVCs belong to monoclausal constructions with shared argument(s) and grammatical categories, such as aspect markers and negators.•There is no possibility in SVCs to add a linking element, such as a coordinator or a subordinator.•No predicate-argument relation between the verbs involved in the series.

5.2) Serial verb constructions (SVCs)

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SVC

idiomatic

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• Prefix pa- is attached to adjectives (dimension, colour, value)

• Causativized adjectives require a verb to profile causation

• The verb fills V1 and causativized adjective fills V2.

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• The derived verbs syntactically do not equal underived verbs in terms of predicate position.

• They are SVCs because both verbs can be modified/negated as single predicate.

• However, negation or aspect may modify only V1, focusing on the causation, not the result state.

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From verbs to adjectives

kako ‘to walk’ Predicate onlytangi ‘to cry’

muri ‘to grow’

mèu ‘be clean’

hera ‘be dirty’

pèda ‘be sick’

madhe

‘be dead, die’ Predicate & modifier

manii ‘thin’

mèdi ‘black’

iiki ‘small’aae ‘great, big’ N-modifier only

VERB

ADJECTIVE

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• That causativization in Dhao is controlled by the semantics of the bases.

• The events profiled in a causativized adjective construction are arranged into separate components that each is expressed with a specific verb.

6) Conclusion18


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APLL8 Balukh slides