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How An Artwork Is Built
Chapter 3
From Toolbox to Creation
• How does an artist use the visual tools in their toolbox to create an artwork?
• They organize these tools into compositions, also called design
• We’ll be looking at the basic design principles:– Unity and variety– Balance– Emphasis and subordination– Contrast– Repetition and rhythm– Scale and proportion
Bad Design
• Even those without formal art training can see when bad design is at work
Good Design
It’s Easy to Spot
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Charles Demuth (1883–1935). The Figure 5 in Gold. 1928.35-1/2" × 30" (90.2 × 76.2 cm).
Unity and Variety
• Unity-the appearance of oneness– The feeling that the design is complete and
all elements are working together
• Variety-diversity
• Most artists try to find a balance
Yves Klein
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Jacob Lawrence. Going Home. Line study. 1946.21-1/2" × 29-1/2".
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Pieter de Hooch. Interior of a Dutch House. 1658.29" × 35".
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Pieter de Hooch. Interior of a Dutch House. Line Study. 1658.29" × 35".
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Robert Rauschenberg. Gift for Apollo. 1959.43-3/4" × 29-1/2" × 41" (111.1 × 74.9 × 104.1 cm).
Balance
• Balance-equilibrium
• Symmetrical Balance-left and right are near or exactly match each other
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James Hoban. A Design for the President's House. Elevation. 1792.
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James Hoban. A Design for the President's House. White House.Front View. 1997.
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Damien Hirst. Posterity—The Holy Place. 2006.89-5/8" × 48".
Asymmetrical Balance
• Asymmetrical balance-the left and right sides are not the same– Instead, balance is achieved through the
size and meaning of the elements
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Lavinia Fontana. Noli Me Tangere. 1581.47-3/8" × 36-5/8".
Visual Weight
• A large form is heavier than a small one• A form close to the edge of the frame is heavier• A complex form is heavier than a simple one• Warm colors are heavier and advance toward
the viewer• Intense colors are heavier• The weight of a color increases as the
background approaches its complementary hue
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Nicolas Poussin (French, 1594–1665). The Holy Family on the Steps. 1648. 72.4 × 111.7 cm.
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Edgar Degas (1834–1917). Jockeys Before the Race.c. 1878–1879. 42-1/2" × 29".
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Edgar Degas (1834–1917). Jockeys Before the Race. Line Study.c. 1878–1879. 42-1/2" × 29".
Emphasis and Subordination
• Emphasis-used to draw the attention of the viewer
• Subordination-used to create areas of lesser interest
• By using these two principles the artist shows the viewer where to look
Directional Forces
• Like emphasis and subordination, directional forces tell the viewer where to look
• Directional forces have the added advantage of showing the viewer where to look next.
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Francisco Goya. Bullfight: The Agility and Daring of Juanito Apinani.Plate 20. 9-1/2" × 14".Francisco Goya. Bullfight: The Agility and Daring of
Juanito Apinani.Line Study. Plate 20. 9-1/2" × 14".
Annie Leibovitz
Contrast
• Contrast-opposing elements– Dark vs. light– Large vs. small– Thick vs. thin
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Luster-Painted Bowl. Hispano-Moresque, Manises. Spain. c. 1400.Height 5-1/2", diameter 17-4/5".
Repetition and Rhythm
• Repition-repeating elements
• Rhythm-regular repeating elements
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Liubov Popova. The Pianist. 1915.106.5 × 88.7 cm.
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Ogata Korin (1658–1716.) Cranes. Japanese, Edo period (1615–1868).c. 1700. 166 H × 371 cm (65-3/8" × 146-1/6").
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
José Clemente Orozco. Zapatistas. 1931.45" × 55" (114.3 × 139.7 cm).
Scale and Proportion
• Scale-the size of one thing in relation to another
• Proportion-size relationship of the parts that make up a whole
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc.
Scale Relationships.
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Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen. Shuttlecocks. One of four.1994. 215-3/4" × 209" × 191-3/4".
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Michelangelo Buonarroti. Pietà. 1501.Height 6'8-1/2".
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Roettgen Pietà. 1300–1325. Height 34-1/2".