Atmosphere Presentation -Period 4Atmosphere Presentation -Period 4Grade 8Grade 8

Taconic Hills Middle SchoolTaconic Hills Middle SchoolScience ClassScience Class

June 2009June 2009

The condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Weather occurs in the Troposphere. Rain, snow, and most clouds occur here.

The first weather satellite was launched in 1960.

The burning of fossil fuels creates smog and acid rain.

http://www.aphoenix.ca/photoblog/photos/SunnySkies.jpg

http://www.thefutureschannel.com/img/weather/PredictingTheWeather07.jpg

Brooks Simmons, Barbra (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston, MA: Paerson Prentice Hall.

AtmosphereAtmosphere

JeremyJeremy

Atmosphere explainedAtmosphere explained

The envelope of gases that surrounds the planet.The envelope of gases that surrounds the planet. The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds.The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds.

Made up of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water vapor and many other gasesMade up of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water vapor and many other gases..

BibliographyBibliography

www.kidsgeo.comwww.kidsgeo.com

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/...commons/thumb/...

Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Boston MA. Boston MA.

Composition of the Atmosphere

The atmosphere explained…The atmosphere explained…

The atmosphere is made up of mixture of atoms and molecules of The atmosphere is made up of mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds.different kinds.

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, other gases, water vapor and Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, other gases, water vapor and particles of liquids and solids make up the atmosphere.particles of liquids and solids make up the atmosphere.

Nitrogen is the most abundant (78%)Nitrogen is the most abundant (78%)

Bibliography-Composition of the Atmosphere

• www.kidsgeo.com/images/earths-atmosphere.jpg • iln.cite.hku.hk/.../atmosphere-couche_f.jpg

• https:/.../earthspace/Atmosphere/earth_pie.gif • Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall

Science Explorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.

The Earth's atmosphere (or air)- is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by the Earth's gravity

78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide

The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention

Sources

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere

• www.google.com

• http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=atmosphere&gbv=2&aq=f&oq=

Density volume=Mass

Air has mass because it has atoms and molecules, which have mass.

Density= mass of a substance in a given volume

Pressure is the force pushing in an area or on a certain substance.

Air pressure is when weight of a column of air pushes down on an area.

Air pushes in all directions.

http://imagecache.allposters.com/images/pic/EUR/1750-9998~Airplanes-Formation-Taking-Off-Posters.jpg

http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_02_img0071.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg/250px-AGM-88_and_AIM-9_on_Tornado.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_B0YfN5iuhSk/RoUMXxBVTeI/AAAAAAAAAfo/yXpJTAAf-Og/s400/Bald-Eagle.gif

http://maranatha777.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/gex-bald-eagle.jpg

http://www.firstpeople.us/pictures/eagles/1024x768/Bald_Eagle-Wingspan-1024x768.jpg

http://www.ldesign.com/Images/Essays/GlobalWarming/Part1/Atmosphere/AtmosphericContentPercent.jpg

Brooks Simons, Barbara. (2007) Prentice Hall Science Explorer. Boston, MA; Pearson Prentice Hall.

A barometer is how you measure air pressure by mercury, which contains vacuum mercury. The aneroid barometer which contains vacuum chamber, lever, spindle and pointer.

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.org

Altitude and Properties of Air

Altitude and Properties of Air

Air pressure is measured with a barometer. There are two kinds of barometers, a aneroid barometer and a mercury barometer.

Air pressure decreases as density decreases as altitude increases.The higher you are the harder it is to breathe because there are fewer air

molecules.

Bibliography

http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/France/photo60967.htm http://health.howstuffworks.com/altitude-sickness1.htm http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/WeatherPatterns.html Brooks Simons, Barbara. (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer,

Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall

TroposphereTroposphere

TroposphereTroposphere

• “tropo” means turning• The inner or lowest layer of the atmosphere• Contains almost all the mass of the atmosphere• Depth of troposphere-16 km above the equator to

less than 9 km above the North and South Poles. • The layer where weather occurs

Bibliography-TroposphereBibliography-Troposphere

• http://www.airlifeone.com/edOzone.html

• http://mydreamapp.com/news/post/375/ • Brooks Simons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science

Explorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall.

The Stratosphere supports bacteria life, making it part of the biosphere.

The Stratosphere is the second layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

The temperature increases as altitude increases.

The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.

The stratosphere is almost always free of clouds and all other forms weather.

Karlee and Nicole:]<33

In the Stratosphere, the air doesn’t flow up and down, but it flows parallel to the earth in very fast moving air streams. This is the layer where most jet planes fly. The stratosphere starts at around 10 kilometers and goes to about 50 kilometers high. The top edge of the stratosphere is abundant with ozone.

Ozone is the by-product of sun radiation and oxygen; by capturing the ultraviolet rays of the sun and deploying it, ozone takes out the harmful effects. This is very important to all living things on earth, since unfiltered radiation from the sun can destroy all animal tissue.

http://www.answers.com/topic/stratosphere

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/images/ozone2000/Layers.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast11oct_1.htm&usg=__ql8vT3pDd_6JjpdVFcew_jNL6sI=&h=400&w=400&sz=32&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=F3alSwbYumoPjM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstratosphere%2Blayer%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/atmosphere/images/atfg001.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/atmosphere/introduction-1.html&usg=__XJ3zSkjhsk719EdWQzGRa46mAEI=&h=640&w=490&sz=45&hl=en&start=11&um=1&tbnid=1p04j29rjb0NxM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstratosphere%2Blayer%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Atmosphere/images/stratosphere_diagram_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link%3D/earth/Atmosphere/images/stratosphere_diagram_big_jpg_image.html%26edu%3Delem&usg=__YeDCOwan4NtSrR_eFmQuey1H-7s=&h=440&w=720&sz=65&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=6lQE9ySNgsVJ6M:&tbnh=86&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlayer%2Bstratosphere%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den

http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/atmosphere/older/Stratosphere.html

Second Slide:]

First Slide:]

The MesospherePat/Garret

In the Earth's mesosphere, the air is relatively mixed together and the temperature decreases with altitude. The atmosphere reaches its coldest temperature of around -90°C in the mesosphere. This is also the

layer in which a lot of meteors burn up while entering the Earth's atmosphere.

The mesosphere is on top of the stratosphereThe upper parts of the atmosphere, such as the

mesosphere, can sometimes be seen by looking at the very edge of a planet

BibliographyBibliography

Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Boston, MA.Boston, MA.

ThermosphereThermosphere

ThermosphereThermosphere

• The outermost layer of the atmosphere.The outermost layer of the atmosphere.

• Extends from 80 km above Earth’s Extends from 80 km above Earth’s surface and has no definite outer layer.surface and has no definite outer layer.

• ““thermo” means heat.thermo” means heat.

• Up to 1800 C and thin layer; due to the Up to 1800 C and thin layer; due to the sunlight hitting this layer firstsunlight hitting this layer first

Bibliography-ThermosphereBibliography-Thermosphere

• www.ucar.edu/.../images/thermosphere-www.ucar.edu/.../images/thermosphere-

satsm.jpgsatsm.jpg • Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Brooks Simmons, Barbara (2007). Prentice Hall Science Prentice Hall Science

ExplorerExplorer. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall..

the part of the earth's atmosphere beginning at an altitude of about 50 kilometers (31 miles) and extending outward 500 kilometers (310 miles) or more

Casey & Robert

Ionosphere:The ionosphere is part of the thermosphere. It is made of electrically charged gas particles (ionised). The particles get this electric charge by ultraviolet rays of the sun. The ionosphere has the important quality of bouncing radio signals, transmitted from the earth. That’s why places all over the world can be reached via radio.

www.google.com/images

www.googleinfo.com

Phone calls and TV pictures are relayed by way of communication satellites that orbit earth in the exosphere.

The upper most layer of Earth’s atmosphere

.

• Brooks Simmons, Barbara. (2007) Prentice Hall Science Explorer, Boston, MA.

• Pictures from Google images

Pollutants- harmful things in the air, water and dirt…

Two types of pollution…

Natural-

(forest fires, soil erosion, dust storms, pretty much anything that we don’t cause…)Discharges smoke/dust into the air.

Human- (farming, construction, burning of fossil fuels, cars, vehicles, factories, power plants…) Transfers soil + dust into the air.

•Wind- particles, mold, dust,

•Burning- coal, oil, gasses, releases soot into air.

•Contains- hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur, oxides

-Human

-Natural

•volcanoes- dust clouds, ash, poisonous gasses.

http://kassandraproject.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/air-pollution-systems.jpg

http://iceland.intracore.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/pollution.jpg

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thetripflare.org/storage/stock-photos-royalty-free/water_air_pollution.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thetripflare.org/browse-chemetco-documents/&usg=__g8YZTkqtCH-xVPxyoWxDzeKvQDk=&h=274&w=500&sz=31&hl=en&start=16&tbnid=QsWE-tag3lTPyM:&tbnh=71&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dair%2Bpollution%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Obvious_water_pollution.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Obvious_water_pollution.jpeg&usg=__Egz3eKcpLaOwEywnVGAvWZi44ts=&h=600&w=399&sz=276&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=lcqNPNHL5XctSM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwater%2Bpollution%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX

http://www.thelightisgreen.com/China%20pollution%20Beijing.jpg

http://www.smart-kit.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/yellow-blue-dot-illusion.jpg

scienceblogs.com/omnibrain/purple_optical_ill...

Bibliography

1. During winter months, 49 percent of soot and other particle pollution in Sacramento is caused by burning wood in fireplaces and wood stoves.

2. According to the World Health Organization, if you are one of the 18 million residents of Cairo, Egypt:- Breathing daily air pollution is like smoking 20 cigarettes a day- You take in over 20 times the acceptable level of air pollution each day

3. The World Bank reported in 2002 that pollution causes 2.42 billion dollars worth of damage to the Egyptian environment annually - equaling about 5 percent of the country’s annual gross domestic product.

4. The risk of cancer from breathing diesel exhaust is about ten times more than ingesting all other toxic air pollutants combined, with diesel emissions contributing to over 70% of the cancer risk from air pollution in the USA. 2.

5. The Boston area ranks number 5 in the country for premature deaths due to diesel pollution annually.

Definition of Pollution-The act or process of polluting or the state of being polluted, especially the contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances.

http://blog.lib.umn.edu/cramb005/architecture/pollution.jpg

http://www.liverpool.nsw.gov.au/LCC/INTERNET/RESOURCES/IMAGES/Water-pollution.jpg

http://www.enviroblog.org/pollution.jpg

http://www.cleanairsys.com/airzone-blog/2007/11/10-pollution-fast-facts-statistics-to.html

Acid rain is a mixture of wet and dry composition.

Occurs when SO2 and NOx when they mix together with water and oxygen and other chemicals to form different compounds.

Acidification can cause trees or others on high elevations to become damaged.

Classic smog: is the most basic form and is the result of burning of fossil fuels.

The weather that comes with smog is stagnant winds and when the hot air presses with the cold air below.

The term smog was founded in 1905 by when Harold Antoine des Voeux wanted to name the heavy fog in London.

•Vortex.accuweather.com/…/2007/SmogNY.jpg

•Visual.merriam-webster.com/…/acidrain.jpg

•www.scienceclarifed.com/.../uesc_01_img0005.jpg

•https:/…/sry74/Website/pics/beijing_smog.jpg

•Keetsa.com/…/uploads/2007/08/smog2.jpg

•www.engin.smich.edu./.../la_basin/smog.jpg

•www..supergreenme.com/data/images/11/acid_rain.jpg

•www.nasa.gov/.../content/669/Omain_spring.jpg

•www.epa.gov/acidrain/what/index.html

•www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/smog-airpollution.html

•Thebsrport.files.wordpress.com/…/

•www.inspiredliving.com/.../images/smoggrph.gif