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This is my ppt of the Chemical and Physicals.
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The different atomic models of diverse scientists and the physical
and chemical process in matter
Sebastián Vergara-Simón Galindo-Alberto AgudeloSeven A
Biology, Chemistry and Physics
Atomic Models
John Dalton : Dalton proposed a modern atomic model based on experimentation not on pure reason, he also said: • All matter is made of atoms. • Atoms of an element are identical. • Each element has different atoms. • Atoms of different elements combine
in constant ratios to form compounds. • Atoms are rearranged in reactions.
JOHN DALTON
John Dalton Atomic Model
Most particles passed through. So, atoms are mostly empty. Some positive α-particles deflected or bounced back! Thus, a “nucleus” is positive & holds most of an atom’s mass.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
Electrons orbit the nucleus in “shells” Electrons can be bumped up to a higher shell if hit by an electron or a photon of light , the Bohr model was a one-dimensional model that used one quantum number to describe the distribution of electrons in the atom.There are 2 types of spectra: continuous spectra & line spectra. It’s when electrons fall back down that they release a photon. These jumps down from “shell” to “shell” account for the line spectra seen in gas discharge tubes (through spectroscopes).
BÖHR
He discover that electrons are negative charged part of every atom , he also discovered that atoms are positive and that are spread together in the atom, like a cloud.
J.J THOMPSON
Schrödinger combined the equations for the behavior of waves with the de Broglie equation to generate a mathematical model for the distribution of electrons in an atom, this models contains Mathematical Equation Know as wave function that can know the behavior of electrons , this model based on waves that why this model is called Wave Function.
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER
Physical Properties and
Changes
Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical properties are used to observe and describe matter…Some examples are: Odor, appearance, texture, color, shape, size, solubility, melting point, boiling point, etc.DENSITY: Is physical property of matter and it measures how closely object´s atoms are. Is the relationship between mass and volume.• Density of liquids= mass/volume (grams/milliliters)• Density of regular solids= Side x Side x Side (length x width x high)
Physical Properties
MELTING AND BOILING POINT: Are physical properties of matter that describes the temperature at which solid, gas or liquid will change state. Melting point is always lower than boiling point. The pressure affects these physical properties.
Example: Water: 100oC boiling. 0oC melting. TEMPERATURE SCALES • Fahrenheit: oF- 32 x 5/9= oC • Celsius: oC x 9/5 + 32= oF • Kelvin scale: Temperature scale beginning at
absolute zero (-273.15°C or -459.67°F). there is no more before absolute zero.
Physical Properties
A change in state is a physical change, a change in which the substance itself is still the same substance. Its form changes, but its chemical makeup or composition doesn’t. Matter is not lost in these changes…• Freeze: when a liquid turns into a solid by the cold temperature.• Melt: when a solid turns into a liquid by the hot temperature.• Boil and evaporate: when a liquid turns into a gas by the hot temperature.• Condense: when a gas turns into a liquid by meeting with something cold.
Physical Changes
Physical Changes
Chemical Properties and
Changes
Chemical properties describe an object´s ability to change into another substance or change its chemical composition…
• COMBUSTIBILITY: Measures how easily a substance will burn or combine rapidly with oxygen.
• REACTIVITY: Is the ability of a substance to go through a chemical change or reaction.
Chemical Properties
When one substance changes and results into other substance or substances is called chemical change. When the chemical composition of an object changes, when the color change indicates there is a change. Chemical changes doesn´t create new matter, just new substances…
• Burning: when an object is subjected to fire, it changes its chemical composition, for example, wood when burns it changes to ash.• Corrosion: when iron combines with oxygen in the air, rust forms. The rust is a brand new substance. It’s a combination of iron and oxygen with properties different from either of them. More examples of chemical changes are: Mixing chemicals,
cooking some types of food, mixing some ingredients, digesting food, explosions, in the photosynthesis, etc.
Chemical Changes
Physical Process
Distillation is a water purification process that uses a heat source to vaporize water and separate it from contaminants.The water is heated at 100 degrees and evaporated, vapors go to the cooler, cool and condense, passing again to the liquid state.
Distillation
Is the process in which water converts in vapour, by first boiling and then changing state. The temperature has to raise the boiling point (100ºC) because it takes more tiem to evaporate, because affect the mass, density and volume of the water.
Evaporation
Consists on separate solid residues or matter from water by passing the material at a low speed, permitting liquid to pass and leaving residues in the filter.
Filtration
Chemical Process
Combustion reactions always involve molecular oxygen O2. Anytime anything burns (in the usual sense), it is a combustion reaction. Combustion reactions are almost always exothermic (i.e., they give off heat). For example when wood burns, it must do so in the presence of O2 and a lot of heat is produced.”
• Combustion can be used for the productions of the carbon and for the producing of light and heat.
Combustion
“Neutralization reaction refers to acid and base reaction producing salt and water. The equivalent amounts of acid react with base to form equivalent amounts of salt and water. When the reaction is complete, acid and base are said to neutralize each other. Since water is produced, neutralization reaction is also referred as “water forming reaction”.
“Neutralization of soil is sometimes necessary in order to promote plant growth. The ability of plants to take nutrients from the soil into their roots is affected by the pH content of the surrounding soil particles. Acid rain can cause soil to become acidic. Some plants benefit from liming the soil. In the liming process, agricultural limestone-calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that may also contain magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) neutralizes acid in the soil and provides nutrients to promote plant growth.”
Neutralization
Neutralization
“Process by which electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical change. The chemical change is one in which the substance loses or gains an electron (oxidation or reduction).The process is carried out in an electrolytic cell, an apparatus consisting of positive and negative electrodes held apart and dipped into a solution containing positively and negatively charged ions”
Electrolysis
“Electrolysis induces chemical reactions that otherwise would not happen, which means that there are multiple uses of electrolysis in industrial manufacturing. For example, some companies use it to make certain metals more resistant to corrosion, a process known as anodization. People also use electrolysis to etch and decorate metal surfaces, as well as for layering metals to make them stronger. The technique also is useful for electrometallurgy, which is separating and purifying metals.
People use electrolysis commonly to improve their personal appearance, but the process is also used in manufacturing. The uses of electrolysis are limited by the chemical bonds that may be constructed or destroyed.”
Uses of Electrolysis
Electrocys
“Is the loss of metallic properties of a metal as the metal reacts with the atmosphere or water. e.g. strength, lustre or shine and electrical conductivity. Rust is brownish red in color and is formed from the corrosion of iron. Other metals like copper and aluminium also corrode or weaken. For corrosion to occur both water and oxygen need to be present”.
The corrosion is used also to oxide some foods to produce the energy.
Corrosion
Corrosion
http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/hydrogen-electrolysis.html
http://cnx.org/content/m17138/latest/ http://www.iun.edu/~
cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical%20reactions/combustion.html
http://www.chemicalformula.org/chemistry-help/corrosion
http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-
different-uses-of-electrolysis.htm
REFERENCES
