Bachelor's Thesis: Mobile Advertising

BACHELOR’S THESIS

MOBILE ADVERTISING

OUM VANTHARITH

Under The Supervision Of

Dr. DANIEL KARLSTROM

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements Of The

Bachelor Degree of Arts in Media Management

Department of Media and Communication

Royal University of Phnom Penh

May 2006

ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS This thesis has not been made possible if without the contributions of the following people. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my tutor Dr. Daniel Karlstrom, who despite his busy schedule devoted a great deal of time in supervising me. Thank you very much for your constant confidence and encouraging support throughout the process of writing this thesis. My deepest thank also goes to the management of Department of Media and Communication for my four year education here at Royal University of Phnom Penh. My heartfelt thank is also extended to my thesis facilitator Berry Schipper for his useful suggestions and comments during my tutor’s absence. I would also like to thank all the people involved in spending their valuable time, particularly in the interviews. Their answers and feedbacks help drawing an evaluation for my Demo and making it successfully. Lastly, I am grateful to my parents, brothers and sisters, and especially my friends, who are always full of hope and encouragement toward me. Without their loving and support, this thesis will prove unsuccessful. Phnom Penh, May 26th, 2006 OUM Vantharith

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Java’s Logo...........................................................................................................................................3 Figure 2.2: A Complete Java Runtime Environment and its Architecture ....................................................6 Figure 2.3: GSM Technologies Evolution ..........................................................................................................8 Figure 2.4: Some of Nokia’s Screen Resolution.................................................................................................9 Figure 2.5: A 60x60 Pixel Image on 128x128 Versus 240x320 Screen Resolution.......................................9 Figure 2.6: Wired Magazine in Print Version ...................................................................................................13 Figure 2.7: Online Version: HotWired.com/Wired ........................................................................................13 Figure 3.1: How does a Typical I-Mode Screen look like? .............................................................................18 Figure 3.2: Samples of Mobile Media from Add2hone’s Mobile Advertising Server.................................19 Figure 3.3: The Trade-Off between Richness and Reach in Advertising.....................................................22 Figure 3.4: Mobile Advertising Framework......................................................................................................24 Figure 3.5: Taxonomy of Mobile Advertising Campaigns..............................................................................26 Figure 3.6: Screen Shot of CellCard Unlimited’s Web Site ............................................................................30 Figure 3.7: CellCard Unlimited on Mobile Phone ...........................................................................................30 Figure 3.8: Promotional SMS by MobiTel in Occasion of Valentine’s Day ................................................31 Figure 3.9: Caltex’s CoffeePlus ...........................................................................................................................31 Figure 3.10: Caltex’s CoffeePlus SMS Advert via Samart Hello GSM Network ........................................31 Figure 3.11: Some Titles of Mobizines .............................................................................................................35 Figure 3.12: Some of the supported Handsets for Refresh Mobile’s Mobizines .......................................36 Figure 3.13: Few Samples of Google’s Online Ads.........................................................................................37 Figure 3.14: Samples of AvantGo’s Ad Formats and Sizes............................................................................38 Figure 3.15: Ad Formats and their Placement within the Demo ..................................................................39 Figure 3.16: Basic Structure of the Demo Mobizine.......................................................................................40 Figure 3.17: Kambuja News’ Home and its Variety of News Sections ........................................................41 Figure 3.18: Kambuja News’s Visual Demo.....................................................................................................42

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Aim of the Thesis .......................................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................................2 1.4 Outline of the Thesis .................................................................................................................................................2 1.5 Abbreviations and Technical Terms .......................................................................................................................2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................3 2.1 Mobile Technology ....................................................................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Java Technology ...............................................................................................................................................3 2.1.2 Mobile Java ........................................................................................................................................................5 2.1.3 Handset’s Capabilities......................................................................................................................................6 2.2 Advertising Media ....................................................................................................................................................11 2.2.1 A Brief History ...............................................................................................................................................11 2.2.2 Conventional Advertising Media .................................................................................................................12 2.2.3 Emergence of the Internet............................................................................................................................13 2.3 Mobile Advertising...................................................................................................................................................14 3 MOBILE ADVERTISING IN REALITY...................................................... 17 3.1 Mobile Advertising around the Globe ..................................................................................................................17 3.1.1 Major Mobile Technologies in Use for Mobile Advertising....................................................................17 3.1.2 Mobile Advertising Business Solutions.......................................................................................................18 3.2 Characteristics of Mobile Advertising Medium...................................................................................................19 3.2.1 Strengths and Opportunities ........................................................................................................................20 3.2.2 Weaknesses and Threats................................................................................................................................20 3.3 Advertising via Mobile Phones ..............................................................................................................................21 3.4 Types of Mobile Advertising Campaigns .............................................................................................................23 3.4.1 Push Campaign ...............................................................................................................................................25 3.4.2 Pull Campaign .................................................................................................................................................25 3.4.3 Dialogue Campaign........................................................................................................................................25 3.5 Forms of Mobile Advertising ..................................................................................................................................26 3.5.1 Competitions...................................................................................................................................................26 3.5.2 Mobile Coupons .............................................................................................................................................27 3.5.3 Mobile Tickets ................................................................................................................................................27 3.5.4 Location-Based Services................................................................................................................................27 3.5.5 Alerts ................................................................................................................................................................28 3.5.6 Sponsorships ...................................................................................................................................................28 3.6 Mobile Advertising in Cambodian Context .........................................................................................................28 3.6.1 Existing Mobile Advertising in use..............................................................................................................29 3.6.2 Speculation of Mobile Advertising’s future in Cambodia........................................................................32 3.7 Demo..........................................................................................................................................................................33 3.7.1 Constraints on the Demo..............................................................................................................................33 3.7.2 Construction of the Demo ...........................................................................................................................39 3.7.3 Evaluation of the Demo................................................................................................................................43 4 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................45 REFERENCES APPENDICES

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Introduction

1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, I will present an introduction of Mobile Advertising. Project B: “Mobile Advertising” is one of the main theme: “Mobile Media” Projects, with another classmate TRAM Lyrattanak’s Project A: “Mobile Magazine” that both are supervised by Dr. Daniel KARLSTROM. I will briefly provide a short background and the aim of the thesis. And finally, scope and outline for the thesis will be presented. 1.1 Background Advertising is one of the largest industries around the world. Advertising is believed to emerge in the early history of humankind. Advertising has evolved over long periods of time, adapting social changes in order to survive itself. Though advertising in conventional media, such as newspaper, magazine, TV and radio, is still prominent, but today emerges a trendy development of new advertising medium –mobile phone. The convergence of mobile phone and the Internet promises to change people’s lives. This convergence enables people to get access to the Internet via their mobile phones, which is known as Mobile Internet. With advanced mobile technology and fast growing mobile penetration, this enables mobile phones to become a realistic advertising medium in a very personal and customized fashion. Mobile advertising brings along both opportunities and threats to advertisers. So it needs to be handled with cautions, so that mobile advertising can be a successful story. 1.2 Aim of the Thesis The aim of this thesis is to explore the mobile advertising, which is a new, exciting and expanding industry as a marketing channel with unique features, but still in its infancy. With the new mobile phones that are being released, we can do much more in Java than what we can do in WAP. So we are able to present media in a much more controlled fashion. However, the problems with mobile devices include, among many others: small screen resolutions, different resolutions on every phone and limited data connectivity etc. In Project B: Mobile Advertising, I am to explore and discover ways in adapting advertising media to suit mobile phones. And my main questions to be answered are: How does today’s advertising in media translate to mobile phones? What limitations and possibilities are introduced by the mobile media format? Are new media and advertising business models possible with the mobile media? Besides these three main questions, I will also try to discover new advertising concepts to be incorporated into the demo in Project A: Mobile Magazine.

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Introduction

1.3 Scope Mobile Advertising is a new phenomenon, especially in Cambodian context where there is a blurry emergence of this trendy mobile advertising. Though it is a new trend, mobile advertising is very broad and extensive, and also due to limited time allocated for undertaking this thesis, as well as my narrow knowledge on this subject, this thesis will mainly focus on exploring the mobile advertising and its industry: What is mobile advertising? What are its characteristics? What are its forms? What are the effective campaigns? In addition, I am also to explore existing mobile advertising in Cambodia and speculate its future. 1.4 Outline of the Thesis Chapter two is a literature review of Mobile Advertising and its key elements. I will present the developments of Mobile Technology and Advertising Media. Chapter three presents today’s mobile advertising. I am to explore the characteristics of mobile advertising medium, the different forms of mobile advertising, and the diverse types of mobile advertising campaigns. Moreover, I am also to explore and speculate the future of mobile advertising in Cambodian context. And lastly, a demo will be presented with its evaluation. Finally, a conclusion will be presented in chapter four. 1.5 Abbreviations and Technical Terms In order to avoid confusions and misunderstandings, a glossary of abbreviations and technical terms used in this thesis is to be found in the appendices.

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Literature Review

2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, I will explore development and evolution of key elements of mobile advertising, i.e. mobile technology and advertising media. And finally, an introductory section on Mobile Advertising will be presented with some experts’ expectation on mobile advertising. 2.1 Mobile Technology Yesterday’s mobile phones were all about voice and short message service (SMS). But everything’s changed as technology advances. These days, mobile phones can do a lot more things from voice to data, games, and internet etc. And Java is one of the mobile technologies that must be attributed. 2.1.1 Java Technology Java is a recent technology for machine-independent software developed by Sun Microsystems and first appeared in 1990s. Java Technology consists of three main components:

• Java Programming Language, • Java Virtual Machine, and • Java Platform.

Figure 2.1: Java’s Logo (Source: Java) According to Wikipedia.com, a free online encyclopedia, Java Programming Language or Java language, is an object-oriented high-level programming language developed by Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. The Java programming language was designed to be platform independent, meaning that it can be used not only in one single platform but also in other platforms as well. It is a derivative of C++ programming language with a simpler syntax, a more robust runtime environment and simplified memory management (Wikipedia: 1). Originally, the Java language was developed for programming consumer electronic devices, but it evolved over the years into a set of technologies used primarily to develop desktop and server-based applications. As stated in an article titled “A Survey of J2ME Today” by Enrique Ortiz, October 2004, the Java started in the early 1990s with the Green Project and the Oak programming language, later renamed Java.

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Literature Review

Today's J2ME is the descendant of earlier platforms for small devices created by Sun Microsystems: the Oak part of the Green Project (early 1990s), Java Card (1996), PersonalJava (1997) and EmbeddedJava (1998), and more recently the Spotless System and the K virtual machine (1999). Now five years old, J2ME targets high-end and low-end electronic devices with a single Java platform (Ortiz, 2004).

Overview of Java 2 Platform One of the three main components of Java technology is Java platform. The Java Platform is the name for a computing environment or platform, which can run applications developed by using the Java programming language and its set of development tools. The Java platform is neither a specific hardware nor operating system, but it is rather an execution engine called a virtual machine, and a set of standard libraries which provide its common functionality (Wikipedia: 2). Components of Java 2 Platform A Learning page of Sun’s website titled “Introduction to Mobility Java Technology”, states that the Java 2 Platform comprises three elements: the Java programming language, a virtual machine, and a set of standard Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Sun describes these three main components as followings:

• The Java programming language is syntactically similar to C++ programming language, but differs fundamentally. While C++ language uses unsafe pointers and programmers are responsible for allocating and freeing memory, the Java programming language uses type safe object references, and unused memory is reclaimed automatically. In addition, the Java programming language avoids multiple inheritance, a likely source of confusion and ambiguity in C++ language, in favor of a cleaner construct, interfaces.

• A Virtual Machine forms the foundation of the Java Platform. This architecture offers several

attractive features: The virtual machine can be implemented to run a top a variety of operating systems and hardware, with binary-compatible Java applications operating consistently across many implementations. In addition, the virtual machine provides tight control of executed binaries, enabling safe execution of untrusted code.

• And finally, an extensive set of standard application programming interfaces (APIs) rounds out

the Java platform. These support almost everything you might want your applications to do. Taken together, the Java language, Java virtual machine and Java APIs compose the Java platform. (Sun: 1) Editions of Java 2 Platform With the intention to encompass a wide range of computer hardware, everything from smart cards through enterprise servers, Sun had defined three platforms targeting different application environments.

• Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE) is designed for conventional desktop computers. • Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) is a comprehensive platform for multi-user, enterprise-wide

applications. It is a superset of J2SE that is geared toward enterprise programming with an emphasis on server-side development.

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Literature Review

• Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) is set of technologies and specifications developed for small

mobile devices such as mobile phones, pagers etc. It is a subset of J2SE that is geared toward embedded and handheld devices that cannot support a full J2SE implementation.

Although there is a certain amount of overlap, each edition targets a different kind of application developer. Splitting Java 2 platform into three editions makes it possible for Java to evolve in different directions while staying true to the spirit of the language. 2.1.2 Mobile Java Wireless communications is a huge field, encompassing everything from radio and television broadcasting through pagers, mobile phones, and satellite communications. The field of mobile phones is expanding very fast at the same time that standards and protocols are being adopted, used, updated, and sometimes discarded. Particularly, Java Technology designed to target a wide range of consumer computing devices is called J2ME, and also simply known as Mobile Java. Sun Microsystems’ website describes J2ME this way: “Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition is a highly optimized Java runtime environment targeting a wide range of consumer products, including pagers, cellular phones, screen phones, digital set-top boxes and car navigation systems.” (Sun: 2) As described by Enrique Ortiz in his survey article, J2ME does not define a new programming language. Instead, it adapts existing Java technology to handheld and embedded devices. J2ME maintains compatibility with J2SE wherever feasible. To address the stricter limitations of small devices J2ME sometimes replaces J2SE APIs and adds new interfaces - but the evolution of J2ME is as much about omitting unnecessary parts of J2SE and J2EE as it is about adding new ones.(Ortiz, 2004) Unlike J2SE, J2ME is not a piece of software, nor is it a single specification. Instead, J2ME is a platform, a collection of technologies and specifications that are designed for different parts of the small device market. Because J2ME spans such a variety of devices, it wouldn't make sense to try to create a one-size-fits-all solution (Sun: 1). Therefore, J2ME is designed and divided into configurations, profiles, and optional packages. Figure 2.2 illustrates a complete Java runtime environment and its architecture.

• A configuration defines the basic J2ME runtime environment. This environment includes the virtual machine, which can be more limited than the VM (Virtual Machine) used by J2SE, and a set of core classes derived primarily from J2SE. The key point is that each configuration is geared toward a specific family of devices with similar capabilities.

• A profile extends a configuration, adding domain-specific classes to the core set of classes. In

other words, profiles provide classes that are geared toward specific uses of devices and that provide functionality missing from the base configuration—things such as user interface classes, persistence mechanisms, and so on. Profiles are the double-edged sword of J2ME. While they provide important and necessary functionality, not every device will support every profile.

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Literature Review

• An optional package provides functionality that may not be associated with a specific

configuration or profile. One example of an optional package is the Bluetooth API (JSR 82), which provides a standardized API for using Bluetooth networking. This optional package could be implemented alongside virtually any combination of configurations and profiles (Ortiz, 2001).

Figure 2.2: A Complete Java Runtime Environment and its Architecture 2.1.3 Handset’s Capabilities As mobile technology advances and broaden its capabilities, mobile handsets have been upgraded with special features to meet consumers’ needs and tastes. With these capabilities, mobile phone empowers itself as a new advertising medium for the wireless generation. However, besides its capabilities, limitations do exist. This forces the mobile phone, which is still in the stage of advancing itself to fully support mobile advertising, to find its way to adapt itself as a personal and customized advertising portal. In the following sections, I will discuss the common attributes that mobile handsets share. Networks and Data Transfer There are many mobile network standards currently in use around the world. But, in the following sections, I will only discuss about currently used networks with their data connectivity. As mobile infrastructure has been successfully advancing into a better quality and connectivity, mobile users can enjoy experiencing improved connection and high-speed data transfer.

• GSM GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications, which is very popular standard for mobile phones. GSM is the technology that underpins most of the world's mobile phone networks. GSM is considered a Second Generation (2G) mobile phone technology due to its capabilities in providing both digital signaling and speech channels. The key advantage of GSM systems for phone users has been higher digital voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls such as text messaging. And the advantage for network operators has been the ability to deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easy inter-operability (Wikipedia: 3). GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate at various different radio frequencies. Most GSM networks operate at 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. In data transmission, GSM is based on a circuit-switched data protocol. One of the two defined protocols is Circuit Switched Data (CSD), which reserves the full bandwidth of that circuit during the lifetime of the connection with an uplink and downlink rate ranges from 9.6 to 14 kbps (kilobits per second). The connection is typically charged on a per-second basis, regardless of the amount of data sent over the link.

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Literature Review

The single largest factor attributable to GSM becoming the dominant mobile voice platform in the world is that it offers the widest terminal range of any other cellular standard.

• GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is not a completely new standard, but it’s rather an added feature to existing GSM technology with capabilities of packet data transfer, and first integrated into GSM standards releases in 1997. GPRS is a mobile data service available to users of GSM mobile phones. It is often described as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed data transfer, faster than GSM’s CSD protocol with a speed range between in the GSM network. GPRS is packet-switched which means that multiple users share the same transmission channel, only transmitting when they have data to send. This means that the total available bandwidth can be immediately dedicated to those users who are actually sending at any given moment, providing higher utilization where users only send or receive data intermittently (Wikipedia: 4). The advantage of packet-switched connections is that bandwidth is only used when there is actually data to transmit. GPRS data are generally billed by the kilobyte, unlike circuit-switched data connections are billed per second (Wikipedia: 4). And thus, it is usually a cheaper alternative for applications that only need to send and receive data sporadically, like instant messaging. GPRS is a connectivity solution based on Internet Protocols that supports a wide range of enterprise and consumer applications. With throughput rates of up to 40 kbps, users have a similar access speed to a dial-up modem, but with the convenience of being able to connect from anywhere. GPRS customers enjoy advanced, feature-rich data services such as color Internet browsing, e-mail on the move, powerful visual communications such as video streaming, multimedia messages and location-based services (World GSM: 1).

• EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, or EDGE, is a digital mobile phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) networks. EDGE (also known as EGPRS or Enhanced GPRS) is a superset to GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrades. EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbps for 4 time slots (theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbps for 8 time slots) in packet mode. It also enhances the circuit data mode called High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD), increasing the data rate of this service also. EDGE provides up to three times the data capacity of GPRS. Using EDGE, operators can handle three times more subscribers than GPRS; triple their data rate per subscriber, or add extra capacity to their voice communications. EDGE allows the delivery of advanced mobile services such as the downloading of video and music clips, full multimedia messaging, high-speed color Internet access and e-mail on the move (GSM World: 2 ).

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Literature Review

• 3G (Third Generation)

3G is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology. The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant messaging. The 3G platform provides support for virtually any known service; voice, messaging, content, combinations of voice and multimedia, broadband and enterprise services – all with full mobility and global roaming capability. The first country which introduced 3G on a large commercial scale was Japan. And it is expected that during 2006 the transition from 2G to 3G will be largely completed in Japan, and upgrades to the next 3.5G stage with 3 mbps (megabits per second) data rates is underway (Wikipedia: 5). Figure 2.3 illustrates how GSM technologies have been evolving over time.

Figure 2.3: GSM Technologies Evolution (Source: GSMworld.com) Display Display is one of the significant parts of mobile phones. Without a display, many services are not useful, especially those dealing with text, image or motion. Importantly, being an advertising medium, mobile handsets need a display to expose its commercial messages visually. Display’s attributes are screen size, resolution, color depth and aspect ratio. Screen sizes vary from ranges of mobile handsets. Even handsets from the same brand manufacturer, do not necessarily have the same screen size, resolution, or color depth. For instance, Nokia, one of the most successful handset manufacturers, has been producing many models for the market. Among all of its handset models, the screen size varies, and comes as the following sizes: 96x65, 128x128, 128x160, 176x208, 208x208, 240x320, 352x416, 640x200, and 640x320 pixels (J2MEpolish.org).

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Literature Review

Figure 2.4: Some of Nokia’s Screen Resolution While Nokia making its handsets with this range of screen sizes, other brands also set their own standard range for screen sizes for its handsets. Particularly, Motorola has been making handsets with a number of screen sizes: 111x100, 119x64, 120x160, 128x100, 128x128, 130x130, 176x204, 176x220, 208x320, 220x176, and 240x320, among which 176x220 is the most common screen size for Motorola. And also for Sony-Ericsson, its screen size varies and comes into: 128x128, 128x160, 176x220, 208x320, and 240x320, among which, 128x160 and 176x220 are the common size (J2MEpolish.org). It is noticed that in the past, handsets came with a small screen size due to the limitation of technology as well as there is no demand in bigger screen size. But lately as technology develop to a higher extent and the demand from handset users in experiencing higher resolution phones, comes a new trend in production of better display handsets with higher resolution. As screen size varies from one handset to another, so it is crucial to set a standard for displaying images. In order to avoid scaling images or float graphics, which can not be supported by mobile handsets, Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format is used as the common image type. PNG format is one of the vector graphics formats, and is significantly small size and can be easily portable (J2MEpolish.org). The variation of display’s attributes makes mobile phone application programmers difficult to design an application to fit all of these big ranges of different display properties. So it is advised to target a family of specific handsets in advance, before developing an application. This is illustrated in Figure 2.5. Notice how small the image appears on the 128x128 screen compared to the higher resolution 240x320 screen.

Figure 2.5: A 60x60 Pixel Image on 128x128 Versus 240x320 Screen Resolution

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Literature Review

Power Consumption Power consumption will be always a big issue, if people would like to mobility. For old model phones with limited and low technology, phone battery can last for a certain lifetime. But as technology advances with modern features, which are really consuming huge amount of power, so battery will not last long. High end phones of 2.5G and 3G have shorter battery life due to many factors, particularly their screen. These phones have bigger screen size; almost all of them are color with better lighting, which consumes more battery power. As mobile phone is a personal and handy device, it is almost attached to a person and is turned on all the time. If the phone is on and in standby mode, then it has longer battery lifetime. But as the modern phones equipped with so many new and advanced features like camera, music player, games and so on, so people are likely to depend much on their mobile phones, making their usage time longer, thus shortens the battery lifetime. So a better and long lasting battery needs replacing, in order to ensure the joy of mobility in a longer pleasant period.

Memory Memory is one of the essential aspects of mobile phones. Internal memory inside the phone is upgrading to higher capacity as mobile phones can also be used for music and gaming purposes. There are three types of memory: Jar, Heap and RMS. Jar is the file extension of mobile Java application, which is the memory where the application itself is stored. Heap is a temporary memory stores for a short moments in phone. While the Java application is executing, RMS is the memory where the applications can save data to be persistent between executions. For instance, Nokia Series 40 handsets can store 200 Kb Heap size, support only 64 Kb maximum Jar size and can save maximum size of 20 Kb of RMS (maximum size of one record). But for Nokia N-Gage QD, which is specially designed for gaming besides its basic functions as mobile phone, is capable to support larger size memories. It can store Heap memory up to 16 Mb of size, and it also can support as big size as 4 Mb of Jar files (J2MEpolish.org). These memory types do impose limitations on applications. For example of Nokia Series 40, these mobile phones can only support installation of applications, whose Jar size is 64 Kb or smaller. This mean, programmer can only design any application with greater size than 64 Kb for this family of Nokia Series 40. So for application itself, it’s too small that many images or other multimedia items can not be included in the application. For Heap memory, it is like a desktop PC’s RAM (Random Access Memory), where temporary executed applications are stored. With 200 Kb of Heap for Nokia Series 40, the phones are relatively slow and can not handle well with many applications opening at the same time or viewing high quality of images. And for RMS, Nokia Series 40 phones are time-consuming to install an application, because they can save just 20 Kb as the maximum for each record. Unlike Nokia N-gage QD, it can support installation of big applications, especially games with maximum size of 4 Mb. Moreover, it also allows its users the ability to enjoy using many applications at the same time with more eases and less time-consuming, due to its big Heap memory of 16 Mb.

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Literature Review

Multimedia Multimedia is another key feature of mobile handsets. Music, video and game are what multimedia is for. Handsets support both audio and video files with several extensions. For most high end Nokia handsets, audio comes with various formats such as *.mid, *.amr, and *.wav and video with *.3gpp file extensions. Beside these supported formats for multimedia, there are many added-in formats too such as audio files including *.mp3 extension, and video files including *.avi extension etc, which are not supported by all phones, but by high-end phones.

2.2 Advertising Media Before coming to advertising media, we should know firstly, what is advertising? There are many different definitions. A common definition can be simply described as: Advertising is a paid non-personal form of presentation in order to promote a product or idea sponsored by an identified sponsor. In advertising, the term media refers to newspapers, magazines, radio and television etc. as its communication vehicles, which are used to get commercial messages across to its target audiences. 2.2.1 A Brief History In the early history of human civilization, first indefinite forms of advertising somehow emerged as described in Microsoft Encarta 2006 Encyclopedia as following: Archaeologists have found evidence of advertising dating back to the 3000s BC, among the Babylonians. One of the first known methods of advertising was the outdoor display, usually an eye-catching sign painted on the wall of a building. Archaeologists have uncovered many such signs, notably in the ruins of ancient Rome and Pompeii. An outdoor advertisement excavated in Rome offers property for rent, and one found painted on a wall in Pompeii calls the attention of travelers to a tavern situated in another town. (Encarta, 2006) In the Middle Ages era, a simple but effective form of advertising appeared in a method of word-of-mouth. This form of advertising had been used by ancient people to read public notices aloud or to shout the praises of their goods, who were the forerunners of the modern announcer who delivers radio and television commercials. Graphic forms of advertising did appear early in history, but printed advertising made little headway until about 1450 when Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, invented the movable-type printing press. This invention helped the mass distribution of printed materials possible to mass audiences. The first advertisement in English appeared in 1472 in the form of a handbill announcing a prayer book for sale. Two hundred years later, the first newspaper ad was published offering a reward for the return of 12 stolen horses (Encarta, 2006). Then in early 20th century, technology introduced radio as a new medium, both for information and a way of new advertising medium. This created a new opportunity besides print press and by the end of the 1920s advertising had established itself in radio. Television had been introduced in 1940, but because of the high cost of TV sets and the lack of programming, it was not immediately embraced. As the American economy soared in the 1950s, so did the sale of TV sets and the advertising that paid for the popular new shows. Soon TV far surpassed radio as an advertising medium (Encarta, 2006). The appearance of the Internet as a medium for marketing and advertising started in 1994. And still as technology advances, new kind of advertising media emergences.

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Literature Review

2.2.2 Conventional Advertising Media Print and broadcasting media are conventional, and still the prominent advertising vehicles in the media mix, though the emergence of the internet and possibilities of other advertising media is apparently visible. Print Print media refers to newspapers and magazines, which are elements of advertisers’ media mix in their advertising strategy. Print media offers its uniqueness and flexibility for advertising creativity. There are many options for advertisers in print, whether they choose to advertise either in newspapers or magazines, or both, as they significantly can increase the reach and impact of their campaigns. From a marketing perspective, Arens (2002) concludes that the beauty of print media is the ability to target audiences selectively and achieve maximum exposure for a product. The newspaper is a mass medium, a source of information read by almost everybody. It offers great flexibility, which assists creativity, and if compared to ads in broadcast media, its printed message lasts much longer. Nevertheless, this medium also has many disadvantages such as, lack of audience selectivity, short life span, poor production quality, heavy advertising competition, potentially poor ad placement, and overlapping circulation. But still today, the newspaper is the major community-serving medium, the informative source for both news and advertising. Magazines offer distinct advantages. They are the most selective of all mass media and are flexible in both readership and advertising. They offer unsurpassed color, excellent reproduction quality, authority and believability, long shelf life, and prestige at an efficient cost. However, they often require long lead times, have problems offering reach and frequency, and are subject to heavy advertising competition (Arens, 2002). Broadcast Broadcast media refers to radios and televisions. The rise of radio and television broadcasting in the early 20th century posed new competitive threats to print media. Radio reached the height of its influence during World War II (1934-1945), and then after World War II, the arrival of television ended nearly two centuries of news reporting dominated by newspapers. Radio is a highly creative medium. According to Belch (2004), the greatest aspect of radio is its ability to offer excellent reach and frequency to selective audiences at a very efficient price. However, its weaknesses are the limitations of sound, segmented audiences, and its short-lived and haft-heard commercials. Like radio, television is a powerful creative tool with its unique advantages such as mass coverage at efficient cost, impact, prestige, and social dominance. But it still has many disadvantages, including high actual cost, limited selectivity, brevity, clutter, and susceptibility to zipping and zapping (Belch & Belch, 2004).

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Literature Review

2.2.3 Emergence of the Internet The rapid and widespread expansion of the Internet has enabled millions of people to go online and enjoy another new dimension of lifestyle. Online advertising has a short history. The emergence of the Internet as a medium for marketing and advertising started in 1994. According to Kaye and Medoff (2001), HotWired, the online version of Wired Magazine, posted the first banner ad and it was also the first to introduce and produce other types of online ads such as button ads and online sponsorships. The cover of the magazine Wired is shown in Figure 2.6 and the online version in Figure 2.7. Notice how the advertising is integrated in the layout of the website using a banner format.

Figure 2.6: Wired Magazine in Print Version (Source: HotWired)

Figure 2.7: Online Version: HotWired.com/Wired (Source: HotWired)

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Literature Review

The following years, the emergence of the Web as an interactive medium for advertising was widely acknowledged. First, Sun Microsystems revolutionized Web advertising around 1995 with its release of Java, which led to the rich-media ads with combinations of texts, sounds, and videos. Java also baked cookies –applications that identify users and track customers’ movements around the Web. The Web is no longer just the newest mass medium, but it is also the newest commercial medium (Kate & Medoff, 2001). The Internet has unique features that differentiate it from conventional media, both print and broadcast counterparts, in several respects, which can be summed up into three main points:

• The Internet can serve as not only a communication channel but also a transaction and distribution channel.

• The Internet is by nature interactive, offering two-way communication.

• The Internet has the capacity for multimedia content that is suitable for high-impact advertising.

2.3 Mobile Advertising As technology advances, now people on the move with their mobile phones can easily get wireless Internet access without bothering to have either, a wired connection, a PC or a laptop, and this technology can be referred as Mobile Internet. Wallage and Hegarty of the 451 (2000), the online news and analysis service, pointed out mobile Internet as a new trend and considered it as the second internet age. In their article titled “Mobile Internet, the Second Internet Age?” they concluded that mobile internet brings impact and is changing all our lives forever. The convergence of the mobile phone and the Internet promise to change all our lives forever - the way we work, the way we buy goods, the way in which we communicate with each other. Mobile devices, still used almost exclusively for voice, are on the threshold of a wave of new service opportunities for businesses and for customers. (Wallage & Hegarty, 2000) The appeal of the mobile device as a business tool is obviously evident. People working in office will spend about 20% of their waking day in front of the PC. So what with a person for the rest 80% of his or her waking hours is a mobile device, particularly mobile phone. With mobile Internet, now in many corners of the globe, people can book a cinema ticket using their mobile device, download an airline ticket to phone, convert dollars to euros on phone wallet and receive information and keep updated with news around the world. Mobile services are not only informational, but are also truly moving toward transactional services (Wallage & Hegarty, 2000). The mobile Internet, according to Wallage and Hegarty (2000), represents a significant challenge to existing business models. For long time, people have been accessing Internet and browsing through thousands of pages of graphics rich content by experiencing with the PC and traditional desktop Internet environment. But that Internet will not be the same Internet delivered to the mobile device. Nowadays, mobile internet is predominated by text data, and applications have been remodeled for the mobile environment.

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Literature Review

In the past couple of years, one of the most significant evolutions in mobile technology has been WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), which enables the users to log on to stripped-down websites using their mobile phone. At present, the typical WAP device has a limited user interface, low memory and is connected to a slow GSM wireless network. WAP itself is the protocol that enables the provision of a cut-down version of a web-site with little or no graphics on a handset (Wallage & Hegarty, 2000). Recently, WAP has been a business failure due to its poor connection speeds, the high costs and lack of comfort and ease of use. With the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), a packet based cellular network, WAP services are benefiting from increased speeds and “always-on” functionality. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is another important step towards a packet-based environment and uses the GSM infrastructure, which can offer potentially greater speeds threefold than GPRS. Wallage and Hegarty (2000) emphasized its significance as advertising medium due to the mobile trinity: “Location, Personalization, and Timeliness,” which make mobile devices a marketer’s dream. But there are limitations and mobile advertising will find its way and adapt itself as a personal and customized advertising portal. Limitations do exist and there is a price to pay for mobility. For instance, power consumption will continue to be an issue if people don’t want to carry a battery pack. Mobile infrastructure will always be behind fixed infrastructure in terms of capabilities. The mobile terminal will evolve greatly and into much more discrete segments than it is seen today. The move to 3G, although beset by problems, will provide greatly increased speeds (Wallage & Hegarty, 2000). Advertising has to change and adapt the mobile channel. Consumers are making a shift to digital media and personalization, that it changes the relationship between advertisers and consumers. Market forecasters also think of today’s advertisements as applied to mobile terminals. The ads will be personalized and will often be location or time-sensitive. They will often have information or content attached. The aim is not just to sell, but to create branding, customer retention and loyalty, product awareness and develop consumer aspirations. It is believed that mobile advertising will evolve to mobile marketing and include such elements as brand awareness, promotion, direct response, merchant-partner relationships and e-commerce (Wallage & Hegarty, 2000). So what is really mobile advertising or wireless advertising? According to ccWAP.com, a company offering mobile marketing solution, it defines mobile advertising as a newest dimension of business to customer communication as below: Mobile Advertising is a new kind of advertising through the use of mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, PDAs etc. These devices make it possible to get the message and/or advertisings across to your customers on the "mobile way". The new mobile advertising channel enables a much more effective business to customer communication. The target group is now reachable all the time and anywhere. (ccWAP.com) It is predicted that mobile advertising will soon become a major advertising channel for many businesses. It is vital that a communication platform can offer a business the possibility to provide the target groups exactly the messages they desire and not just "spam" them with uninterested adverts.

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Literature Review

A special communication platform, which enables to communicate with the target group over mobile channels, makes it possible to create an innovative, exactly timed, money-saving and -above all- an efficient communication with the customer. Several studies and tests have underlined this statement with very clearly (ccWAP.com). However, the opportunity for mobile advertising is far wider. Wallage and Hegarty (2000) pointed out that the usage of mobile terminals will change radically as the speed, functionality and applications improve. It becomes natural for content, information and advertising or marketing messages to be transmitted from the mobile terminal to the mobile device. The mobile device will become far more important for users, and hence the opportunity for corporations to communicate marketing messages through a mobile device (Wallage & Hegarty, 2000). Wallage and Hegarty (2000) concluded that mobile advertising will be part of a mobile marketing mix and will utilize new techniques and approaches. The mobile will fit in with other media as part of a multi-channel approach. Mobile advertising will leverage its key advantages and work within its limitations. Mobile advertising will not be intrusive, because it will be understood and accepted by consumers, and will provide information, content and money-saving options.

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Mobile Advertising In Reality

3 MOBILE ADVERTISING IN REALITY 3.1 Mobile Advertising around the globe Mobile advertising is a brand new phenomenon. Mobile advertising, also known m-advertising, is a new way in delivering commercial messages to mobile devices. And so mobile devices, themselves, play a crucial role as advertising channels and they have many new features and therefore opportunities in comparison with conventional media. There is no commonly accepted definition of ‘mobile advertising’ in existence. But according to Leppäniemi and Karjaluoto (2004), mobile advertising can be defined as: “Any paid message communicated by mobile media with the intent to influence the attitudes, intentions and behavior of those addressed by the commercial messages.” There is some confusion between the terms: mobile advertising and wireless advertising. So in order to avoid further confusions it is valuable to clarify the concepts of these two terms. According to Paavilainen (2002) and Barnes (2002), mobile advertising refers to the use of mobile channel as a medium to deliver the commercial messages to mobile devices. For wireless advertising, it can be seen as a wireless internet and online advertising in the first place (Leppäniemi & Karjaluoto, 2004). 3.1.1 Major Mobile Technologies in Use for Mobile Advertising Currently, there are three major mobile technologies that are being used globally, including WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), I-Mode and SMS (Short Messaging Service). WAP is the standard and most-used by mobile vendors and service business in the US. I-Mode, based on C-HTML (Compact Hyper Text Markup Language) is most popular in wireless technology in Japan. And in Europe, SMS is the most popular protocol in mobile community. These technologies tend to focus on distinctive group of users and require particular mobile devices and mobile environments. WAP is a specification for presenting and interacting with information wireless devices. It empowers mobile users to interact and access to information and services instantly with ease (WAP Forum, 2004). WAP is one of the most popular internet services, which allows mobile users to have access to email, latest news updates, sports result, and other useful information on their mobile phone, regardless of place and time. I-Mode is Japanese NTT DoCoMo's mobile internet access system, and has created a revolution in both business and private lifestyles in Japan. I-Mode was developed as an innovative mobile Internet platform with the aim of promoting a further evolution in mobile communications. According to NTT DoCoMo web site, some 45 million subscribers have been attracted to I-Mode service since its launch in February 1999 and currently more than 95,000 Internet sites are providing a variety of contents. I-Mode is considered as one of the great successes in world telecom industry, especially in Japan. There are around 100 or more different DoCoMo handsets (counting color variations) and many more from other Japanese telecom companies, a large range of choice to choose for reception of mobile internet systems .Figure 3.1 illustrates i-mode screen images on a FOMA/3G SH900i handset (EuroTechnology Japan, 2004).

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Figure 3.1: How does a Typical I-Mode Screen look like? (Source: EuroTechnology Japan, 2004) Short Messaging Service or SMS is a mobile phone feature that offers mobile users to send and receive short messages to and from their mobile phone over telecom networks. SMS was initially designed for exchanging short messages, so it is very limited in term of its 160 characters per message. Most customer-based applications via SMS are person-to-person messaging, and information services including weather forecast, traffic news, horoscope, and currency rate. Mobile users can seek this kind of information or services by customizing their mobile phones, receiving information from network operator or between other users, particularly their peers. Today mobile advertising is mainly conducted by using simple SMS, which can support maximum of 160 characters. With the use of available WAP, adverts will be much more better appealing to mobile phone users, which is not only plain text but also with other multimedia like voice, graphics and music. But WAP has been a commercial failure due to its high costs, slow access speed, small screen, lack of comfort, and unease of use, which allows only a very small number of mobile phone users to have access to mobile Internet. In contrast, I-Mode has been succeeding in Japan and now is spreading to Europe. Despite the fact of limitations in its initial form, SMS is very popular and successful in Europe due to its high traffic. 3.1.2 Mobile Advertising Business Solutions Besides the existing mobile advertising technologies, new mobile advertising business solutions has been developed in order to meet the needs of companies to reach their customers in a better improved way. One of these available mobile advertising solutions is Mobile Advertising Server offered by Add2Phone, a company based in UK. Add2Phone's Mobile Advertising Server equips companies with the power to create permission-based marketing campaigns rapidly and cost-effectively in the right mobile media: both or either Java, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) and/or Short Messaging Service (SMS).

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With the great help from this automatic Mobile Adverting Server, companies need only to provide ideas of how mobility can enhance their marketing strategy and customer dialogue. Mobile Advertising Server offers the technology to make campaigns interactive, relevant and timely. Moreover, companies are at ease that they can manage the mobile advertising campaigns and observe their results in real-time over the Internet (Add2Phone.com). With Mobile Advertising Server from Add2Phone, companies get custom-built mobile marketing campaigns remarkably quickly. Such campaigns can use an interactive one-to-one channel that reaches into the hands of the companies’ highly targeted audience. The interactive, permission-based, targeted and timely nature of the marketing gives high rates of response and customer satisfaction. Campaign results are immediate and measurable in real-time, allowing dynamic campaign management (Add2Phone.com). In addition, Mobile Advertising Server allows branding and sponsorship of value added services and can turn on an instant new revenue stream for service providers. Below are some specimens of how Mobile Advertising Server’s approaches look like in different mobile media (See Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2: Samples of Mobile Media from Add2hone’s Mobile Advertising Server (Source: Add2Phone.com)

3.2 Characteristics of Mobile Advertising Medium Jelassi and Enders (2004) had come up with a question regarding to aspects of mobile advertising medium, “does mobile advertising have the potential to be a significant source of revenue in the future?” And the answer is likely to be yes. According to Borzo (2002), initial studies on this new mobile advertising medium indicated that mobile advertising campaigns could generate response rates as high as 40%, compared with less than 1% respond rate generally expected from Internet banner ads, thus mobile campaigns can be very successful (Jelassi & Enders, 2004).

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Therefore, it is worth to take a deep look and analyze the characteristics of this new mobile medium. 3.2.1 Strengths and Weaknesses Since most people carry their mobile phones with them wherever they go, the mobile advertising medium is an exceptionally personal channel. Despite the fact that it is very personal medium, mobile phone is also considerably sensitive and needs to be handled with cautions. According to Andersson and Nilsson (2000), with its personal nature, mobile phone can play a better role as a channel to get advertising messages crossed to target mobile users. A mobile phone is a personal belonging of a specific individual, unlike regular phones or computers that are often tied to an entire family or a group of people. This mobile medium, as a powerful advertising channel, has two significant strengths: its capability to allow personalization, and cost-effectiveness and flexibility in production. Andersson and Nilsson (2000) pointed out that, firstly the mobile medium is capable to adapt commercial messages for particular individual. This helps enable targeted communication and the immediate attention of the mobile user. Moreover, it is also both place and time independent, meaning that advertisers are able to reach a person where and when it is most appropriate. Secondly, in comparison with other media, production for the mobile medium is very cost-effective and flexible. It is very easy to produce a message and the message can be delivered quickly, and later to be easily changed at any time (Andersson & Nilsson, 2000). Despite its strengths, mobile advertising medium also has its own weaknesses including its sensitive nature, limited media formats, and reluctance in accepting mobile advertising among mobile users etc. Andersson and Nilsson (2000) showed that, with its very personal nature, the mobile medium is, at the same time, an extremely sensitive channel. This means, making burdens on this infant mobile advertising industry in terms of when, where and how to advertise. Moreover, in terms of graphics and exposure opportunities, this medium is very limited. The current wireless advertising messages could be seen as static in the sense of message design but dynamic in the sense of variation and real time changes. Weaknesses are also partly posed by mobile users’ side and its advertising effectiveness. The prevailing uncertainties regarding mobile users’ acceptance and advertising effectiveness block the way and become obstacles for mobile advertising. Another constraint is the lack of ad standards and accepted metrics for measuring ad delivery and consumer responses (Andersson & Nilsson, 2000). 3.2.2 Opportunities and Threats The high and increasing mobile penetration in many countries around the globe is great prospects for mobile advertising. It is a great market driver and this implies opportunities for industry growth by the increase in potential exposure points. Since the convergence between the Internet and mobility started, it opens up for more contents and more services that can either be financed or combine with advertising, and with a positive promising trend. The mobile infrastructure and high speed technology advancement present great potential for mobile advertising. Andersson and Nilsson (2000) revealed that this helps improve appearance of advertisement and offers an opportunity to deliver high impression messages with graphics-rich and multimedia, which greatly improves the possibility for an interactive relation with the mobile users.

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Many new systems are created and currently in use to focus on follow-up and keeping tracks of mobile users’ behavior. These systems enable collected information to be used for customer relations management and marketing intelligence. The development also offers new ways of advertising using highly sophisticated targeting and location-based techniques. This offers advertisers extra opportunities to pay only for reaching the targeted individuals they want to reach, thus in a cost-effective way. This could also mean value added for the end-user, when they do not have to search for or miss out on offers of special interest to them (Andersson & Nilsson, 2000). Nevertheless, there are threats for mobile advertising. Andersson and Nilsson (2000) classified the treats into three points:

• Firstly, the reluctance among mobile users due to privacy fears or fear of being spammed with advertising.

• Secondly, initial misuse of the channel, including spamming and unauthorized use of personal

information, could threaten to close it.

• Finally there is the risk of the WAP-effect, i.e. too many expectations in the early stages which will slow down industry development. The medium is still restricted regarding space, colors, graphics, and movement. Many stakeholders will be disappointed, if there are too many performance promises that will not be fulfilled.

3.3 Advertising via Mobile Phones In the past, it was easy to get advertising messages crossed to large groups of people and grab their attention. But as the market is becoming more and more fragmented due to the increase in number of media types, it is hard to get time and attention from the target audience. According to Jelassi and Enders (2004), finding appropriate strategies to reach target customers with their messages is a must and has become more and more difficult for marketing managers. In addition, due to differences regarding to different media types’ Reach or Richness, different approaches are employed. Jelassi and Enders (2004) described Reach and Richness as followings:

• Reach is a function of how easily customers, or in this case, participants in advertising campaigns, can be reached through a given medium. E.g. how many mobile users can be reached and participated in the advertising campaign?

• Richness, in contrast, is defined by:

(1) bandwidth, i.e. the amount of information that can be moved from sender to recipient in a given time, in this case from a company to target mobile users/ customers.

(2) the degree of individual customization of the information, and (3) interactivity, i.e. the possibility of two-way or interactive communication.

The rich marketing information communication, i.e. information that ranks high on all three aspects, has traditionally required physical proximity to customers and/or channels specifically dedicated to transmitting the information (See Figure 3.3) (Jelassi & Enders, 2004).

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Figure 3.3: The Trade-Off between Richness and Reach in Advertising (Source: Jelassi & Enders, 2004) How does the mobile phone fare within the richness versus reach framework? Mobile phone can serve as a powerful platform to reach out and get in touch with mobile users since it simultaneously provides expanded reach and a number of richness advantages in comparison with most other media types (Jelassi & Enders, 2004). Advertising via mobile phones has four distinctive aspects: Ubiquitous Access, Detailed User Information, Integrated Response Channel and Personal Channel, which Jelassi and Enders describes as followings:

• Ubiquitous Access: Mobile phones can be seen almost everywhere in their respective owners’ hand. Mobile users carry their phones to anywhere and almost all times of the day. Especially, it is very true for teenagers and young users who regard the mobile phone as a personal means to stay in touch with their friends –primarily via SMS.

According to Jelassi and Enders (2004), ubiquitous access becomes remarkably prominent in busy places where people are waiting or on commuting, like buses, trains and subways, airport lounges, etc. The time people spend traveling is prime time for marketing because it presents a time when people are not engaged in other activities and they are free, therefore receptive to other kinds of entertainment.

• Detailed User Information: While conventional marketing campaigns have restricted access

to very limited customer information, Jalassi and Enders (2004) pointed out that mobile advertising campaigns is much better-off.

Mobile campaigns can draw on extensive and individual information about each user (e.g. demography and preferences such as age, sex, usage profile, etc.) And this useful user information can facilitate the successful launching of highly targeted campaigns for specific products and services based on individual preferences of the user.

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• Integrated Response Channel: The mobile phone presents the opportunity to interact

directly with the user, making it possible to communicate with mobile users and be able to receive their responses back through the same medium.

Jelassi and Enders (2004) illustrated the two advantage mobile phones offer as an advertising medium. Firstly, it provides the opportunity for rich interaction. The interactivity and ubiquity of the mobile phone opens up the possibility for existing conventional media (such as the TV, radio, print ) to become more interactive. E.g. companies can reach consumers by putting advertising spots on TV and then stay in touch with them through the mobile phone.

Secondly, mobile marketing companies are able to measure precisely the impact and effectiveness of their campaigns and then can adapt their strategies properly –an approach which is much uneasy to do with conventional marketing media.

• Personal Channel: Unlike other advertising media, Jelassi and Enders (2004) defined the

mobile phone as a very personal belonging that is owned by only one person. This personal nature helps it receive much more attention and can be much more powerful than other less-personal media platforms, if it is properly handled without taking risks or making troubles to mobile users.

Jelassi and Enders (2004) quoted Brian Levin, CEO of a US wireless marketing firm Mobliss, summing up the advantages of mobile phones as the advertising medium as saying: “When you have a little time to spare, such as in the airport or at the bus stop—then you want to be engaged or entertained. Once you are there, the proximity of this device [the mobile phone] to your face, the intimacy there, is very powerful both in terms of direct response and in terms of branding.” However, besides its advantages over other advertising medium, at the same time the mobile phone also presents shortcomings and risk factors. Jelassi and Enders (2004) pointed out two bad aspects as the followings:

• Limited media format: Mobile phones today still have to cope with a very limited set of visual and audio capabilities. In second-generation (2G) phones, their capabilities are still imperfect. For instance, screens are typically small, have only low resolution and are typically not in color. Sound effects are also limited due to the small speakers, and text messages cannot be longer than 160 characters. The challenge is then to ensure at this stage that consumers do not expect an identical experience to what they receive through other devices such as TV or PC.

• Private Sphere: The personal nature of mobile phones does not only present an opportunity

but also a challenge for mobile advertisers. Unlike TV or Internet, the mobile phone is a very personal device to which only limited number of people such as family, friends and a selected few others will gain access. Hence, unsolicited “spamming” is considered much more intrusive than in other media formats.

3.4 Types of Mobile Advertising Campaigns Despite the fact that mobile phones offer very personal nature, it is also extremely sensitive to make a successful advertising campaign over mobile phones and it should also be carefully taken into consideration of not offending mobile phone users.

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Jelassi and Enders (2004) quoted Will Harris, global marketing director for Genie, British Telecom’s mobile Internet service, emphasizing that: “Sending unsolicited messages is tantamount to brand suicide. Our business is entirely dependent on the goodwill of our customers.” Clear guidelines for responsible advertising need to be created in order to protect mobile phone users. The main aspect of these guidelines is consent, i.e. approval from consumers to agree or opt-in to receive the adverts. Moreover, mobile users must have full knowledge and right to their personal information, i.e. a clear understanding of what their personal information is being used for, and if they wish, be removed from the advertiser's databases (Jelassi & Enders, 2004). Thus, mobile advertisers must find appropriate ways to convince mobile users to opt into their campaigns voluntarily and this can attribute to success of a mobile campaign. Jelassi and Enders (2004) also quoted Cyriac Roeding, 12Snap's Marketing Director, explaining why many companies have obstacles in attracting mobile phone users into their mobile campaigns. “A lot of companies make the mistake of coming to this from a technological angle, rather than thinking about what the consumer wants. If advertising is entertaining, if it engages the emotions, it will be accepted.” A number of giant corporations like Sony, 20th Century Fox and McDonald’s are employing mobile advertising in their marketing mix, especially to reach their target youth customers, even if knowing that mobile advertising is a recently new phenomenon. These campaigns vary in relation to the level of active involvement of advertiser and mobile phone user (See Figure 3.4) (Jelassi & Enders, 2004).

Figure 3.4: Mobile Advertising Framework (Source: Jelassi & Enders, 2004) According to Jelassi and Enders (2004), level of activity refers to the participation both advertiser and consumer involve during an advertising campaign’s period. Conventional advertising campaigns in either form of TV spots, radio commercials, print ads or posters are still dominantly employed in today’s advertising industry. Due to their non-interactive, one-way advertisements, these conventional campaigns offer low levels of activity on both the advertiser’s and the consumer’s side.

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In contrast, mobile advertising campaigns demonstrate high levels of activity either on the side of the advertiser, the mobile phone user or both. High level of activity on the advertising company’s side means that the mobile user is approached proactively, whereas a high level of activity on the mobile user’s side means that he or she responds actively to an advert or a newspaper ad, for example, by seeking additional information via the mobile phone (Jelassi & Enders, 2004). According to Jelassi and Enders (2004), from mobile advertising framework, mobile advertising campaigns can be categorized into three distinctive types: Push, Pull and Dialogue campaigns. These three mobile campaigns are defined as followings: 3.4.1 Push Campaign Mobile push advertising is categorized as messages that are proactively sent out to mobile users. Employing this approach, companies can use databases with existing customer profiles or purchase externally, to reach their target group of mobile users (Jelassi & Enders, 2004). Due to its sensitivity, Jelassi and Enders (2004) stressed that mobile phone should be well treated and it is vital to make sure that all people in the customer information’s database have agreed beforehand to receive mobile advertising. Moreover, in a successful push campaign, it is crucial to guarantee that the selected target group from the customer database is interested in the certain advertising, which demands an extensive profiling of the database. By doing so, companies can avoid disaffection of uninterested mobile users and at the same time, maximize the cost-effectiveness impact of advertising campaign on those targeted. 3.4.2 Pull Campaign In applying a pull approach, Jelassi and Enders (2004) pointed out that advertisers can use their conventional marketing media mix such as TV, radio, print or packaging to promote an interactive mobile campaign. For example, a customer might be invited to participate in a raffle or lucky draw for free food through his or her mobile phone after happens to see a telephone number on a French fries box. By calling the number, he or she gives the “opt-in” –an explicit consent to the campaign –and can then participate in this advertising campaign to win free food. Via mobile pull campaigns, customers can request for specific information through their mobile phones, which mean they show an explicit consent to receive their wanted information from advertisers. This is an advantage pull campaigns offer, which the issue of spam is out of question as mobile phone users pull or drag the information toward themselves, so all the received information is likely to be very welcome. 3.4.3 Dialogue Campaign Jelassi and Enders (2004) differentiated mobile dialogue campaigns from the two above-mentioned campaigns in terms of their duration and the intensity of interaction between advertiser and mobile user. Simple push and pull campaigns is likely to last from only two to four weeks and may focus on one single theme such as a raffle or a game. Unlike push and pull campaigns, dialogue campaigns consist a variety of diverse themes that construct on one another and may last several months. Their objective is to set up a long-lasting relationship with mobile users as to generate extensive and detailed insights into their preferences. For instance, a mobile horoscope service allows the advertiser to capture the birthday of the mobile user, which can then be used later on for sending out personal birthday greetings. The in-depth consumer information serves then to distribute mobile coupons –for example, a free candy bar as a birthday present –to introduce new products or to do market research in a much targeted fashion (Jelassi & Enders, 2004).

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Building on this framework, it is now possible to categorize the actual implementations of mobile advertising campaigns (See Figure 3.5).

Figure 3.5: Taxonomy of Mobile Advertising Campaigns (Source: Jelassi & Enders, 2004)

3.5 Forms of Mobile Advertising There are many existing forms of mobile advertising currently employed around the world. The most commonly used mobile advertising forms including Competitions, Coupons, Tickets, Location-Based Services, Alerts and Sponsorships. In the following sections, each form of mobile advertising will be presented. 3.5.1 Competitions Competition is one of most popular forms of mobile advertising based on SMS. This kind of mobile advertising form attracts mobile phone users to participate in competitions by offering great incentive, so that a relationship between mobile users and the company is built via this contact. According to Haig (2002), as a basis of SMS campaign, the main advantage of competitions is that the prize provides mobile users a tangible reason to contact the relevant company. The more attractive the prize is, the more likely larger number of mobile users entering into the competition, thus the higher chance of success in the mobile campaign. According to Grapevine Interactive, a firm offering interactive mobile marketing, mobile competition is classified into four categories:

• Simple Entry: It enables mobile users to enter a competition by simply write an SMS with a keyword associated with the sponsoring brand to a competition number.

• Txt ‘n Win Promotion: This kind of promotion provides an ideal way to get mobile customers

to interact with a brand. Txt ‘n Win enables mobile users to take part in a branded competition via SMS and win prizes.

• SMS Quiz: SMS Quiz offers a perfect means to interact with mobile customers and in many

cases to build a brand. It works very best as part of a promotional activity’s package, enhancing and supporting event sponsorship or a sales promotion.

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• SMS Voting: SMS Voting is perfectly useful to make conventional broadcast media more

interactive. It offers an innovative way for TV viewers and radio audience to interact, express an opinion or vote on an issue while the program is broadcasted on air.

3.5.2 Mobile Coupons Mobile coupon is a new feature advertisers have discovered. It functions like print coupon, but it differs in how it is delivered to customers. Mobile coupons are sent with a commercial message as a SMS or MMS via mobile network while print coupons are distributed to customers physically in person. By sending mobile coupons, advertisers have created an added value attached with the message instead of sending the message with a general promotion. This makes mobile users feel good with a sense of exclusivity due to a special offer from the company. Coupon-based campaign is an ideal way to build customers’ loyalty as advertisers can make use of mobile coupons to attract them by offering an added value or an offer like special discounts (Haig, 2002). Haig (2002) categorized mobile coupons into two types: Impulse Coupons and Pre-selected Coupons:

• Impulse coupons are highly time-sensitive and designed by advertisers to increase impulse purchases. In general, impulse coupons are sent to mobile users who already have subscribed and opted in, but are uninformed when they will receive them.

• As the name implies, pre-selected coupons have been pre-selected by mobile subscribers who

have shown an interest in some certain products. This can be seen as part of a long-term loyalty program.

3.5.3 Mobile Tickets Besides mobile coupons, mobile tickets are also gaining their popularity. Replacing the physical print tickets, mobile tickets or mTickets are better off and very useful for today’s life. Mobile users with mTickets of a certain services are likely to be able to avoid long queues and other possible benefits. Haig (2002) raised up one example from ClubConnexion, the dance community website, which offers mobile ticketing services or mTickets to its clients. This offers clients with mTickets some privileges and incentives as they are able to jump the queue as well as are counted in a discounted paying guest list. Moreover, this kind of mTickets is extremely practical in transportation services by replacing physical tickets and offering ease of use to mobile users. 3.5.4 Location-Based Services Location-based services are one of the stickiest issues related to mobile advertising. These services represent both a mobile users’ utopia and a dystopian nightmare. Location-based services are useful as mobile users are informed about their local offers they are really seeking plus they save time in looking for those offers. But to a certain extent, this useful information will be a troublesome as mobile users are annoyed by countless offer alerts to the phone (Haig, 2002). As Haig (2002) pointed out, the threat of spamming and text overload is increased with the rise in location-based services. Although mobile users have agreed and opted in to receive alerts, they still can get in trouble if alerts come in every time they walk by the relevant location. However, the most useful location-based services are possibly outside the retail arena.

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For instance, a location-based service of transportation and traffic, that SMS alerts are used to inform the mobile subscribers and keep them up to date about delays and problems on their daily route. Such service reduces the hassle of daily life by providing the useful information people need to know, rather than get on mobile users’ nerves. 3.5.5 Alerts According to Haig (2002), alerts can be both or either location or time sensitive, making it to be perfectly fit with the mobile media. As mobile phones are ubiquitous and carried by people wherever they go, this enables advertisers to reach mobile users at any time. Although SMS alerts are practically push-based services, it also can work well with other pull-based services of mobile advertising. For instance, web portal and search engine Lycos offers shopping alerts via SMS, which is a push-based service aimed to provide mobile users with price comparison. Besides for sales purposes, alerts can also be used to deliver timely information such as business news, sports results, stock quotes or other useful information like weather forecast. Moreover, alerts can also be used with a chat-based service. 3.5.6 Sponsorships Sponsoring an already established service is another way advertisers can reach mobile users. In sponsorships, the sponsored money can be used to add value to the service or reduce the costs for customers. For a successful sponsorship, it is vital to make sure that the sponsored service is relevant to the company or brand. Moreover, the service should be able to help the company to target specific mobile users, thus the company is able to identify who subscribe to the service.

3.6 Mobile Advertising in Cambodian Context Back in 1993, Cambodia was the first country in the world where figure of mobile phone subscribers was higher than that of the fixed telephone ones. The end of year 1992 brought mobile cellular and it was introduced in Cambodia, where there were as little as about 4,000 fixed lines for Cambodia’s some 9.3 million population (World Investment News, 2004). According to World Investment News (2004), at the beginning of new millennium, statistics showed that in Cambodia, out of five telephone subscribers there were more than four using a mobile phone, the highest ratio in the world. In the same year, Cambodian teledensity reached one, meaning that among every 100 Cambodians, there was one telephone subscriber. Currently, there are three main mobile telecom operators in Cambodia, namely CamGSM’s MobiTel, CaSaCom’s Samart Hello GSM and Cambodia Shinawatra (CamShin). Now it is worth to take a look at each company’s brief profile. MobiTel (Prefix 012 and 092) Established in 1996, CamGSM Co. Ltd. operates a GSM 900 and 1800 mobile network in Cambodia under the trade name of MobiTel. CamGSM’s MobiTel is a joint venture between a leading Cambodian consortium, The Royal Group and a Luxembourg-based corporation Millicom International Cellular S.A. with interests in cellular operators in 20 countries. MobiTel was Cambodia's first digital GSM network and is now the country's leading telecommunications service provider. MobiTel offers broad network coverage, extending to every corner of Cambodia and is subscribed by 500,000 customers. MobiTel offers a range of prepaid services, including corporate services and a special service targeted to low-income users.

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Samart Hello GSM (Prefix 015 and 016) Granted a concession agreement from Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC) in late 1992, Cambodia Samart Communication Co., Ltd (CaSaCom) was a joint venture between Samart Corporation Public Co., Ltd (Samart) and Malaysia Telecom (TM) in mid 1998, which later becomes wholly owned subsidiary of Malaysia Telecom in early 2006. The company is well known in the market under the names of "CASACOM" and "SAMART". Samart Hello GSM operates two networks: Nordic Mobile Phone (NMT) and Global System Mobile (GSM) telephone services through 900 MHz frequency. It is currently the second largest cellular operator in Cambodia. At end 2004, the subscriber base of Samart Hello GSM stood at 120,000 subscribers, bringing its market share to 12 per cent. This increased to 157,300 subscribers as at end 2005. The Company is providing a latest digital GSM technology, which is able to provide voice, fax and data communication with a high-speed performance of digital communication. CamShin (Prefix 011 and 099) Founded in 1993, Cambodia Shinawatra is a subsidiary of Shin Satellite PLC, Thailand and is also known as CamShin. For its early operation, CamShin provided only fixed telephone lines in Phnom Penh. But in the last ten years, CamShin has developed noticeably and expanded its services including both fixed and mobile phone services (GSM 900, 1800 and CDMA 450) throughout Cambodia. CamShin now serves more than 250,000 customers all over the country. CamShin’s growth can be attributed to its use of new and improved technology, the widening of service coverage and more customer focused activities. 3.6.1 Existing Mobile Advertising in use The trendy development of mobile advertising is emerging itself in Cambodian telecom and advertising industry. Currently, though the trend is relatively slow and a simple method of SMS advert is mainly employed, mobile advertising is very promising and gaining its ground as an element of media mix of an advertising campaign. The existing approaches of mobile advertising are likely involved with TV interaction campaigns: SMS Voting and SMS Quiz, and other informational services including sport result/score alert, weather reports, horoscope and updating news etc. These services are mostly parts of the telecom service providers’ own marketing strategies for both promotional and advertising purposes. The three network operators are all offering services to customers, such as ringtones, music, short video clips, logos, wallpapers, and picture messages etc. to decorate customers’ mobile phone and to enhance their modern lifestyle. Besides this kind of services, informational services are also provided, particularly soccer score alerts by SMS and daily horoscope etc. Particularly, MobiTel launches its CellCard Unlimited both in standard web site and mobile version, so that its customers can easily access to this site either by a PC or their mobile phone. From CellCard Unlimited, mobile users can look for any useful information about CellCard, its services and special features or promotions that are being offered (See Figure 3.6 and 3.7).

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Figure 3.6: Screen Shot of CellCard Unlimited’s Web Site (Source: CellCard Unlimited)

Figure 3.7: CellCard Unlimited on Mobile Phone (CellCard Unlimited)

Moreover, MobiTel also introduces its TV live CellCard Quiz aired twice weekly on CTN, which attracts its customers to join a competition to win a 100 dollar worth CellCard refill card. CellCard’s customers can take part in the competition, by simply writing a SMS with one of the three given answers for a specific competition’s question, and then sending to its designated number 2006. The phone numbers of the corrected answer will be counted into a lucky draw in TV show aired live on CTN and only one number will be qualified to win a 100 dollar refill card.

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An example of mobile advertising MobiTel employed was its promotional SMS sent to both 012 and 092 phone users in occasion of Valentine’s Day, which encouraged its customers to visit its homepage www.cellcard.com.kh in order to join in a competition to have chance winning two free tickets to The Rock Entertainment Center on February 14 (See Figure 3.8).

Figure3.8: Promotional SMS by MobiTel in Occasion of Valentine’s Day Besides mobile advertising campaigns done by telecom providers themselves, there is an emergence of interests in using mobile campaigns by other sectors as part of their media mix. To rise up one example, that is Caltex Cambodia Ltd. In launching CoffeePlus, its new catering service, which offers gourmet coffees and desserts, Caltex has chosen and included mobile advertising campaign in its advertising strategy (See Figure 3.9 and 3.10).

Figure3.9: Caltex’s CoffeePlus

Figure 3.10: Caltex’s CoffeePlus SMS Advert via Samart Hello GSM Network

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In cooperation with Samart Hello GSM, SMS adverts were sent to a large number of Samart’s 015 and 016 mobile phone subscribers with an incentive of wining a brand new Motorola V3 and this drawn a number of interested customers to CoffeePlus and tried its new service. As mobile advertising concept is very brand new in Cambodia and there is now a slow emergence in applying mobile campaigns, it is advised to treat mobile advertising cautiously, especially in term of spamming mobile users and managing users’ personal information. From two mobile campaigns mentioned above, CellCard’s Valentine’s Day promotion and CoffeePlus’s launch advert, it can be seen that these campaigns were not very perfect in term of several factors including limited users’ personal information and possible spamming users in the future. Due to limited mobile users’ personal information, so SMS adverts are sent to everyone in users’ database of a network operator regardless of age, sex, location, and interests etc. This might lead to a problem of spamming users in the future if this mobile advertising industry becomes more popular and it also attributes to failure of a mobile campaign as it reaches a very general audience. At this stage, mobile users are likely to be happy experiencing new form of advertising and satisfy with some incentives attached to advertising messages. But up to some extent when more companies employ mobile campaigns then mobile users become the subject of being spammed with a great deal of unsolicited advertising messages. Thus, a better management system of mobile users’ personal information should be established. In addition, consents of accepting advertising from mobile users should be obtained beforehand. As a result, this can avoid spamming mobile users and with detailed users’ personal information, and advertisers can also tailor advertising messages in a very fashioned way for a specified target group in an easier, effective and cost-effective approach. For instance, in birthday occasions, by knowing age profile of users, advertisers can target this group and send them special offers as birthday gift with special discounts. So the targeted users will feel happy and a sense of exclusiveness and they are likely to be attracted to the mobile campaign. 3.6.2 Speculation of Mobile Advertising’s future in Cambodia Mobile Advertising is making headway in Cambodia. It is also being accepted and welcomed by local advertising industry both companies and agencies and especially mobile phone users. But today there are some obstacles in implementing mobile advertising. Firstly, reluctance of telecom service providers in allowing advertising agencies to cooperate in implementing mobile advertising campaigns. Currently, it can be seen that either telecom service providers, themselves, using their own network to self-advertise or there is a business deal between a company and a telecom provider without a third party, the advertising agency. So without advertising agencies involved, mobile advertising can not prosper significantly with only presences of telecom provider and companies that seek advertising. Secondly, limited mobile users’ personal information databases in telecom service providers lead to failure in targeting specific groups of mobile users. With detailed personal information, mobile campaigns can be customized in a very fashioned way to address to right target groups, making mass-customization possible in a cost effective manner.

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Lastly, permissions from mobile users must be asked beforehand in order to avoid spamming and commit suicide of this infant mobile advertising industry. Consents from users with their interests in specific kinds of product should be taken into considerations before sending commercial messages to them. To sum up, mobile advertising will enjoy a great prosperity unless the three obstacles mentioned above are solved.

• Mobile campaign is three-party business, meaning that both client company, advertising agency and telecom provider have to cooperate together and involve in process of implementing mobile campaign.

• Telecom service providers should find a better way in gathering their mobile users’ personal information and manage this personal information database in an appropriate manner.

• And lastly, consents from mobile users should be obtained that users opt in and agree to

receive some kinds of advertising they are interested in. 3.7 Demo In order to develop the demo for this mobile advertising project, first major constraints need to be identified, then comes the construction of the demo. After the demo is successfully constructed, it will be shown to the target group to generate their feedbacks as the demo’s evaluation. 3.7.1 Constraints on the Demo Mobile phone can be seen as a powerful personal and customized advertising channel to reach out and get in touch with mobile customers. But mobile advertising still need to be well-handled due to major constraints posed by three respective factors: technology, advertisers and mobile users. Mobile technology enables mobile phone to be a brand new advertising medium. But better and improved high end phones need to be manufactured due to current handsets’ limited media format and imperfect capabilities to handle advertising messages. These limitations can be classified as followings:

• Limited set of visual and audio capabilities: Lacking of multimedia format Display: Screen size is typically small with low resolution Sound: Small speakers, so sound effects are also limited

• Connectivity: Slow connection speed. But the trend is improving with the appearance of high end phones of 3G technology

• Memory: Quite small and still in limited capacity. But this problem will be handled soon as high

capacity memory is being released

• Battery: It is always a problem if mobile users prefer mobility, so this makes a shorter lifetime of battery due to longer usage time. A better-improved battery with longer lifetime needs replacing.

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And from human factor’s side, constraints emerges as advertising industry is making an offensive mistake, by applying old methods in conventional media, rather than adapting a new approach toward mobile advertising. The misuse of this mobile channel will generate unbearable fears to mobile customers due to unsolicited spamming and unauthorized use of their personal information. As a result, mobile users will feel those fears and this creates reluctances among themselves and reduces their interest/ willingness to accept mobile advertising. In order to minimize the effects of these constraints, many key issues have to be taken into consideration: technology factor and human factor. Advanced mobile technology: improving the mobile infrastructure and handsets. As mobile technology is rapidly advancing, limitations posed by yesterday and today’s handsets will be settled. One of obvious examples is that, high end phones are being released with better performance and reliable speed. Display is improved with larger screen size with higher resolution. Better sound system is also equipped to meet minimum requirements of sound effect. High capacity memory is replaced and long lasting lifetime battery is being produced in order to ensure the joy of mobility. A new appropriate advertising approach: is a must, so that advertisers can avoid spamming and use their customers’ personal information in a proper way. The initial misuse of the channel leads to the reluctance among mobile phone users as they fear of being spammed with unsolicited advertising and/or their personal information is used in an unauthorized manner without their consent. So in order to avoid these problems, a relationship must be made under the agreement of consent and interest of mobile users and they also have the full rights to know how their personal information is used, and if they want, be able to remove the personal information from the company’s databases. All in all this means mobile advertising must be permission-based with value added contents interested by the mobile users. For this demo itself, constraints also exist. However, before these constraints are identified, it is better to get some ideas of what is Mobile Magazine first. Therefore, that it is easier to point out the constraints in constructing the demo, which is to be incorporated into mobile magazine. Mobile magazine here is referred to a digital magazine designed to be read by mobile phone users, by adapting contents in real-time magazine and simplifying these contents to fit in mobile phones. One existing prominent mobile magazine provider in Europe is Refresh Mobile, which offers Mobizines, a service that allows mobile phone users to receive their favorite contents on their handset in a rich internet-like format, much better and cheaper than WAP. Refresh Mobile ensures that the content is available in the richest possible way at the lowest possible price to its customers. This makes Mobizines to become very popular and successful in providing variety of magazine contents and choices including entertainment, sports, technology, and news services. With Mobizines, mobile users can read their favorite magazines, find out more about favorite TV shows, find favorite music, stay clued up on gossip or stay up to date with the news. Currently there are several titles of Mobizines available to offer to mobile users, including OK!, Time Out, V2 Music, Daily Snack, GQ, GLAMOUR, Sporting Life, Planet-F1, Football 365, Planet Rugby, Cricket 365, Pocket-lint, ITV, Coronation Street, ITV Guide, BBC Headlines and TV Genius (See Figure 3.11).

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V2 Music Mobizine

BBC Headlines Mobizine

Figure 3.11: Some titles of Mobizines (Source: Refresh Mobile –Mobizines)

Now let us take a deeper look into Mobizines’ structure and how it works. Mobizines is a java application, which is pre-installed on mobile phones at first time and updates of new editions or contents are available later in a specified period of time. After a SMS request is sent with a specific Mobizine code by a mobile phone user and then receives a SMS reply with simple download link, which upon click an installation process begins by downloading the selected service into the mobile phone. Finally, mobile user can use Mobizine anytime, anywhere without any active connection. There is no subscription fee for Mobizines as it is not a subscription service. The SMS request costs one standard charge of a SMS plus an extra 25 pennies as a one-off charge in providing free Mobizines service to mobile users. In addition, mobile users only need to pay operator’s data charges when updating new contents from Mobizines server or adding new title of Mobizines. As some basic knowledge about Mobizine is presented above, the constraints on my demo can be classified into two parts.

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• Firstly, limitations in contents, meaning that format in mobile phones can not be as on the

Internet or in other conventional media such as newspaper or TV. Original contents should be summarized and converted into short and precise contents for mobile phones, and also a reference or a link to a full story should be attributed, e.g. on the Internet or in its print version.

• Secondly, technical obstacles in designing the demo and putting commercial adverts in

appropriate formats at proper locations within the Mobizine. As this demo is focusing mainly on advertising, so I will only discuss about constraints on technical demo construction, especially those deals with advertisements. In constructing this demo, the first thing I have to consider is the mobile phones, which are the reception device of the Mobizines. With a huge range of mobile phones with different screen sizes and resolutions manufactured by many companies, visual expose or the display of Mobizines in the phone will be a main problem. Therefore, I have to decide and set standards for different targeted mobile phones. According to Refresh Mobile’s Mobizines.com, it services support a large range of mobile handsets including high-end phones from Motorola, Nokia and Sony Ericsson. Figure 3.12 illustrates some of the supported mobile handsets, which can use Mobizines services.

Figure 3.12: Some of the supported handsets for Refresh Mobile’s Mobizines (Source: Mobizines.com) Targeting a large range of mobile handsets is a very hard issue, especially dealing with its visual variations. The problem is that how a certain-size image, for example 100x100 pixel image, looks like in different screens: small, moderate and large screen! So each Mobizine application is designed in different versions for different phones. For instance, a Mobizine application might have three versions with no differences in contents or structure, but only in its visual compositions such as the size of the images and resolutions etc. and in this demo’s case, that is the size, resolution, and placement of the ads within the Mobizine. First version of a Mobizine is to target small screen phones, which will comprise of small images, so it well suits the phone screens. The second one targets moderate screen phones and the last version is for large screen phone with better and larger display capability. But, due to time constraints to work on the demo, I will only construct and demonstrate one version of this Mobizine, which is to target moderate screen phones with resolution of 176x208 pixels. In term of ad formats, there is a great deal of possible options in other advertising media. According to Google’s AdSense, online ads can be classified into four different formats: Text Ads, Image Ads, Link Units and Theme Units, all with many diverse sizes (See Figure 3.13).

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TEXT: Leaderboard (728 x 90)

IMAGE: Banner (468 x 60)

TEXT: Skyscraper (120x600) IMAGE: Wide Skyscraper (160x600) THEME UNIT: Halloween ’05 (160x600)

LINK UNIT: (120x90) Displays up to 5 links LINK UNIT: (468x15) Displays up to 5 links

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Mobile Advertising In Reality Figure 3.13: Few Samples of Google’s Online Ads (Source: Google AdSense)

According to AvantGo, a company provides mobile advertising and marketing solutions targeting high end, modern wireless handheld devices it offers two formats of advertisement: Banners and Splash Ads, each with three different sizes for different devices, particularly Palms and Pocket PC (See Figure 3.14).

Figure 3.14: Samples of AvantGo’s ad formats and sizes (Source: AvantGo)

As I have mentioned above, the Mobizine might has many versions targeting different mobile phones. Like AvantGo, the Mobizine must also have a standard for its ad formats in different sizes/resolutions for different mobile handsets. Mobile advertising in this demo can make use of online advertising and adapts its existing ad formats into a new form of advertisements in a customized way with either user, location or time-sensitivity. Currently, there is n rdized creative in the real Mobizines platform. Adverts in Refresh Mobile’s

gh it is coming with a later release when Refresh zines service in a very near future with ability of

demographic targeting rsonalization is not yet very realistic due to complexity in adapting adverts in Java applications like Mobizines service. And in the following section, a construction of one version of Mobizine to target mobile phones with moderate screen of 176x208 pixels will be presented.

o standaMobizines are not yet time or user-sensitive althouMobile is able to bring personalization into its Mobi

and frequency capping similar to a website. Pe

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39

In online advertising, as what Google is offering, there is a great deal of possibilities in term of ad formats. Though the Mobizine is designed to be a sort of Internet-like environment, only a few ad formats can be, particularly what AvantGo is offering: Banners and Splash Ads. As for mobile advertising, specifically for this demo, I decide to employ two kinds of ad formats: the banner and the splash ad, which are best suitable in mobile phones as well as easily accepted by mobile users. Adverts to be incorporated into the Mobizine for this demo are simple, unanimated graphics with texts due to limited technology and lacking of practical experiments. However, in the future, with the use of mobile technology and mobile users’ personal information, mobile advertisements will be very flexible, customized and can be also sensitive in terms of location or time. Currently, there are few possibilities in personalization and customization, particularly age-related adverts. This can be easily managed by a simple registration the first time mobile user downloads the application, or when the application is started for the first time. In terms of ad size and its resolution, a standard should be established in order to fit well in the display screen of the targeted 176x208 pixel resolution phones. I will adapt a few ad formats and standards from AvantGo with some modifications. Particularly, for banner ads I choose to have image banners and there will be two kinds: Top Banners with 170x25 pixel resolutions and Bottom Banners with larger resolutions of 170x50 pixels. I will also adapt Splash Ads with 176x150 pixel resolution (See Figure 3.15).

within the

3.7.2 Construction of the Demo Here comes the construction of the Demo. Now, I am considering what ad formats are going to be used and what resolutions as well as how to put them into the Demo.

During loading process of new page At top of each page At bottom of each page

Figure 3.15: Ad Formats and their placement Demo


Moreover, I also have to design the structure of the demo. For its simplicity, the structure is very basic

void way-lost among users. A new page will appear after

Figure 3.16: Basic structure of the Demo Mobizine To recap once again, I will develop a demo to display commercial ads in a Mobizine. This version of the Mobizine is to target mobile phones with 176x208 pixel resolution display screen; and there are two kinds of ads: Banners display on top (170x25 pixels) and bottom (170x50 pixels) of each page while Splashes (176x150 pixels) freezes for a few seconds before sliding downward during a new page is loaded; and the demo’s structure is very simple and clear. There will be a front page of the Mobizine called Kambuja News, which is also offering mobile version

oad ew edition. The first sec uch as

Politics, Business, and Entertainment & Sports etc (See Figure3.17).

and simple with easy navigation in order to aits corresponding link is clicked, and users can easily go back and forth and feel at ease in the demo (See Figure 3.16).

Home

OPTIONS: -Help & Info -Exit

Download New Edition Content / Front Page

Business

of its news contents to mobile phone users. It will update new contents or breaking news daily in the arly morning. The Front Page will allow mobile users to have access to current edition or downle

n tion of the contents is Top Stories and also exist other sections s

Politics International NewsEntertainment& Sports

Top Stories

-Rainsy plans return -Ruling party wins poll -Judges chosen for trial ...

-Budget flights arrive -Cash machine boost -Targeting organic market ...

-Jacky Chan visits Cambodia -Jolie given Cambodian citizenship -Cambodian boat wins ASEAN race ...

-Anti-Thai riot in Vietnam-Massacre in Rwanda -Coup D’état in Philippines...

-Rainsy plans return -Budget flights arrive -Jacky Chan visits Cambodia ...

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By selecting “Enter Content / Front Page”, it will lead to the content area of the current edition/ issue of Kambuja News. Or a simpler way, by just pressing Right or Left key in the mobile phone’s keypad, this will help mobile users to easily navigate and access to its diverse contents. Now, let’s select “Enter Content / Front Page”, and then the following pages appear. The first heading/ tap is “Top Stories”, which features most important news stories of each edition. By p and Do , mob brow e contents. And if they interest in reading a story, what they need to do is by simply selecting it with ease. Users are als m one section to

ambuja N y navigation, either Right or Left key.

news sections

ternational News sections.

Figure 3.17: Kambuja News’ Home and its variety of news sections

This is the front page or Home when every time the Java-application Mobizine called Kambuja News, is started.

using U wn keys ile users can se throughout th

o able to move fro another in K ews easily due to its eas by just pressing

These are Politics and Business

These are Entertainment & Sport and In


When a story is selected, a newSplash Ad is placed there for a page appears. And each story page will have Banner Ads, both top and bottom within the page. The following is a serial of visMobizine. Home of Kambuja Content/ Front Page” to brow for a very short second, and then disappear by dropping itself down. After that, Top Stories section appears and features its news i The user wants to read a story “Budget flights arrive”, so after he or she selects the story, then another new splash ad in Business becomes visible, then drops down and disappear with an emergence of a new page for “Budget flights arrive” news story in Business section. As shown below, there are two kinds of ad formats: Splash (176x150 pixel) and Banners (Top: 170x25 and Bottom: 170x50 pixel) ads (See Figure3.18).

Home of Kambuja News Splash Ad appears, drops down items in Top Stories

Splash Ad in Business section “Budget flights arrive” story ap

Figure 3.18: Kambuja News’s Visual Demo Moreover, there is a possibility in exposing advertisements to mobile users while new edition is requested and downloaded each time. While users are waiting during the downloading ocess,

page of that content will be loaded. During the loading time, a few seconds before it drops down and new

ual demonstration. First, a mobile user starts his or her Kambuja News News appears on screen. And then after the user selects “Enter se the current-installed contents, a splash ad in Top Stories will emerge

tems.

News

pears with top and bottom banners

pr

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3.7.3 Evaluation An evaluation is to be drawn after the Demo is shown to a focus group in order to get feedbacks. Inthe following sections a methodology will be presented and followed by

its findings and lastly, the

commendations for the Demo are presented.

ibing this age group as people who use their mobile phones as a festyle-enabling device and to make decisions.

hnom Penh will be chosen as the sample to generate feedbacks and draw an evaluation for e Demo.

The interview is conducted in focus group style as qualitative research, gathering ten people together and showing them the demo. By asking them a list of prepared questions and accepting any comments or suggestions from them, I can have a set of feedbacks and draw an evaluation for the demo. However, some risks might exist if the sample is not appropriately selected. Choosing a wrong focus group, or people in the focus group do not know what the Mobizine or demo is all about, then the evaluation is useless and invalid. So in order to minimize these risks, a criterion of sample people in focus group is defined:

Age: 18- 25 Education: University

refeFamiliarity in technology, particularly using mobile phone and experiencing the Internet Number of people: 10

A list of prepared open-ended questions must be ready before the interview is conducted:

About the Mobizines: 1. Have you ever heard of the concepts of mobile magazine or Mobizines? 2. How do you find the Mobizines after its introduction to you? 3. What do you think about its structure, design and contents? 4. Which things you like or dislike in Mobizines? 5. If the Mobizines service is available in Cambodia, will you like to use it? About ads in Mobizines: 1. How do you find the ads in the Mobizines?

d effective? 4. Which things you like o5. If compared to other advertising media, how do you find Mobizines ads?

Findings After conducting a focus group interview, I found out that none of them has ever heard of mobile magazine or Mobizines due to its new existence in elsewhere, but not in Cambodia and they never think of a possibility of its concepts into mobile phone. They are surprised with how the technology enables conventional magazine to be adapted in mobile phone.

re Methodology This demo is shown to a focus group whose age range is between 18 and 25, particularly university students. This age range falls between the age group of 15 and 29, which regarded as Generation Wireless by Arnold of Profero, descrli People in this age group mostly are young people with good education, moreover this segment of the market is huge and its purchasing power is strong and potential. Due to its time-effectiveness and convenience, a focus-group convenient sampling is employed. So a group of ten young university students in Pth

M/ F ratio: 50-50% (p rably)

2. What do you think about its format, size, and placement? 3. Are the ads interesting an

r dislike about ads in Mobizines?

6. Any suggestions for improvement of ads and their effectiveness?

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Though Mobizines as a brand new concept, they find it very interesting and appealing with easy

r-

concerns exist due to limited technology available in Cambodia and high costs

t in general the adverts are interesting and effective nd they are likely to be more receptive to Mobizines ads than in other advertising media due to

in and

ost people satisfy the ad formats in the Mobizines: Splash and Banner ads, and find them pleasing

he gh it is necessary to consider its visual impacts on mobile users,

articularly readability and eye-catching design in order to grab users’ attention.

In term of placement, most people do not have any objections. But few people point out that putting an advert on top of page as top banner is not very much appreciated due to its invasion of space of mai a possibility of users’ confusion between an advert and title/ head

ecommendations mpact and

the effectiveness of advertisements in the Mobizines. On ther to show or hide adv s erson refuses by saying this can not le advertising business, particularly sponsorships will Some people fear and show their concern on possibility of being spamming with too much adverts. Som ed, if compared to main contents, it sha Som ation in delivering com le, soon mobile users will get

ersonalized adverts that are interesting to them.

to e

ts to target customers.

navigation, simple structure, eye-catching design, usefulness of contents and ease of use as well as usefriendliness. Moreover, they are willing to try experience using this kind of Mobizines service if it isavailable in Cambodia in the future. However, someassociated with the use of the service, including limitations in mobile handsets and local telecom infrastructure as well as affordability of users in possessing modern high end phones etc. In term of advertisements, the finding shows thaapersonal nature of mobile phone. If compared to advertisements in other media, Mobizines ads on mobile phone have own unique feature. In terms of its format, size and placement, most of peoplethe group agree that ads in the Mobizines are acceptable, though few people point out weak pointssuggest some modifications. Mand attractive despite the fact that they are advertisements. Unlike online adverts, Mobizines ads havelimited number of formats; but this also helps to simplify and reduce risks, complexity and annoyance of advertisements. They also point out that, the ad sizes are relatively small if compared to those in other media, though they all agree that the sizes are appropriate and well-fit on the phone screen. As for mobile phone, tad sizes can not be too large, thoup

n contents that are not adverts or line or photo/image of the contents.

RSome recommendations are also made during the interview in order to improve the visual i

e person recommends that there should be an option for users wheerti ements within the contents in the Mobizines, while another p be possible and if this option happens to be availab no longer exist.

e also point out that amount of advertisement should be limitll be far quite less.

e people suggest and wonder about prospects of personalization and customizmercial advertisement into mobile phone. If this happens to be possib

p And thus reduces the risk of spamming users, the state of overload information, and leads to ad effectiveness and its success as advertisements go to the right target audiences who are also pleasedget them. All in all, customization will be a new issue and advertising industry must find an appropriatway in adapting, and applying personalization in delivering adver

44

Conclusion

4 CONCLUSION History of advertising is changing. From conventional advertising to online advertising, today’s dvertising is a brand new concept oa f using mobile channels, particular mobile phone, as new, personal

cost

entional and

le users. This can be attributed primarily to the arrival of new technologies

avoid spamming and information-overload.

in an

ly

be made in accordance with the dverts etc.,

and customized advertising medium to reach specified target audience in a more fashionable andeffective approach.

mergence of mobile phone as a mobile advertising medium is not meant to replace convEother advertising media, but it rather supplements those existing media and brings success to whole advertising campaigns. Mobile advertising will play a new role as a part of advertising media mix in a multi-channel approach to reach target audience. Despite the fact that mobile technology imposes limitations to mobile handsets’ capabilities, mobile phone is now capable to play an important role and acts as a powerful mobile channel to deliver dvertising messages to mobia

such as color screens, reliable and improved data communication and Java etc. Besides limitations posed by technology, human factors are also creating obstacles in implementing mobile advertising. Consent from mobile users in agreeing to opt in into a certain kinds of advertising s a must in order toi Moreover, a proper management of mobile users’ detailed personal information shall be established by the telecom operators and the database must be maintained and used in an appropriate way. Thus, this can avoid spamming by not sending uninterested commercial messages to mobile users, especially nformation-overload manner. i In conclusion, mobile advertising will not be intrusive if a pre-established consent from mobile users does exist and the users are interested in it with a sense of being offered with exclusive value added contents, services or incentives from mobile advertising. Thus, mobile advertising will most probab

e another new success story! b Lastly, from the practical case of the Demo in the last section of Chapter 3, in conclusion the Demo is somehow a successful case in adapting advertisements into a Mobizine though there are still few weak

oints to be improved and some modifications need toprecommendations, including some other technical issues are to be solved, e.g. how to scale ain order to develop a better new proposed demo in the future.

45

References

REFERENCES Add2Phone – Mobile Advertising Server URL: http://www.add2phone.com/products_mobile_advertising_server.html (accessed Mar ‘06) Andersson, A. & Nilsson, J., Wireless Advertising Effectiveness- Evaluation of an SMS Advertising Trial, tockholm School of Economics, 2000 S

AvantGo – Mobile Advertising URL: http://www.ianywhere.com/avantgo/advertising/index.html (accessed Apr ‘06) Arens, William F., Contemporary Advertising, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002

cWap.com – Mobile Advertising,

Belch G. & Belch M., Advertising & Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 6th Edition, McGraw Hill/Irwin, 2004 cURL: http://www.ccwap.com/m_advertising.html (accessed Dec ‘05) EuroTechnology Japan, I-Mode FAQs –General Questions, 2004 URL: http://www.eurotechnology.com/imode/faq-gen.html (accessed Apr ’06) Google AdSense –Ad Formats URL: http://www.google.com/adsense/adformats (accessed Apr ’06)

SM World: 1 – GPRS Platform, GURL: http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/gprs/index.shtml (accessed Feb ‘06) GSM World: 2 – EDGE Platform, URL: http://www.gsmworld.com/technology/edge/index.shtml (accessed Feb ‘06) Haig, Matt, Mobile Marketing: The Message Revolution, London, 2002 HotWired URL: http://www.hotwired.com/wired (accessed May ’06) J2MEpolish.org – Devices Database URL: http://www.j2mepolish.org/device-overview.html (accessed Mar ‘06) Jelassi, T. & Enders, A., Leveraging Wireless Technology for Mobile Advertising, 2004 Kaye, B. & Medoff, N., Just A Click Away: Advertising on the Internet, Allyn and Bacon, 2001 Leppäniemi, M. & Karjaluoto, H., The Success Factors of Mobile Advertising Value Chain, 2004 Microsoft Encarta – Advertising, 2006 NTT DoCoMo – I-Mode Services URL: http://www.nttdocomo.com/services/imode/index.html (accessed Apr ’06) Ortiz, Enrique. A Survey of J2ME Today, Oct 2004, Sun Microsystems, 2004 URL: http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/mobility/getstart/articles/survey/ (accessed Jan ‘06)

46

References

Refresh Mobile – Mobizines

RL: U http://www.refreshmobile.com/mobizines.html (accessed Apr ‘06) Sun Microsystems: 1 – Introduction to Mobility Java Technology,

RL: U http://developers.sun.com/techtopics/mobility/learning/ (accessed Jan ‘06) Sun Microsystems: 2 – Java

RL: U http://java.sun.com Wallage, S. & Hegarty, R. Mobile Internet; the Second Internet Age?, 2000 URL: http://www.businessweek.com/adsections/wap/mobile/ (accessed Dec ‘05)

AP Forum –WAP FAQs WURL: http://www.wapforum.org/faqs/index.html (accessed Apr ‘06)

ikipedia: 1 – Java programming language, WURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_programming_language.html (accessed Jan ‘06)

ikipedia: 2 – Java platform, WURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_platform.html (accessed Jan ’06)

wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications.html

ikipedia: 3 – GSM, W

URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/ (accessed Feb ‘06)

i/GPRS.html

ikipedia: 4 – GPRS, W

URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wik (accessed Feb ‘06)

/3g.html

ikipedia: 5 – 3G, W

URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki (accessed Feb ‘06)

orld Investment News, Cambodia –Telecommunications, 2004 WURL: http://www.winne.com/asia/cambodia/2004/cr06.php (accessed Apr ‘06)

47

Appendices

APPENDICES 1/ ABBREVIATIONS G First Generation 1

2G Second Generation Third Generation Application Programming Interface

e

Enhanced Messaging Service

s d Circuit Switched Data

Java 2 Standard Edition

Megabit per second

Operating System

Random Access Memory

3G PI A

C-HTML Compact Hyper Text Markup LanguagCSD Circuit Switched Data

DGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EEMS GPRS General Packet Radio Service

SM Global System for Mobile communicationGHSCSD High SpeeJ2EE Java 2 Entreprise Edition 2ME Java 2 Micro Edition J

J2SE Kb Kilobyte

bps Kilobit per second KMbps Mb Megabyte

MS Multimedia Messaging Service MOS OTA Over The Air

NG Portable Network Graphics PRAM SMS Short Messaging Service

M Virtual Machine VWAP Wireless Application Protocol

48

Appendices

2/ GLOSSARY OF J2ME Adapted and modified from Sun’s Glossary page on J2ME. 3G Third generation (3G) wireless networks will offer faster data transfer

rates than current networks. The first generation of wireless (1G) was analog cellular. The second generation (2G) is digital cellular, featuring integrated voice and data communications. So-called 2.5G networks offer incremental speed increases. 3G networks will offer dramatically improved data transfer rates, enabling new wireless applications such as streaming media.

API An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of classes that you can use in your own application. Sometimes called libraries or modules, APIs enable you to write an application without reinventing common pieces of code. For example, a networking API is something your application can use to make network connections, without your ever having to understand the underlying code.

CDC The Connected Device Configuration (CDC) is a specification for a J2ME configuration. Conceptually, CDC deals with devices with more memory and processing power than CLDC; it is for devices with an always-on network connection and a minimum of 2 MB of memory available for the Java system.

CLDC The Connected, Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) is a specification for a J2ME configuration. The CLDC is for devices with less than 512 KB or RAM available for the Java system and an intermittent (limited) network connection.

Configuration In J2ME, a configuration defines the minimum Java runtime environment for a family of devices: the combination of a Java virtual machine and a core set of APIs. CDC and CLDC are configurations. See also profile, optional package.

EDGE Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) is a new, faster version of GSM. EDGE is designed to support transfer rates up to 384Kbps and enable the delivery of video and other high-bandwidth applications. EDGE is the result of a joint effort between TDMA operators, vendors and carriers and the GSM Alliance.

GPRS The General Packet Radio System (GPRS) is the next generation of GSM. It will be the basis of 3G networks in Europe and elsewhere.

GSM The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a wireless network system that is widely used in Europe, Asia, and Australia. GSM is used at three different frequencies: GSM900 and GSM1800 are used in Europe, Asia, and Australia, while GSM1900 is deployed in North America and other parts of the world.

J2ME Java 2, Micro Edition is a group of specifications and technologies that pertain to Java on small devices. The J2ME moniker covers a wide range of devices, from pagers and mobile telephones through set-top boxes and car navigation systems. The J2ME world is divided into configurations and profiles, specifications that describe a Java environment for a specific class of device.

49

Appendices

The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) is a specification for a J2ME profile. It is layered on top of CLDC and adds APIs for

MIDP

application life cycle, user interface, networking, and persistent storage. Optional Package An optional package is a set of J2ME APIs providing services in a

specific area, such as database access or multimedia. Unlike a profile, it does not define a complete application environment, but rather is used in conjunction with a configuration or a profile. It extends the runtime environment to support device capabilities that are not universal enough to be defined as part of a profile or that need to be shared by different profiles. J2ME RMI and the Mobile Media RMI are examples of optional packages.

PNG Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is an image format offering lossless compression and storage flexibility. The MIDP specification requires implementations to recognize certain types of PNG images.

Profile A profile is a set of APIs added to a configuration to support specific uses of a mobile device. Along with its underlying configuration, a profile defines a complete, and usually self-contained, general-purpose application environment. Profiles often, but not always, define APIs for user interface and persistence; the MIDP profile, based on the CLDC configuration, fits this pattern. Profiles may be supersets or subsets of other profiles; the Personal Basis Profile is a subset of the Personal Profile and a superset of the Foundation Profile. See also configuration, optional package.

SIM A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a stripped-down smart card containing information about the identity of a cell-phone subscriber, and subscriber authentication and service information. Because the SIM uniquely identifies the subscriber and is portable among handsets, the user can move it from one kind of phone to another, facilitating international roaming.

SMS Short Message Service (SMS) is a point-to-point service similar to paging for sending text messages of up to 160 characters to mobile phones.

T9 T9 is a text input method for mobile phones and other small devices. It replaces the "multi-tap" input method by guessing the word that you are trying to enter. T9 may be embedded in a device by the manufacturer. Note that even if the device supports T9, the Java implementation may or may not use it. Check your documentation for details.

WAP Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a protocol for transmitting data between servers and clients (usually small wireless devices like mobile phones). WAP is analogous to HTTP in the World Wide Web. Many mobile phones include WAP browser software to allow users access to Internet WAP sites.

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