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Business Models for Open Access Publishing
Matthew CockerillPublisher, BioMed Central
What is fundamentally different about an Open Access
publishing business model?
Traditional research publishing
The research community transfers the rights to the research to the publisher
The publisher covers its costs by selling access to the content
Open Access research publishing
There are no barriers to access The publisher generally does not
acquire any exclusive rights Typically the publisher is paid for
the service of publication
Revenue streams for open access publishers
Publication fees– From authors– From meeting organizers– From sponsoring organizations
Subscription content (e.g. reviews) Services (e.g. Open Repository) Advertising Implicit/explicit subsidy
BioMed Central journals which do not charge author fees
Chinese MedicineChiropractic & OsteopathyItalian Journal of PediatricsJournal of Biomedical ScienceJournal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve InjuryJournal of Orthopaedic Surgery and ResearchJournal of the International AIDS SocietyScandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency MedicineSports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology
Some journals operate mixed models
Author’s pay publication fee for research articles
DFG funding covers cost of additional articles
BioMed Central journal’s with additional subscription content
Coming soon…
Examples of additional services
A hosted digital repository solution
Integration ensures articles published in OA journals can
easily be included
Advertising?
Some potential editors ask: “can we support a journal entirely with advertising?”
Unlikely - advertising is tiny fraction of BioMed Central’s revenue
OA Publication Fees
Putting Open Access fees in the context of the traditional system
Top-down and bottom-up analyses come to similar conclusionAverage publisher revenue per STM article is around £3000 ($4700)
What do OA publication fees cover?
Open access publishing has most of the same costs as the traditional system:– Editorial– Technical– Production– Customer services– Marketing (e.g. conference attendance)
OA publication fees
BioMed Central $780-$2100 Public Library of Science $1300-$2850 Company of Biologists $3100 Oxford University Press $3000 Royal Society ~$3000 Springer $3000 Taylor & Francis $3250 Wiley $3000
How do OA publication fees get paid?
Authors may pay out of grant funds Some funders provide dedicated funds
for open access publishing costs Institutions may cover costs centrally
(via open access funds and/or membership arrangements with OA publishers)
Some journals are run by organizations which cover costs themselves
BioMed Central membership
Prepay membership– Institution pays funds into a deposit account– Article Processing Charge is covered by funds from
account– Discount depending on deposit amount– Author does not have to pay– Simplified administration/reporting
Supporter membership– Institutions pay a flat fee– Authors pay a discounted Article Processing Charge
How are BioMed Central articles paid for?
Can the open access model work for high-rejection rate journals?
Submission fees?
Submission fees are often proposed as a means to make high-rejection rate journals economically feasible under OA
However, charging a fee for the service of rejection problematic
Peer review cascade
Highrejection rate
Moderaterejection rate
Lowrejection rate
Advantages of this approach
Avoids delays for authors Avoids saddling academics with repeated peer
review of less interesting papers, wasting a precious resource
Separates question of soundness of research from level of interest– Soundness determines whether to publish– Interest determines where to publish
For the publisher, high-prestige, high rejection rate titles are magnets for research articles
This approach is becoming increasingly prevalent
PLoS Nature Cell Neuroscience Peer
Review Consortium
How can institutions help to make the open access model
work?
Institutional policy on the payment of OA fees
Publication fees are not just a matter for libraries, but are a strategic issue for the institution as a whole
A senior member of the institution should take ownership and coordinate activities
Institutions need to work hard to communicate policy to researchers
Centrally managed funds for Open Access publication charges
Aarhus Berkeley Calgary Harvard
(part of plan for Office of Scholarly Communication)
Nottingham
Is the Open Access business model viable?
Growth of OA publishing in BioMed Central’s journals
Established journals are switching to the open access model in increasing numbers
Open Access publishing,then and now…
20082000
And more…
A new industry association
Goals of OASPA
Represent interests of Open Access publishers as a group
Agree common definition of Open Access Establish and enforce good standards of
editorial and business practices amongst members
Identify guidelines and best practices for publishers and institutions in managing payment of publication fees
Springer’s acquisition of BioMed Central
+
Springer acquisition FAQs Will BioMed Central’s policy of open access to all
research continue?Yes – this was an obligatory condition for the deal to gain approval by BioMed Central’s Board of Trustees
Is BioMed Central profitable?Springer bought BioMed Central because it is a healthy publishing business, in a growing sector of the market
Will BioMed Central APCs be increased to Springer Open Choice levels?There are no plans to change BioMed Central’s APC pricing policy as a result of the deal
Experimental institutional Open Access deals at Springer
Several institutions/consortia now have licensing deals with Springer allow their authors to select the Open Choice option without additional payment– Max Planck– UKB (Dutch consortium)– Georg-August University of Goettingen
The University of California has publicly stated that it is working on a similar deal with Springer for its campuses.