BiochemistryBiochemistry

Organic Vs InorganicOrganic Vs Inorganic

Organic Compound: a compound that Organic Compound: a compound that contains Carbon and Hydrogen. contains Carbon and Hydrogen.

Inorganic Compound: a compound that Inorganic Compound: a compound that does not contain both carbon and does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.hydrogen. Organic or inorganicOrganic or inorganic

COCO22

CC66HH1212OO66

HClHCl NaClNaCl

Categories of Organic Categories of Organic CompoundsCompounds

1) Carbohydrates (Sugars)1) Carbohydrates (Sugars) 2) Proteins2) Proteins 3) Lipids (Fats)3) Lipids (Fats) 4) Nucleic Acids 4) Nucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Primary source of energyPrimary source of energy Includes sugars and starches.Includes sugars and starches. Made up of carbon, Made up of carbon,

hydrogen,hydrogen,

and oxygen. and oxygen.

In a ratio of 1:2:1.In a ratio of 1:2:1.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates The simplest Carbs are called The simplest Carbs are called

Monosaccharides or simple sugars. Monosaccharides or simple sugars. Examples include Glucose, Fructose, Examples include Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose. and Galactose.

Complex carbohydrates are called either Complex carbohydrates are called either Disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Disaccharides, or polysaccharides.

A disaccharide is two monosaccharides A disaccharide is two monosaccharides combined, and a polysaccharide is many combined, and a polysaccharide is many combined. Starch is a polysaccharide combined. Starch is a polysaccharide and is used for food storage. and is used for food storage.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

The chemical reaction that joins The chemical reaction that joins saccharides is called dehydration saccharides is called dehydration synthesis.synthesis.

Dehydration synthesis is the Dehydration synthesis is the formation of a bond and the removal formation of a bond and the removal of waterof water

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

ProteinsProteins

Made up of Amino Acids. They Made up of Amino Acids. They contain the elements Carbon, contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

Amino Acids contain the -NH2 group Amino Acids contain the -NH2 group which is called the amino group, and which is called the amino group, and the COOH group or the Carboxyl the COOH group or the Carboxyl group. group.

Amino Acids are defined by the side Amino Acids are defined by the side group or R- group.group or R- group.

ProteinsProteins

When two more amino acids are put When two more amino acids are put together they become a polypeptide. together they become a polypeptide.

The bond that holds amino acids The bond that holds amino acids together between the carboxyl group together between the carboxyl group of one Amino Acid and the amino of one Amino Acid and the amino group of another is called a peptide group of another is called a peptide bond. bond.

ProteinsProteins

The order in which The order in which amino acids are amino acids are placed in the chain placed in the chain determines the determines the structure of the structure of the protein. protein.

The structure of the The structure of the protein determines protein determines the function of the the function of the protein. protein.

EnzymesEnzymes

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze Enzymes are proteins that catalyze ((i.e.i.e. speed up) chemical reactions. speed up) chemical reactions. Enzymes are catalysts. Enzymes are catalysts.

In enzymatic reactions (enzyme In enzymatic reactions (enzyme controlled reactions), the molecules controlled reactions), the molecules at the beginning of the process are at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different converts them into different molecules, the products.molecules, the products.

EnzymesEnzymes

Almost all processes in a cell need Almost all processes in a cell need enzymes in order to occur at enzymes in order to occur at significant rates.significant rates.

Enzymes are extremely specific for Enzymes are extremely specific for their substrates and speed up only a their substrates and speed up only a few reactions.few reactions.

Each enzyme will work on a very few Each enzyme will work on a very few different molecules. different molecules.

Lock and Key modelLock and Key model

EnzymesEnzymes

EnzymesEnzymes

Like all catalysts, enzymes work by Like all catalysts, enzymes work by lowering the activation energy for a lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically reaction, thus dramatically accelerating the rate of the reaction.accelerating the rate of the reaction.

Most importantly;Most importantly; Enzymes are not used up by the Enzymes are not used up by the

reaction. After they have done their reaction. After they have done their work they release the products and are work they release the products and are not changed. not changed.

LipidsLipids

Lipids are a large class of hydrophobic Lipids are a large class of hydrophobic (water hating) compounds that include:(water hating) compounds that include: FatsFats Fatty acidsFatty acids OilsOils

Lipids have many functions in living Lipids have many functions in living organisms including nutrients, energy organisms including nutrients, energy storage, and structural components of storage, and structural components of cell membranes. cell membranes.

LipidsLipids

We will be mostly concerned with We will be mostly concerned with the lipids in the class of triglycerides the lipids in the class of triglycerides (fats).(fats).

All triglycerides have a glycerol All triglycerides have a glycerol backbone. backbone.

LipidsLipids

A fatty acid is a chain of carbon and A fatty acid is a chain of carbon and hydrogen, usually 12-24 carbons hydrogen, usually 12-24 carbons (only even numbers), with a carboxyl (only even numbers), with a carboxyl group at one end. group at one end.

TriglycerideTriglyceride

A triglyceride is A triglyceride is created when the created when the process of process of dehydration dehydration synthesis synthesis chemically binds chemically binds three fatty acids to three fatty acids to a molecule of a molecule of glycerol.glycerol.

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

DNADNA RNARNA The building The building

blocks of nucleic blocks of nucleic acids are called acids are called NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

NucleotidesNucleotides: monomers of : monomers of nucleic acids.nucleic acids.

All nucleic acids consist of many All nucleic acids consist of many nucleotides bonded together.nucleotides bonded together.

NucleotideNucleotide

1. Sugar: 5-1. Sugar: 5-carbon ribose or carbon ribose or deoxyribose deoxyribose

2. Phosphate 2. Phosphate group group

3. Nitrogen base 3. Nitrogen base

DNA Nucleotides DNA Nucleotides

a) Sugar = deoxyribosea) Sugar = deoxyribose b) Double helix form: two b) Double helix form: two

intertwined chains (double intertwined chains (double stranded)stranded)

Specific base pairing, Specific base pairing, complementary complementary Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C) Adenine(A) - Thymine (T)Adenine(A) - Thymine (T)

RNA Nucleotides RNA Nucleotides

a) Sugar = ribose a) Sugar = ribose b) Uracil (U) replaces thymine b) Uracil (U) replaces thymine

(T) in RNA (T) in RNA Uracil (U) - Adenine (A)Uracil (U) - Adenine (A) Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)

c) Single stranded helix c) Single stranded helix