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Systematics in ecologyALEX FILAZZOLACRITICAL THINKING LAB 2
Different types of literature Primary sources – original materials, often empirical testing or experiments.
Examples: - Journal articles - Experimental data - Communications
Different types of literature Secondary sources – interpretations or summarization of primary sources
Examples: - Reviews - Meta-analyses - Commentaries
Different types of literature Tertiary sources – A distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources
Examples: - Encyclopedias - Textbooks - Bibliographies
Different types of literature Grey literature – is information or researched produced by an organization or government.
Examples: - Government documents - Newsletters - Technical reports
Synthesis tools Textbook examples Narrative reviews
Vote counting Combining probabilities
Systematic reviews Meta-analysis
hypothesis orproblem
predictions orqueries
i. summarize knowledge
ii. meta-analysis
Narratives - Reviews written about a subject that are not quantitative
- Relatively easy to write
- Biased towards authors of the article
- Typically written by experts on the subject
- Reviews that are based from a systematic search through the literature of a topic
- More difficult to write, requires reading many articles to make conclusions
- Less biased towards authors, but biased towards the state of the literature
- Written by any researcher
Systematic reviews
- Reviews that are based from statistics conducted on multiple studies
- Difficult because it requires specific data from many articles.
- Generally unbiased, comparing effect sizes rather than studies
- Written by any researcher
Meta-analysis
Choosing search terms - Wild cards (*) to capture different spellings. - Do not truncate - Avoid ambiguity - Common names and latin names - define inclusion material
Refinement techniques - Refine to English language
- Refine to empirical papers and exclude reviews for systematic reviews/meta-analyses
- Refine to countries when targeting a geographic area
- Refine to year when targeting a time frame.