Linux for Bioinformatics

Navigator, The Shell I/O redirection & pipes Text, text & text Misc

BITS/VIB Bioinformatics Training – version 2 – Joachim Jacob Okt 2011 – Luc Ducazu <luc@daphnia.com>

Schedule

Today we will only work with the command line. You won't be able to remember all of the tools we will see today, therefore a quick reference nearby is indispensable!

TIP: have some kind of notes on your computer to quickly store and find commands !

http://projects.gnome.org/tomboy/

GOAL

The main goal: To help you easily use command line tools To help you easily automate repetitive tasks To help you easily parse/summarize outputs, which is

mainly text

Connecting to Linux

Startup the your machine and log inOR Remote connection (e.g. on departmental server)

$ ssh user@hostname→ The sysadmin should have made you an account→ you are prompted for your password

On windows, install PuTTY to connect http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/

And there we are...

username

Machine name

location

Navigation

When you open a terminal or log in to a server, the default current working directory is your 'home directory':/home/james

The prompt reflects your current working directory, however this is not always the case.To show your current working directory, you usepwd (print working directory):$ pwd/home/james

The File System Tree

/

binbootdevetchomemediarootsbintmpusrvar

james

binsbinshare

binsbinsharelocal

liblogmailrunspooltmp

Aka ~ (for james)

The variable PATH contains the paths of the bin folders. See command env.

UNIX philosophy

'Everything is a file': Commands and scripts (stored in directories named

bin) Configuration files in plain text (most in folder /etc) Devices (/dev) (here USB disks, webcam, etc.) Interaction with the Linux kernel (/proc) (here you

can set/read system settings)

Names of files & directories

In UNIX names of files and directories are case sensitive

Some characters have a special meaning to the shell: spaces, |, <, >, *, ?, [, ], /, \,.,..You can use some of them, but they have to be hidden (escaped) from the shell

In UNIX there is no such thing as file extensions: commands are marked executable via permissions files are recognized based on content

Files and directories share the same name space

Navigation in the shell

You change the current working directory using cd (change directory):$ cd dir

Absolute paths start with /, relative paths don't (relative to the current working directory)$ cd /home$ pwd/home$ cd james$ pwd/home/james

Navigation

Shortcuts: navigate to your home directory$ cd$ cd ~

navigate up the file system tree$ cd ..

navigate to the previous current working directory$ cd -

Example: go two directories up:$ cd ../..

Navigation

TIP- store the current directory where you are:$ pushd . View the current and the stored directories$ dirs Go back to the stored directory$ popd Example:joachim@joalap:~$ pushd .~ ~joachim@joalap:~$ cd /optjoachim@joalap:/opt$ dirs/opt ~joachim@joalap:/opt$ popd~joachim@joalap:~$ pwd/home/joachim

Exercise

Suppose you are logged in as user james. Navigate to the following waypoints, in the given order, via the shortest route/usr/local/usr/local/bin/usr/local/share/man/usr/local/bin/home/james/Documents/root

/usr/local/bin

Exploration

To show the content of a given directory:$ ls

$ ls -lor alias

$ ll The file type in the output of ls -l:$ ls -l-rwxr-xr--. 1 james users 357 Sep 5 21:36 clusterit.gz

- : ordinary filed: directoryl: symbolic link count

Exploration

The tool you use to identify files, based on their content:$ file file(s)

Example:$ lsunix-historyzless$ file *unix-history: PNG image data, 1000 x 636, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlacedzless: POSIX shell script text executable

Exploration

Tools for viewing text files: Cat (show content in terminal, at once) less, more (page by page) head, tail (view only first/last lines)

Tools for viewing binary files: strings, hexdump file specific viewers (images, PDF)

Exploring text files

To show the content of one or more text files:$ cat file(s)

To show the content rather page by page:$ more file(s)$ less file(s)more is not as flexible as less, but it is a universal UNIX utility

To show the first / last nn lines of a text file:$ head -nn file$ tail -nn fileDefault number of lines is 10

Conquest of the file system

Working with directories: Navigation: cd, pwd Manipulation: mkdir, rmdir

Working with files: Creating files: touch, nano Removing files: rm Copying files: cp Moving / renaming files: mv

Creating directories

To create one or more directories:$ mkdir options dir(s)

Interesting options: m: mode – permissions of the new directory p: parent – create all subparts

Creating directories

Suppose you want to create directory /tmp/lvl1/lvl2:$ mkdir /tmp/lvl1/lvl2mkdir: cannot create directory ...

One possible solution:$ mkdir /tmp/lvl1 /tmp/lvl1/lvl2

A more elegant solution:$ mkdir -p /tmp/lvl1/lvl2

Example 2:$ mkdir -p cgi/{data,src,ref,local/{bin/cgatools,share/cgatools-1.4.0/doc}}

$ tree cgi

Removing directories

To remove one or more directories:$ rmdir options dir(s)

rmdir removes empty directories only(are there any hidden files left ?)

You can remove complete subtrees using:$ rm -rf dir! Pay attention when you execute this command as root – UNIX is not particularly merciful.

Creating a file

To create one or more files:$ touch file(s)

When file does not yet exist, it is created: ordinary file owner is the user that enters the command group is the primary group of the owner permissions depend on umask 0 bytes file size

When the file already exists, its access, modification en change time are updated.

Creating a file

You can use a text editor as an alternative way of creating files

Terminal: vi, emacs pico, nano joe

GUI gvim, xemacs gedit geany

Copying files

To copy file(s) from src to dst:$ cp options src dst! Both arguments, src and dst, are mandatory

When src is a single file, dst can be either a directory or the name of a (possibly existing) file:$ cp /etc/passwd .$ cp /etc/passwd /tmp/userdb

When src is a collection of files, dst must be a directory:$ cp * /tmp

Copying files

Some interesting options: v: be verbose i: interactive – asks whether existing files may be

overwritten or not f: force – no questions asked r/R: recursion – dirs and copy subdirectories as well p: preserve permissions a: archive - combines a few options like –p and –r

Example:$ cp -r cgi /opt

Moving / renaming files

To move file(s) from src to dst :$ mv options src dst! Both arguments, src and dst, are mandatory

When src is a single file, dst can be either a directory or the name of a (possibly existing) file:$ mv /tmp/download/clusterit.tgz .$ mv clusterit2.3.tar.gz clusterit.tgz

When src is a collection of files, dst must be a directory:$ mv * /tmp

Removing files

To remove file(s):$ rm options file(s)

Interesting options: v: be verbose i: interactive – asks whether or not you are really,

really sure about this command f: force – no questions asked r: recursive - delete subdirectories as well

Complete subtrees can be removed like this:$ rm -rf dir

Remotely copying files

If you are logged in on another machine, e.g.$ ssh bits@193.191.128.4

And you are working there: creating folders, files, running programs, you can copy to your own machine using scp$ scp bits@193.191.128.4:/home/bits/sample.sam .

Command to copy

usernamemachine Path to the remote folder /

file you want to copy

To the local current dir

Exercise

Get the TAIR9_mRNA.bed file from 193.191.128.4 as in previous example. Copy also the recut file from there. Your account: bits, password: b!t$fortraining

The file sample.sam is available on our website, under following link: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18352887/BITS_training_material/Link%20to%20sample.sam

Search a command to download directly in the terminal (hint: use apropos).

Create a folder bioinfo/data and bioinfo/bin and move recut to bin and bed/sam files to data

Solutions

$ scp bits@193.191.128.4:/home/bits/TAIR9_mRNA.bed .$ scp bits@193.191.128.4:/home/bits/recut .

$ apropos download $ wget http://dl.dropbox.com/u/18352887/BITS_training_material/Link%20to%20sample.sam

$ mkdir -p bioinfo/{data,bin}$ mv *.sam bioinfo/data$ mv *.bed bioinfo/data$ mv recut bioinfo/bin

Exercise

Create the file /tmp/me using an editor (eg nano) with the following content:

#!/bin/shecho No-one messes with $USER !

What kind of file is this? What could you do with this file?

Create directory ex in your home directory Copy the file /tmp/me into this directory Verify its content Remove the file /tmp/me Remove directory ~/ex

Executables

Come in two flavours: Scripts Binaries

Execute permissions must be set, mostly 755 will do.

Scripts mostly start with the shebang line, telling the shell with interpreter to use. E.g.#!/usr/bin/perl

Executing of executables (with prg the file name)$ ./prg$ bash prg.sh$ perl prg.pl

Exercise

The file recut you have downloaded is a program. Look at the first lines of the program.

Check with the file command which file it is. Set the permissions so the file is executable: you can do

this graphically, or by typing:$chmod a+x recut Above syntax translated: 'change modus (chmod) so that everybody (a) gets (+) execute permissions (x) on the file (recut)

Execute the program. Can you check with the file command the file /bin/ls?

Advanced

When you log in on another linux box, all processes (programs) you start are are terminated upon closing the connection (… by accident).

To avoid this, you can use 'no hang up' or screen:$ nohup prg -options argument &or$ screen$ prg -options argument

Howto for screen:http://www.rackaid.com/resources/linux-screen-tutorial-and-how-to/

Which programs are running

Which programs are running

Which programs are running

Which programs are running

Which programs are running

I/O redirection of terminal programs

When a program is launched, 3 channels are opened: stdin: an input channel (default keyboard) stdout: channel used for functional output (*) (screen) stderr: channel used for error reporting (*) (screen)

In UNIX, open files have an identification number called a file descriptor 0 -> stdin 1 -> stdout 2 -> stderr

(*) by convention http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pa

geid=21

I/O redirection

Under default circumstances, these channels are connected to the terminal on which the program was launched

The shell offers a possibility to redirect any of these channels to: a file a device another program (pipe)

I/O redirection

When cat is launched without any arguments, the program reads from stdin (keyboard) and writes to stdout (terminal)

Example:$ cattype:DNA: National Dyslexia Association↵result:DNA: National Dyslexia AssociationYou can stop the program using the 'End Of Input' character CTRL-D

Input redirection

A programs 'stdin' input can be connected to a file (or device), by doing:$ cat 0< file or short: $ cat < file

or even shorter: $ cat file

Example:$ grep '@' < sample.sam $ mail -s Goodbye emp@company.com < C4.txt

Emailing tool

Option to set the subject recipientContent is read from file

Output redirection

The 'stdout' output of a program can be saved to a file (or device):$ cat 1> file or short:$ cat > file

Example:# ls -lR / > /tmp/ls-lR

# less /tmp/ls-lR

Output redirection

IMPORTANT, if you write to a file, the contents are being replaced by the output.

To append to file, you use:$ cat 1>> file or short$ cat >> file

Error redirection

The 'stderr' output of a program can be saved to a file (or device):Create or truncate file:$ cat 2> fileAppend to file:$ cat 2>> file

Special devices

For input: /dev/zero all zeros /dev/urandom (pseudo) random numbers

For output: /dev/null 'bit-heaven'

Example:You are not interested in the errors from the command cmd:$ cmd 2> /dev/null

Playing with out- and input: pipes

The output of one program can be fed as input to another program

Example:$ ls -lR ~ > /tmp/ls-lR$ less /tmp/ls-lR ('Q' to quit less)can be shortened to:$ ls -lR ~ | less

The stdout channel of ls is connected to the stdin channel of less

You are not restricted to 2 programs, a pipe can span many programs, each separated by |

Compression of files

Widely used compression tools: GNU zip (gzip) Block Sorting compression (bzip2)

Typically, compression tools work on one file! That's why first an archive is create with tar and

this archive is compressed.

tar

Tape Archive is a tool you use to bundle a set of files into a single archive - ideal for

data exchange to extract files from a tar ball

Syntax to create a tar$ tar -cf archive.tar file1 file2

Syntax to extract$ tar -xvf /path/to/archive.tar

Options: x: extract archive v: be verbose (show file names) f: specify the archive file (- for stdin)

Compression

To compress one or more files:$ gzip [options] file$ bzip2 [options] file

Options: c: send output to stdout instead of overwriting the

specified file(s) 1 or --fast: fast / minimal compression 9 or --best: slow / maximal compression

Standard extensions: gzip .gz bzip2 .bz2

Decompression

To decompress one or more files:$ gunzip [options] file(s)$ bunzip2 [options] file(s)

To decompress a tar.gz or tar.bz2$ tar xvfz file.tar.gz$ tar xvfj file.tar.bz2 The following tools can read directly from gzip

or bzip2 files (*.bz2 or *.gz)$ zcat file(s)$ bzcat file(s)

Text tools

UNIX has a liberal use for text files: Databases: users, groups, hosts, services Configuration files Log files Many commands are scripts (shell, perl, python)

UNIX has an extensive toolkit for text extraction, reporting and manipulation: Extraction: head, tail, grep, awk, uniq Reporting: wc Manipulation: dos2unix, sort, tr, sed

The UNIX text tool: perl

Exchanging text files

UNIX and Windows differ in the ways line endings are marked. Sometimes text tools can get confused by Windows line endings.

To convert between the two formats, use:$ dos2unix fileor$ dos2unix -n dosfile unixfile

In the first case, file is overwritten. In the second case a new (-n) file unixfile is

created, leaving dosfile untouched

Regular expressions

A Regular expression, aka regex or re, is a formal way of describing sets of strings

Many UNIX tools use regular expressions, including perl, grep and sed

The topic itself is beyond the scope of this introduction to Linux, but the gentle reader is strongly encouraged to read more about this subject. Here is a starter:$ man 7 regex

To keep things manageable, we will only use literal strings as regexes

grep

grep is used to extract lines from an input stream that match (or don't match) a regular expression

Syntax:$ grep [options] regex [file(s)]

The file(s) (or if omitted stdin) are read line by line. If the line matches the given criteria, the entire line is written to stdout.

grep

Interesting options: i: ignore case

match the regex case insensitively v: inverse

show all lines that do not match the regex l: listshow only the name of the files that contain a match n:

shows n lines that precede and follow the match color:highlights the match

grep

Get james' record in the user database:$ grep james /etc/passwdjames:x:500:100:James Watson: /home/james:/bin/bash

Which files in /etc contain the string 'PS1':$ grep -l PS1 /etc/* 2> /dev/null/etc/bashrc/etc/bashrc.rpmnew/etc/rc.sysinit

Exercise

Go to www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens. On the main page you find a link 'Download Human genome sequence'.

Download Homo_sapiens.GRCh37.64.dna.chromosome.21.fa.gz (note the extension!!)

Save and extract it in your folder bioinfo/data. You might have to set the permissions to rw-r-r- by typing chmod a+r Homo*.

Count how many fasta sequences are in that file to check if we have only one and display the name.

Check if the tool 'screen' is installed with YUM

Solution

$ grep '>' Homo_sapiens.GRCh37.64.dna.chromosome.21.fa

$ yum list installed | grep screen

Word Count

A general tool for counting lines, words and characters: wc [options] file(s)

Interesting options: c: number of characters w: number of words l: number of lines

Example:How many packages are installed?$ yum list installed | wc -l

Transform

To manipulate individual characters in an input stream:$ tr 's1' 's2'

! tr always reads from stdin – you cannot specify any files as command line arguments

Characters in s1 are replaced by characters in s2 The result is written to stdout Example:$ echo 'James Watson' | \ tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'JAMES WATSON

Transform

To remove a particular set of characters:$ tr -d 's1'

Deletes all characters in s1 Reads from stdin, writes to stdout Example:$ tr –d '\r' < DOStext > UNIXtext

awk

awk is an extraction and reporting tool, works very well with tabular data

It reads in your file, chops on white spaces creating fields, and let you specify which fields to output

Excellent documentation: http://www.grymoire.com/Unix/Awk.html

awk (1)

Extraction of one or more fields in a tabular data stream:awk -F delim '{ print $x }'

Here is F delim the field separator (default is white space)$x the field number:

$0: the complete line $1: first field $2: second field …

NF is the cumber of fields (can also be taken for last field).

Note: calculations can be done between { } with $x

awk (1)

Examples:Extract owner and name of a file:$ ls -l | awk '{ print $3, $9 }'

Show all users and their UID$ awk -F: '{ print $3, $1 }' \ /etc/passwd

Show all Arabidopsis mRNA with more than 50 exons$ awk '{ if ($10>50) print $4 }' \ TAIR9_mRNA.bed

awk (2)

Extraction of one or more fields from a tabular data stream of lines that match a given regex:awk -F delim '/regex/ { print $x }'

Here is: regex: a regular expression the awk script is executed only if the line matches regex

lines that do not match regex are removed from the stream

awk (2)

Example: print number of exons of mRNAs from first chromosomes:

$ awk '/chr1/ {print $1,$10}' \ TAIR9_mRNA.bed

cut

A similar tool is cut, it extracts fields from fixed text file formats only: fixed width$ cut -c LIST [file]

fixed delimiter$ cut [-d delim] -f LIST [file]

For LIST: N: the Nth element N-M: element the Nth till the Mth element N-: from the Nth element on -M: till the Mth element

The first element is 1

cut

Fixed width example: Suppose there is a file fixed.txt with content12345ABCDE67890FGHIJ

To extract a range of characters:$ cut -c 6-10 fixed.txt ABCDE

cut

Fixed delimiter example: Default delimiter is TAB To extract the UID, account and GECOS fields

from /etc/passwd:$ cut -d: -f 3,1,5 /etc/passwdroot:0:root...! Note the output order.

The commands below give exactly the same result:$ cat /etc/passwd | tr ':' '\t' |\ cut -f 3,1,5 --output-delimiter ':'root:0:root...

sort

To sort alphabetically or numerically lines of text:$ sort [options] file(s)

When one or more file(s) are specified, they are read one by one, but all lines are sorted.

The output is written to stdout When no file(s) arguments are given, sort reads

input from stdin

sort

Interesting options: n: sort numerically f: fold – case-insensitive r: reverse sort order ts: use s as field separator (instead of space) kn: sort on the n-th field (1 being the first field)

sort

Examples:Sort mRNA by chromosome number and next by number of exonse$ sort -n -k1 -k10 TAIR9_mRNA.bed \

> out.bed

uniq

This tool allows you to: eliminate duplicate lines in a set of files display unique lines display and count duplicate lines

! uniq always starts from sorted input

Eliminate duplicates

To eliminate duplicate lines:$ uniq file(s)

Example:$ whoroot tty1 Oct 16 23:20james tty2 Oct 16 23:20james pts/0 Oct 16 23:21james pts/1 Oct 16 23:22james pts/2 Oct 16 23:22

$ who | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniqjamesroot

Display unique or duplicate lines

To display lines that occur only once:$ uniq -u file(s)To display lines that occur more than once:$ uniq -d file(s)

Example:$ who|awk '{print $1}'|sort|uniq -djames

To display the counts of the lines$ uniq -c file(s)Example$ who | awk '{print $1}'|sort|uniq -c4 james

1 root

!

Comparing text files

To find differences between two text files:$ diff [options] file1 file2

Example: difference between two genbank versions of LOCUS CAA98068

# diff sequences1.gp sequences2.gp1,2c1,3< LOCUS CAA98068 445 aa linear INV 27-OCT-2000< DEFINITION ZK822.4 [Caenorhabditis elegans].---> LOCUS CAA98068 453 aa linear INV 09-MAY-2010> DEFINITION C. elegans protein ZK822.4, confirmed by transcript evidence> [Caenorhabditis elegans].4,5c5,6< VERSION CAA98068.1 GI:3881817< DBSOURCE embl locus CEZK822, accession Z73898.1---> VERSION CAA98068.2 GI:14530708> DBSOURCE embl accession Z73898.1

Comparing text files

There exists a text tool, sdiff, that compares two files side by side.

However, when visualizing data, one is far better off using graphical tools.Visual diff: meld

Comparing files – GUI (meld)

Exercise

List the contents of directory ~/bioinfo and all subdirectories

Repeat this command, but save the content to /tmp/bioinfo.list

List the contents of /tmp/proc.list. Can you get rid of the errors?

Exercises File sample.sam is a tab delimited file. See on

the BITS wiki for a description of .sam format. How many lines has this file How many start with the comment sign @ Provide a summary of the FLAG field (second field):

the FLAG and the number of times counted Can you give the above sorted on number of times

observed File TAIR9_mRNA.bed is also a sorted file.

How many different genes are in the file By using head you can see that the fourth column

contains 0. Is there another number in that column? Give the 10 genes with longest CDS in ArabidopsisTips: http://www.pement.org/awk/awk1line.txt

Solution

awk '{print $4,",",$11}' TAIR9_mRNA.bed | \tr -d ' ' | awk -F, '{s=0; for(i=2;i<NF;i++) \ s+=$i; print $1,s' | sort -r -n -k2 | head -10

The result can be found on the server, lastresult.txt

links

http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=21

http://www.linuxtutorialblog.com/post/tutorial-the-best-tips-tricks-for-bash

Started a big process: to run in background: ctrl+Z and type bg; bring it back fg; jobs

Linux

Put the fun back into computing