1

INTRODUCTION

2

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL It is generally known that, the fundamental requirement for making concrete

structures is to produce good quality concrete. Good quality concrete is produced by

carefully mixing cement, water, and fine and coarse aggregate and combining

admixtures as needed to obtain the optimum product in quality and economy for any

use. Good concrete, whether plain, reinforced or prestressed, should be strong enough

to carry superimposed loads during its anticipated life. Other essential properties

include impermeability, durability, minimum amount of shrinkage, and cracking.

The following factors contribute to the production of good quality concrete.

knowledge of the properties and fundamental characteristics of concrete making

materials and the principles of design,

reliable estimates of site conditions and costs,

quality of component materials,

a careful measurement of weigh-batching of cement, water and aggregate,

proper transport, placement and compaction of the concrete,

early and through curing, and

competent direction and supervision

Although good concrete costs little more than poor concrete, its

performance is vastly superior. The quality of good concrete is dependent mainly on the

quality of its constituent materials. It is a known fact that concrete making aggregates

constitute the lion share of the total volume of concrete. In addition, unlike water and

cement, which do not alter in any particular characteristic except in the quantity, in

which they are used, the aggregate component is infinitely variable in terms of shape

and grading. These shows the importance of the care that should be taken in

processing and supplying aggregates for concrete production.

3

1.2 M-Sand

For the aggregate producer, the concrete aggregates are end

products, while for the concrete manufacturer; the aggregates are raw materials to be

used for successful concrete production. With the aggregate production, the quality of

the aggregate products can be influenced, while raw material –gravel or rock, may have

characteristics, which cannot be modified by the production process. However, there is

also a limit, whether technical and/or economical, in the mix design modification after

which it is useful to select a more suitable aggregate product. In addition to quality, one

extremely important factor in concrete production is consistent supply of the coarse and

fine aggregates. In this regard, a coarse aggregate is produced by crushing basaltic

stone, and river sand is the major natural resource of fine aggregate in our country.

However, the intensive construction activity is resulting in a growing shortage and

price increase of the natural sand in the country. In addition, the aggregate and

concrete industries are presently facing a growing public awareness related to the

environmental influence of their activities. The environmental impact is attributed to the

non-renewable character of the natural resources, the environmental impact on

neighborhood, land use conflicts, high energy consumption needed for aggregate

production and the potential environmental or health impact of materials produced due

to leaching of heavy metals, radioactivity and to special mineral suspects to have

hazardous health effects. Therefore, due to the above-mentioned facts, looking for

viable alternatives to natural sand is a must. One possible alternative material that can

be used as a replacement for natural sand is the use of manufactured sand. Due to the

forecast shortfall in the supply of natural sands and the increased activity in the

construction sector, it is apparent that time will come, when manufactured sand may

play a significant role as an ingredient in concrete production

1.3 STEEL SLAG

The original scope of this research was to investigate the properties of

concrete with steel slag aggregates. The fresh and hardened properties of concrete

were tested with steel slag aggregates. The freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with

4

steel slag aggregates was studied and the expansion of the concrete specimens was

also examined. In addition to this research several tests were also included such as

compressive strength, split tensile strength and the flexural strength of concrete with

steel slag aggregates. For this research the percentage of the volume of natural

aggregates normally used in concrete was replaced by steel slag. This replacement was

done in 30% increments until all natural aggregates were replaced by the steel slag.

Thus replacing the natural aggregates in concrete applications with steel slag would

lead to considerable environmental benefits and would be economical.

In the experimental study different concrete mixes with different percentage

of natural and manufactured sands And Steel Slag were prepared and the respective

fresh and hardened properties of the resulting concrete mixes were determined and

analyzed.

5

LITERATURE REVIEW

6

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

“Criteria for the use of steel slag aggregates in concrete,”

E.Anastasion and Papayianni, Laboratory of Building Materials,

Aristotle University, Greece, Nov 2006.

The successful incorporation of steel slag as aggregates in construction

products requires the consideration of certain issues. Firstly, as steel slag is an

industrial by product until recently disposed in landfills, the question is whether it is

suitable for use in construction. Then the technical characteristics of the material are

examined, Due to its physiochemical properties, steel slag requires special care but can

also provide maximum value if used for specific applications mainly where it is

advantageous compared to traditional materials, but also where it is most economical

can give a higher added value to the product. Finally, there are a number of economy-

related parameters that allow for a new product to enter the construction market like

efficiency of a new product through demonstration projects. Through all the above

considerations and practical knowledge we look at the way steel slag aggregates enter

the construction market in Greece.

“The Effect of replacement of naturals aggregates by slag products

on the strength of concrete” L.Zeghichi, University of Msila, Algeria,

Asian Journal vol 7, pages 27-35, 2006.

The aggregates (sand and gravel) form the skeleton of the concrete, they

occupy approximately 75% of its volume, and intervene directly on the physical and

mechanical properties of concrete.

The aim objective of this experimental work consists of

-Substituting sand by granulated blast furnace slag.

-Substituting natural gravels by crystallized slag.

The experimental results obtained show that the partial substitution of

ordinary sand by slag gives better results compared with the ordinary with the ordinary

7

concrete, the total substitution of natural gravels by crystallized slag improves the

strength, but the full replacement of fine and coarse aggregates by slag products affect

negatively the strength of concrete.

“Performance evaluation of steel as natural aggregate replacement in

asphaltic concrete” thesis submitted by Teoh Cherh Yi from Malaysia

University, Nov 2008.

Steel slag is one of the industry wastes engineered in to road construction.

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of steel slag aggregates as road

construction material and its performance compared to granite aggregates. The steel

slag aggregates were tested for its physical and mechanical properties. Two dense mix

designs incorporating penetration grade 80/100 bitumen and one porous mix design

incorporating penetration grade 60/70 bitumen were used to produce the specimens for

testing. The dense mix specimens are referred are referred to as 100% Steel Slaf

Dense Asphalt (SSDA) and 50% Steel Slag 50% Granite Dense Asphalt (SSGDA) while

the porous mix specimens are referred to as Steel Slag Porous Asphalt(SSPA). During

the first phase of the study, SSDA and SSGDA were tested for performance evaluation

through resilient modulus, dynamic creep, Marshall Stability and indirect tensile

strength), SSPA were also tested for abrasion loss and water permeability. In the

second phase of the study, the same tests as those carried out in the first phase were

carried out on aged specimens. Resistant against permanent deformation and low

temperature cracking improved after aging for both dense mixes and porous mixes.

Test results revealed that steel slag inhibits great potential as road construction

material.

8

“Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of

concrete” thesis submitted by Rafat Siddique, Geert de Schutter

,Albert Noumowe ,Department Of Civil Engineering, Thapar University,

Patiala, Punjab 147004, India, Dec 2007.

Used-foundry sand is a by-product of ferrous and nonferrous metal casting

industries. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry.

When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry

and is termed used/spent foundry sand. In an effort to utilize used-foundry sand in large

volumes, research is being carried out for its possible large-scale utilization in making

concrete as partial replacement of fine aggregate.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried

out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate

(regular sand) was partially replaced with used-foundry sand (UFS). Fine aggregate

was replaced with three percentages (10%, 20%, and 30%) of UFS by weight. Tests

were performed for the properties of fresh concrete. Compressive strength, splitting-

tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity were determined at 28, 56,

91, and 365 days. Test results indicated a marginal increase in the strength properties

of plain concrete by the inclusion of UFS as partial replacement of fine aggregate (sand)

and that can be effectively used in making good quality concrete and construction

materials.

Keywords

Concrete Used-foundry sand, Compressive strength, Tensile properties, Elastic moduli

9

“Abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing

waste foundry sand (WFS)” Gurpreet Singh, Rafat Siddique,Civil

engineering department, rimt (iet), mandi gobindgarh, Punjab,

india,Civil engineering department, thapar university, Patiala 147004,

India, June 2011.

The abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing

waste foundry sand (WFS) were investigated. Sand (fine aggregate) was replaced

with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of WFS by mass. The water-to-cement ratio and

the workability of mixtures were maintained constant at 0.40 and 85 ± 5 mm,

respectively. Properties examined were compressive strength, splitting tensile

strength, modulus of elasticity and abrasion resistance expressed as depth of wear.

Test results indicated that replacement of sand with WFS enhanced the 28-day

compressive strength by 8.3–17%, splitting tensile strength by 3.6–10.4% and

modulus of elasticity by 1.7–6.4% depending upon the WFS content, and showed

continuous improvement in mechanical properties up to the ages of 365 days.

Inclusion of WFS as sand replacement significantly improved the abrasion

resistance of concrete at all ages. Strong correlation exists between the abrasion

resistance and each of the mechanical properties investigated.

Highlights

Utilization of waste foundry sand (WFS) as partial replacement of fine aggregate.

Fine aggregates replaced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% WFS. Abrasion resistance

(depth of wear) and strength properties investigated. Relationship between abrasion

resistance and strength properties presented.

Keywords

Abrasion resistance, Concrete, Strength properties, Waste foundry sand ,Wear

10

“Re-Usage Of Waste Foundry Sand In High-Strength Concrete” Yucel

Guney Asin Dursun Sari,Muhsin Yalcin, Satellite And Space Sciences

Research Center, Anadolu University, Ikieylul Campus, 26470

Eskisehir, Turkey,Civil Engineering Department, Atilim University,

Incek-Golbasi, 06836 Ankara, Turkey, June 2009.

In this study, the potential re-use of waste foundry sand in high-strength

concrete production was investigated. The natural fine sand is replaced with waste

foundry sand (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The findings from a series of test program has

shown reduction in compressive and tensile strengths, and the elasticity modulus which

is directly related to waste foundry inclusion in concrete. Nevertheless the concrete with

10% waste foundry sand exhibits almost similar results to that of the control one. The

slump and the workability of the fresh concrete decreases with the increase of the waste

foundry sand ratio. Although the freezing and thawing significantly reduces the

mechanical and physical properties of the concrete. The obtained results satisfies the

acceptable limits set by the American Concrete Institute (ACI).

“Strength, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete

made with used-foundry sand (UFS)” Rafat Siddique, Yogesh

Aggarwal, Paratibha Aggarwal, El-Hadj Kadri, Engineering

Department, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India, Engineering

Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India,

August 2010.

This paper presents the design of concrete mixes made with used-foundry

(UFS) sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates. Various mechanical properties

are evaluated (compressive strength, and split-tensile strength). Durability of the

concrete regarding resistance to chloride penetration, and carbonation is also

evaluated. Test results indicate that industrial by-products can produce concrete with

sufficient strength and durability to replace normal concrete. Compressive strength, and

11

split-tensile strength, was determined at 28, 90 and 365 days along with carbonation

and rapid chloride penetration resistance at 90 and 365 days. Comparative strength

development of foundry sand mixes in relation to the control mix i.e. mix without foundry

sand was observed. The maximum carbonation depth in natural environment, for mixes

containing foundry sand never exceeded 2.5 mm at 90 days and 5 mm at 365 days. The

RCPT values, as per ASTM C 1202-97, were less than 750 coulombs at 90 days and

500 coulombs at 365 days which comes under very low category. Thereby, indicating

effective use of foundry sand as an alternate material, as partial replacement of fine

aggregates in concrete. Micro-structural investigations of control mix and mixes with

various percentages of foundry sand were also performed using XRD and SEM

techniques. The micro-structural investigations shed some light on the nature of

variation in strength at the different replacements of fine aggregates with foundry sand,

in concrete.

Research highlights

Investigation of the use of foundry sand as partial replacement of fine

aggregates. Replacement of fine aggregates in various percentages (0–60%).

Concrete properties such as mechanical and durability characteristics along with XRD

and SEM. Diversion of used foundry sand from land filling to manufacturing of concrete.

Keywords

Concrete, Foundry sand, Strength properties, Durability properties,Microstructure

12

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

13

3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

3.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

CALCULATATION OF MIX DESIGN FOR M20 GRADE

CASTING OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS

CURING OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS

TO FIND THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS

TO COMPARISION OF RESULTS WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

14

INTRODUCTION

For Making EF-EC, It Is essential to select proper ingredients, evaluation of

their properties and know how about the interaction of different for optimum usage. The

ingredients used for concrete for the project were the same as that for conventional

cement concrete, coarse and fine aggregate, m-sand, steel slag and water.

3.2 MATERIALS PROPERTIES

3.2.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grades conforming to IS 8112-1989 was used. Tests

were carried out on various properties of cement and the results are shown in table

TABLE 3.2.a) PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

Physical properties Values of OPC used

Standard consistency 32.5%

Initial setting time 65 Minutes

Final setting time 235 Minutes

Specific gravity 3.15

3.2.2 Aggregates

Aggregates are those parts of the concrete that constitute the bulk of the

finished product. They comprise 60-80% of the concrete and have to be so graded and

that the entire mass of concrete acts as a relatively solid, homogenous, dense

combination, with the smaller sizes acting as an inert filler of the voids exist between the

largest particles. They are of two types

1. Fine aggregate, such as natural or manufactured sand

2. Coarse aggregate, such as gravel, crushed, or blast furnace slag, steel slag

15

3.2.3 Fine aggregate

Natural river sand was used as fine aggregate. The properties of sand were

determined by conducting tests IS: 2386(Part-I). The results are shown in table. The

results obtained from sieve analysis are furnished.

3.2.4 M-SAND

The particle size distribution (PSD) curve of manufactured sand is more often

than not tight and the particles are cubic, angular and their surface texture is rough.

Properties of aggregates from natural sand and gravel deposits (natural aggregates)

differ when compared to aggregates from crushed rock (crushed aggregates).To study

the properties of m-sand

TABLE 3.2.b) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

S.No. PROPERTIES FINE

AGGREGATE M-SAND

1 Specific Gravity 2.55 2.22

2 Fineness Modulus 2.64 2.37

3.2.5 COARSE AGGREGATE (CA)

Properties of the coarse aggregate affect the final strength of the hardened

concrete and its resistance to disintegration, weathering and other destructive effects.

The mineral coarse aggregate must be clean of organic impurities and must bond well

with the cement gel.

The common types are:

1. Natural crushed stone

16

2. Natural gravel

3. Artificial coarse aggregate

4. Heavy weight (extra density) and nuclear- shielding aggregates.

3.2.6 STEEL SLAG

Steel slag is the residue of steel production process and composed of

silicates and oxides of unwanted in steel chemical composition. Fifty million tons per

year of LD slag were produced as a residue from basic oxygen process (BOP) in the

world. In order to use these slags in cement, its hydraulic properties should be known.

Chemical composition is one of the important parameters determining the hydraulic

properties of the slag. In general, it is assumed that the higher the alkalinity, the higher

the hydraulic properties. If alkalinity is> 1.8, it should be considered as cementitious

material. The properties of steel slag are shown in Table.

TABLE 3.2.c) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

S.No. PROPERTIES COARSE

AGGREGATE STEEL SLAG

1 Specific Gravity 2.83 2.00

2 Fineness Modulus 7.00 6.01

3.2.7 Water

Portable water free from salts was used for casting and curing of concrete as

per IS : 456-2000 recommendations

17

3.3 MIX DESIGN

1. REQUIREMENTS

a) Characteristic Compressive strength = 20 N/mm2

b) Maximum size of aggregate =20mm

c) Degree of workability = 0.9(compaction factor)

D) Degree of quality control = Good

e) Type of exposure = Mild

TEST DATA OF MATERIALS

a) Specific gravity of cement =3.15

b) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate =2.83

c) Specific gravity of fine aggregate =2.55

d) Water absorption of coarse aggregate =0.5%

e) Water absorption of fine aggregate =1.0%

f) Free surface moisture for coarse aggregate= Nil

DESIGN

1. Target mean Strength of Concrete, fck = fck + 1.65S

=20+ (1.65x4)

= 26.6N/mm2

2. Selection of Water - Cement ratio

The water – cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 26.6N/mm2

18

3. Selection of Water and Sand Content

For 20mm maximum size of aggregate and sand conforming to grading zone

II

The water content per m3 of concrete is 180kg and sand content as

percentage of total aggregate by absolute volume = 35%

For change in value in water- cement ratio, compacting value, for sand

belonging to Zone II, following adjustment is required:

Table 3.3 Adjustment Of Values In Water Content And Sand Percentage For

Other Conditions

Therefore, required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by

absolute volume

= 35 – 2 =33%

Required water content =186+5.58 = 191.6 1/m3

4. Determination of cement content:

w/c = 0.50

Water = 191.6 litre

Cement = 191.6

0.5

CHANGE IN CONDITION

PER CENT ADJUMENT REQUIRED

water content sand in total aggregate

For decrease in water- cement

ratio by (0.6-0.5) that is 0.10

0

-2

For increase in compacting factor

(0.9-0.8) that is 0.1

+3

0

For sand conforming to zone II of

table 4, IS :383-1970

0

0

Total +3 -2

19

= 383kg/m3

5. Determination of coarse and fine aggregate contents:

Fine aggregate:

V= (W+C/SC + (1/Pxfa/Sfa) x (1/1000)

For 20mm size of aggregate, entrapped air = 2%, V =(100-2) = 98% =0.98

0.98 = (180+383/3.15) + (1/0.315 x fa /2.55) x (1/1000)

fa = 535.61kg/m3

Coarse aggregate

Ca = (1-P/P) x fa x (Sca/Sfa)

= ( 1-0.315/0.315) x 535.61 x (2.83/2.55)

Ca= 1292.63kg /m3

Mix ratio = Cement: FA: CA: W/C ratio

M20 = 383 : 535.61: 1292.63: 191.6

= 1 : 1.39 :3.3 : 0.5

RESULT

M20 = 1 : 1.39 :3.3 and w/c =0.5

20

TEST AND RESULTS DISCUSSIONS

21

4. a TESTS ON CONCRETE ELEMENTS

4. a.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

According to Indian Standard specifications (IS: 516 – 1959), the compression

test on cylinders is conducted.

4.a.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

The modulus of elasticity of concrete is one of the most important mechanical

properties of concrete since it impacts the serviceability and the structural performance

of reinforced concrete structures. The closest approximation to the theoretical modulus

of elasticity derived from a truly elastic response is initial tangent modulus. But it is not

always easily determined from a compression method. In such a case chord modulus of

elasticity is being used. The current method to determine the chord modulus of elasticity

of concrete is Compressometer method. Cylindrical specimens of size 150 mm diameter

and 300 mm length are casted and cured. The load is applied continuously without

shock. Without interruption, applied loading and longitudinal strain at pre-designated

intervals are taken. The reading interval is fixed as 2kN to permit plotting stress-strain

curve if desired. Along the above set of readings, the following two readings are also

monitored and noted. These are

i) The applied load when the longitudinal strain is 50 x 10-6 m/m

ii) The longitudinal strain when the applied load is equal to 40 percent of the

Ultimate load

Here, longitudinal strain is defined as the total longitudinal deformation divided by

the effective gauge length. The chord modulus of elasticity is obtained using the formula

E= (S2-S1)/(C-0.00005)

Where,

E – Chord modulus of elasticity in M pa

S2 – Stress corresponding to 40% of ultimate load

S1 – Stress corresponding to a longitudinal strain of 50 x 10-6 m/m

C – Longitudinal strain produced by stress S2

22

4.a.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Direct measurement of tensile strength of concrete is difficult. One of the indirect

tension test methods is Split tension test. The Split tensile strength test is carried out on

the Compression testing machine. The casting and testing of the specimens are done

as per IS5816: 1999.

Split tensile strength=2P/Л bd

Where, P = Load applied to the specimen in N

b = Breadth of the specimen in mm

d = depth of the specimen in mm

4.a.4 MODULUS OF RUPTURE

The extreme fibre stress calculated at the failure of specimen is called Modulus

of rupture. It is also an indirect measure to predict the tensile strength of concrete.

Flexural strength test is conducted as per recommendations IS: 516 – 1959. For flexural

strength test, beams of size 10 x 10 x 50 cm are casted.

Flexural strength, fb = (Pxl)/(bxd2)

Where, P = Load applied to the specimen in N

l = length of the specimen in mm

b = Breadth of the specimen in mm

d = depth of the specimen in mm

4.a.5 SPECIMEN CASTING

Three numbers of specimens with and without proofing admixtures

were casted. The inside of the mould was oiled to prevent adhesion of concrete. First

aggregate and cement are well mixed and then water is added to have an uniform

mixture of concrete. All the specimens are filled with concrete and are well compacted.

The specimens are demoulded after one day and then placed in a curing tank for 28

days of curing. For 12 hours prior to the testing, the specimens are allowed to air dry in

the laboratory.

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4.a.6 TEST SET UP

Tests are carried out at room temperature and as per the Indian standards.

Structural properties are ascertained by conducting middle third loading test. The testing

arrangement is shown in Fig4.2. Two point bending was applied on reinforced concrete

beams of beam span 1.5 m through hydraulic jack of capacity 100kN. The specimens

are placed on a simply supported arrangement of 100 T Universal testing machine

(UTM). The beams are suitably instrumented for measuring mid-span deflection.

Fig.4.1 Loading Arrangement of Flexural Test

24

4. b RESULTS DISCUSSION

To find the optimum value of partially replacement of M-sand and steel slag for

compression test and split tensile test.

COMPRESSION STRENGTH

TABLE 5.2.1 TEST RESULT FOR CUBE (M-SAND) COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN

N/mm2

S.NO CUBE 3DAYS CC 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC

1 5% M-SAND 11.32 18.82 14.5 22.8 22.1 28.43

2 10% M-SAND 14.68 18.82 20.5 22.8 23.6 28.43

3 20% M-SAND 19.32 18.82 24.6 22.8 28.7 28.43

4 25% M-SAND 17.86 18.82 21.6 22.8 24.3 28.43

5 30% M-SAND 13.3 18.82 16.7 22.8 21.3 28.43

Fig 5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

M-SAND

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

5% M-SAND

10% M-SAND

20% M-SAND

25% M-SAND

30% M-SAND

CO

MP

RE

SSIV

E S

TR

EN

GT

H

N/m

m2

3DAYS

7DAYS

28DAYS

25

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

TABLE 5.2.2 TEST RESULT FOR CYLINDER (M-SAND) SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH IN N/mm2

S.NO CYLINDER 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC

1 5% M-SAND 1.32 1.5 1.9 2

2 10% M-SAND 1.75 1.5 1.6 2

3 20% M-SAND 1.81 1.5 2.11 2

4 25% M-SAND 1.52 1.5 1.8 2

5 30% M-SAND 1.39 1.5 1.67 2

Fig 5.2.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

M-SAND

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

5% M-SAND

10% M-SAND

20% M-SAND

25% M-SAND

30% M-SAND

SP

LIT

TE

NS

ILE

TE

ST

N

/mm

2

3DAYS

7DAYS

26

COMPRESSION STRENGTH

TABLE 5.2.3 TEST RESULT FOR CUBE (STEEL SLAG) COMPRESSION

STRENGTH IN N/mm2

S.NO CUBE 3DAYS CC 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC

1 5% STEEL SLAG 12.8 18.82 17.02 22.8 22 28.43

2 10% STEEL SLAG 13.2 18.82 17.18 22.8 23 28.43

3 20% STEEL SLAG 12.1 18.82 14.5 22.8 28.03 28.43

4 25% STEEL SLAG 11.6 18.82 13.6 22.8 21.6 28.43

5 30% STEEL SLAG 9.85 18.82 12 22.8 21.04 28.43

Fig 5.2.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

STEEL SLAG

27

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

TABLE 5.2.4 TEST RESULT FOR CYLINDER (STEEL SLAG) SPLIT TENSILE

STRENGTH IN N/mm2

S.NO CYLINDER 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC

1 5% STEEL SLAG 1.5 1.5 1.88 2

2 10% STEEL SLAG 1.06 1.5 1.9 2

3 20% STEEL SLAG 1.21 1.5 2 2

4 25% STEEL SLAG 1.25 1.5 2.10 2

5 30% STEEL SLAG 1.13 1.5 1.801 2

Fig 5.2.4 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF

STEEL SLAG

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

5% STEEL SLAG

10% STEEL SLAG

20% STEEL SLAG

25% STEEL SLAG

30% STEEL SLAG

SP

LIT

TE

NS

ILE

ST

RE

NG

TH

N/m

m2

7DAYS

28DAYS

28

DISCUSSION

In this test result the optimum value obtain in 20% replacement of M-sand and

steel slag for compression strength and 25% of M-sand and 20% steel slag for split

tensile strength.

4.b.1 COMPRESSION STRENGTH

TABLE 5.2.5 TEST RESULT FOR CUBE (20% of STEEL SLAG AND M-SAND)

COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN N/mm2

S.NO CUBE 3DAYS CC 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC

1 20% STEEL SLAG AND M-SAND

16.82 18.82 20 22.8 28.66 28.43

Fig 5.2.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 20% OF STEEL SLAG AND

M-SAND VS CC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

3days 7days 28days

com

pre

ssiv

e s

tre

ngt

hN

/mm

2 20% of steel slag and M-sand

conventional concrete

29

4.b.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

TABLE 5.2.6 TEST RESULT FOR CYLINDER (M-SAND AND STEEL SLAG) SPLIT

TENSILE STRENGTH IN N/mm2

S.NO CYLINDER 7DAYS CC 28DAYS CC

1 20% STEEL SLAG AND 25% M-SAND

1.6 1.5 2.21 2

Fig 5.2.6 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25% M-

SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG

30

4.b.3 MODULUS OF RUPTURE

TABLE 5.2.7 MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF20% M-

SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2

S.NO PRISM EF-EC at 28DAYS CC at 28DAYS

1 20% STEEL SLAG AND M-SAND

4.75 N/mm2 4.1N/mm

2

Fig 5.2.7 MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 20%

M-SAND AND STEEL SLAG

31

4.b.4 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

TABLE 5.2.8 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25%

M-SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2

S.NO CYLINDER EF-EC at 28 DAYS CC at 28 DAYS

1 20% STEEL SLAG AND 25% M-SAND

3.5X104

3.23X104

3

3.2

3.4

3.6

28 DAYS

MO

DU

LUS

OF

ELA

STIC

ITY

X 1

04

IN N

/mm

2

FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25% M-SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2

CC

FIG 5.2.8 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FOR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF 25% M-

SAND AND 20% STEEL SLAG IN N/mm2

32

CONCLUSION

33

CONCLUSION

The compressive strength of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is

similar to conventional concrete.

The split tensile strength of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is

similar to conventional concrete.

The flexural strength of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is similar

to conventional concrete.

The modulus of elasticity of Partial replacement of M-sand and steel slag is

similar to conventional concrete.

The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength,

Modulus of elasticity is greater strength than the conventional concrete and

also achieve concrete become a economical and eco-friendly.

Future research

To partial replacement of all ingredients in concrete like cement partial

replaced by GGBS, fine aggregate partial replaced by M-sand, coarse

aggregate partial replaced by steel slag, and portable water partial replaced

by treated water.

The long term behavior of concrete with steel slag and m-sand should be

studied and its compatibility with reinforcing steel should be analyzed in the

future.

34

REFERENCES

35

REFERENCES

1. “Criteria for the use of steel slag aggregates in concrete,” E.Anastasion and

Papayianni, Laboratory of Building Materials, Aristotle University, Greece, Nov

2006.

2. “The Effect of replacement of naturals aggregates by slag products on the

strength of concrete” L.Zeghichi, University of Msila, Algeria, Asian Journal vol 7,

pages 27-35, 2006.

3. “Performance evaluation of steel as natural aggregate replacement in asphaltic

concrete” thesis submitted by Teoh Cherh Yi from Malaysia University, Nov

2008.

4. “Effect of used-foundry sand on the mechanical properties of concrete” thesis

submitted by Rafat Siddique, Geert de Schutter ,Albert Noumowe ,Department Of

Civil Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India, Dec 2007.

5. “Abrasion resistance and strength properties of concrete containing waste

foundry sand (WFS)” Gurpreet Singh, Rafat Siddique,Civil engineering

department, rimt (iet), mandi gobindgarh, Punjab, india,Civil engineering

department, thapar university, Patiala 147004, India, June 2011.

6. “Re-Usage Of Waste Foundry Sand In High-Strength Concrete” Yucel Guney

Asin Dursun Sari,Muhsin Yalcin, Satellite And Space Sciences Research Center,

Anadolu University, Ikieylul Campus, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey,Civil Engineering

Department, Atilim University, Incek-Golbasi, 06836 Ankara, Turkey, June 2009.

36

7. “Strength, durability, and micro-structural properties of concrete made with used-

foundry sand (UFS)” Rafat Siddique, Yogesh Aggarwal, Paratibha Aggarwal, El-

Hadj Kadri, Engineering Department, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India,

Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India,

August 2010.

8. Indian Standard Recommended Method Of Concrete Mix Design (IS 10262-

2009)

9. Methods of tests for strength of concrete IS: 516-1959, 15th reprint august 1993,

Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.

10. IS 10079- 1982,Indian standards, specification for cylinder, metal measures for

use in tests of aggregates in concrete, September 1982,Indian standards

institution, New Delhi.

11. IS 10080 – 1982, Indian Standards, specification for vibration machines,

September 1982, Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi.

12. IS 2386 (Part III) - 1963, Indian Standard methods of Test for aggregates for concrete. VIII reprint March 1997, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

13. www.sciencedirect.com

37

PHOTOGRAPHS

38

PHOTOGRAPHS

MATERIAL COLLECTION- STEEL SLAG

MATERIAL COLLECTION- M-SAND

39

SLUMP TEST

COMPACTION FACTOR

40

COMPRESSIVE TEST

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

41

MODULUS OF RUPTURE