British Social and Cultural Policy• Influencing Factors in England

– Industrial Revolution– Intellectual Revolution– French Revolution

• Characteristics of New Thought– Rationalism– Humanism– Progress

• Schools of Thought– Conservatives– Paternalistic Imperialists– Radicals

• Colonial Modernisation

Civil Services• Lord Cornwallis – “ Father of Modern Civil Sevice and Police in India”• Cornwallis Code (1793)• Wellesley Set up Fort William College for Training of Civil Servants in India (1800)

– Closed down in 1806– East India College set up at Haileybury in England

• Charter Act of 1853 ended Company’s patronage System and provided for recruitment of Civil Servants through an open Examination

• Satyendranath Tagore – First Indian to qualify in ICS Exam• Changes by Lytton

– Introduction of Statutory Civil Service– Reduced the Maximum age from 21 to 19

• Aitchinson Committee on Public Services (1886)– Dropping of terms Covenated and Uncovenated– Classification of Civil service into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate Civil

Services– Raise the age limit to 23

• Lee Commission (1924)– 50: 50 parity between Europeans and Indians to be reached in 15 years– Public Service Commission to be set up

Peasant Movements 1857 - 1947• Problems of the Peasants

– High Rents– Illegal Levies– Arbitrary Evictions– Bonded labour– High Interest rate on the loans taken from Moneylenders

• Nature of Peasant Movements :– Movements directed against their immediate oppressors- Zamindars, Foreign

Planters and Moneylenders– Limited territorial reach– Strong awareness of their legal rights

• Indigo Revolt (1859-60)– Led by Digambar Bishwas and Bishnu Bishwas– Against forced Cultivation of Indigo on their Farm– Neel Darpan – Bengali Play written by Deenbandhu Mitra based on struggle of

Indigo Planters

• Pabna Agrarian League• Deccan Riots

Continued…• Kisan Sabha Movement

– UP Kisan Sabha set up by Gauri Shankar Mishra and Indra Narayan Dwivedi

• Eka Movement ( Led by Madari Pasi)

• Ramosi Peasant Force – Vasudev Balwant Phadke

• Bijolia Movement – Vijay Singh Pathik and Manik lal Verma

• Rampa Revolt – Alluri Sitaram Raju

• Bardoli Satyagraha– Kunwarji Mehta and Kalyanji Mehta organised Patidar Yuvak Mandal– Vallbhai bhai Patel – led the Movement and was given the title of “Sardar”

• Mappila/ Malabar Revolt– Revolt of Muslim Peasants against Hindu landlords– Started with the arrest of Ali Musaliar

Continued…• All India Kisan Congress

– Swami Sahajanand Sarawati (President) and N G Ranga ( General Secretary)

• Tebhaga Movement (1946)– Movement of the Share Croppers for 2/3 share of the crops instead of ½.

• Telangana Movement

Tribal Uprisings• Sanyasi Revolt (1770)

– Restrictions imposed on visit to Holy Places• Chaur Uprising against enhanced land revenue• Ho Uprising ( Led by Raja Parhat)• Kol Mutiny (1831)

– Large Scale transfer of Land from Kols to outsiders such as Sikhs and Muslims– Led by Buddho Bhagat

• Kondh Uprising (1837-56)– Against British policy to end Human Sacrifice– Led by Chakra Bisoi

• Santhal Uprising ( Led by Sido and Kanhu)• Ahom Revolt in Assam ( Led by Gomdhar Konwar)• Khasi Upsings ( Led by Maharaja Tirath Singh)• Pagal Panthis in Northern Bengal

– Against the oppression of Zamindars– Founded by Karam Shah– Taken Forward by his Son, Tipu

• Faraizi Revolt in Eastern bengal– Founded by Haji Shariat Allah– Succeded by his Son Dadu Mian

Continued…• Munda Revolt in Chotanagpur

– Led by Birsa Munda

• Movements in Western India– Bhils Uprising in Maharashtra ( Leader – Sewaram)– Kutch Rebellion in Gujrat

• Against Company’s Interference in the Internal Matters of Kutch• Forced king Bharamal to give up his throne

– Koli Uprisings in Maharashtra– Ramosi Upsings in Maharashtra ( leader – Chittur Singh )

• Movements in South India– Poligars Revolt in TN ( Leaders – Subramaniam Pillai and Kottabamman

Nayak)– Diwan Velu Tampi’s Revolt in Travancore

• Against the Subsidiary Alliance– Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram

• Against the acquisition of Territories– Rampa Revolt in Andhra ( Leader – Alluri Sitaram Raju)

Continued…• Movements in North India

– Wahabi Movement• Revivalist Islamic Movement started by Shah Ahmed of Rai Bareilley• Against Western Influences in Islam• Conversion of Dar-ul- Harb ( Land of kafirs) into Dar-ul-Islam (the land of

Islam)

– Kuka Movement• Founded by Bhagat Jawahar Mal• Religious purification movement of Sikhs

The Indian States• Struggle for Equality with Indian States from a position of Subordination (1740-

1765)– Battle of Plassey (1757)– Battle of Buxar ( 1764)

• Policy of Ring Fence (1765-1813)– Create Buffer Zones for the British against powerful Marathas and Mysore– Subsidiary Alliance by Wellesley

• Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813 - 1857)– Appointment of British Residents– Doctrine of Lapse :

• Policy of Subordinate Union (1857- 1935)– States to accept paramount power of British– Queen adopted the title of “ Kaiser-i- Hind” (Queen Empress of India)– States not to be annexed by British

• Policy of Equal Federation (1935- 1947)– Federal Structure

• Integration and Merger