BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES GROUP 1

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M A I N M E N UBRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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Early Middle Ages (600–1066)

Ceremonial Anglo-Saxon helmet from the Sutton Hoo burial, 7th century

At the start of the Middle Ages, England was a part of Britannia, a former province of the Roman Empire. The English economy had once been dominated by imperial Roman spending which in turn helped to support a complex network of towns, roads,

and villas. At the end of the 4th century, English economy collapsed. Germanic immigrants began to arrive in increasing numbers during the 5th century, establishing small farms and settlements. New political and social identities emerged with

local groups establishing regiones, small polities, ruled over by powerful families and individuals

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High Middle Ages (1066–1272)Section of the Bayeux Tapestry showing the final stages of the battle of HastingsIn 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy, took advantage of the English succession crisis to invade]William used a network of castles to control the major centres of power, granting extensive lands to his main Norman followers and co-opting or eliminating the former Anglo-Saxon elite. Norman rule, however, proved unstable; successions to the throne were contested, leading to violent conflicts between the claimants and their noble supporters. Henry II was the first of the Angevin rulers of England, so-called because he was also the Count of Anjou in Northern France.[ Henry had also acquired the huge duchy of Aquitaine by marriage, and England became a key part of a loose-knit assemblage of lands spread across Western Europe, later termed the Angevin Empire. Henry reasserted royal authority and rebuilt the royal finances, intervening to claim power in Ireland and promoting the Anglo-Norman colonisation of the country. Henry strengthened England's borders with Wales and Scotland, and used the country's wealth to fund a long-running war with his rivals in France, but arrangements for his succession once again proved problematic. Several revolts broke out, led by Henry's children who were eager to acquire power and lands, sometimes backed by France, Scotland and the Welsh princes. After a final confrontation with Henry, his son Richard succeeded to the throne in 1189.

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R I C H A R D S P E N T H I S R E I G N F O C U S E D O N P R O T E C T I N G H I S P O S S E S S I O N S I N F RA N C E A N D F I G H T I N G I N T H E T H I R D C R U S A D E . H I S B R O T H E R J O H N F O U G H T S U C C E S S I V E , I N C R E A S I N G LY E X P E N S I V E , C A M PA I G N S I N A B I D T O R E G A I N T H E S E P O S S E S S I O N S . H E N RY ' S S O N , E D WA R D , D E F E AT E D T H E R E B E L FAC T I O N S B E T W E E N 1 2 6 5 – 6 7 , R E S T O R I N G H I S FAT H E R T O P O W E R.

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High Middle Ages (1066–1272)

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Late Middle Ages (1272–1485)Richard II meets the rebels calling for economic and political reform during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381On becoming king, Edward I rebuilt the status of the monarchy, restoring and extending key castles that had fallen into disrepair. Edward II inherited the war with Scotland and faced growing opposition to his rule as a result of his royal favourites and military failures. Like his grandfather, Edward III took steps to restore royal power, but during the 1340s the Black Death arrived in England. The losses from the epidemic, and the recurring plagues that followed it, had a major impact on events in England for many years to come. Edward's grandson, the young Richard II, faced political and economic problems, many resulting from the Black Death, including the Peasants' Revolt that broke out across the south of England in 138.

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Government and society

The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were hierarchical societies, each based on ties of allegiance between powerful lords and their immediate followers. At the top of the social structure was the king, who stood above many of the normal processes of Anglo-Saxon life and whose household had special privileges and protection.The relationship between kings and their nobles was bound up with military symbolism and the ritual exchange of weapons and armour.[ Freemen, called churls, formed the next level of society, often holding land in their own right or controlling businesses in the towns. Geburs, peasants who worked land belonging to a thegn, formed a lower class still. The very lowest class were slaves, who could be bought and sold and who held only minimal rights. As time went by, the position of the churls deteriorated, as their rights were slowly eroded and their duties to their lords increased.. Anglo-Saxon mints were tightly controlled by the kings, providing a high quality currency, and the whole country was taxed using a system called hidage.The Anglo-Saxon kings built up a set of written laws, issued either as statutes or codes, but these laws were never written down in their entirety and were always supplemented by an extensive oral tradition of customary law.

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High Middle Ages (1066–1272)

Within twenty years of the Norman conquest, the former Anglo-Saxon elite were replaced by a new class of Norman nobility, with around 8,000 Normans and French settling in England. The new earls (successors to the ealdermen), sheriffs and church seniors were all drawn from their ranks. In many areas of society there was continuity, as the Normans adopted many of the Anglo-Saxon governmental institutions, including the tax system, mints and the centralisation of law-making and some judicial matters; initially sheriffs and the hundred courts continued to function as before. The existing tax liabilities were captured in Domesday Book, produced in 1086.Changes in other areas soon began to be felt. The method of government after the conquest can be described as a feudal system, in that the new nobles held their lands on behalf of the king; in return for promising to provide military support and taking an oath of allegiance, called homage, they were granted lands termed a fief or an honour, Major nobles in turn granted lands to smaller landowners in return for homage and further military support, and eventually the peasantry held land in return for local labour services, creating a web of loyalties and resources enforced in part by new honorial courts.system had been used in Normandy and concentrated more power in the king and the upper elite than the former Anglo-Saxon system of government. ] The practice of slavery declined in the years after the conquest, as the Normans considered the practice backward and contrary to the teachings of the church. The emerging legal system reinvigorated the institution of serfdom in the 13th century by drawing an increasingly sharp distinction between freemen and villeins.

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The central hall of a restored 13th-century house, originally built with the profits from European tradeThe English economy was fundamentally agricultural, depending on growing crops such as wheat, barley and oats on an open field system, and husbanding sheep, cattle and pigs. In the late Anglo-Saxon period many peasants moved away from living in isolated hamlets and instead came together to form larger villages engaged in arable cultivation. Agricultural land became typically organised around manors, and was divided between some fields that the landowner would manage directly, called demesne land, and the majority of the fields that would be cultivated by local peasants. These peasants would pay rent to the landowner either through agricultural labour on the lord's demesne fields or through rent in the form of cash and produce. Jewish financiers played a significant role in funding the growing economy, along with the new Cistercian and Augustinian religious orders that emerged as major players in the wool trade of the north. Mining increased in England, with a silver boom in the 12th century helping to fuel the expansion of the money supply.

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M E D I E VA L E N G L A N D W A S A PAT R I A R C H A L S O C I E T Y A N D T H E L I V E S O F W O M E N W E R E H E AV I LY I N F L U E N C E D B Y C O N T E M P O R A R Y B E L I E F S A B O U T G E N D E R A N D A U T H O R I T Y. H O W E V E R , T H E P O S I T I O N O F W O M E N VA R I E D C O N S I D E R A B LY A C C O R D I N G T O VA R I O U S FA C T O R S , I N C L U D I N G T H E I R S O C I A L C L A S S ; W H E T H E R T H E Y W E R E U N M A R R I E D , M A R R I E D , W I D O W E D O R R E M A R R I E D ; A N D I N W H I C H PA RT O F T H E C O U N T R Y T H E Y L I V E D . S I G N I F I C A N T G E N D E R I N E Q U I T I E S P E R S I S T E D T H R O U G H O U T T H E P E R I O D , A S W O M E N T Y P I C A L LY H A D M O R E L I M I T E D L I F E - C H O I C E S , A C C E S S T O E M P L O Y M E N T A N D T R A D E , A N D L E G A L R I G H T S T H A N M E N .

M O S T A N G L O - S A XO N W O M E N , H O W E V E R , W O R K E D O N T H E L A N D A S PA RT O F T H E A G R I C U LT U R A L C O M M U N I T Y , O R A S B R E W E R S O R B A K E R S .

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T H E A N G L O - S A X O N S P R O D U C E D E X T E N S I V E P O E T R Y I N O L D E N G L I S H , S O M E O F W H I C H W A S W R I T T E N D O W N A S E A R LY A S T H E 9 T H C E N T U R Y , A LT H O U G H M O S T S U R V I V I N G P O E M S W E R E C O M P I L E D I N T H E 1 0 T H A N D E A R LY 1 1 T H C E N T U R Y. B E O W U L F , P R O B A B LY W R I T T E N B E T W E E N 6 5 0 A N D 7 5 0 , I S T Y P I C A L O F T H E S E P O E M S , P O R T R A Y I N G A V I V I D , H E R O I C T A L E , E N D I N G W I T H T H E P R O T A G O N I S T ' S D E A T H A T T H E H A N D S O F A D R A G O N , B U T S T I L L S H O W I N G S I G N S O F T H E N E W C H R I S T I A N I N F L U E N C E S I N E N G L A N D . O L D E N G L I S H W A S A L S O U S E D F O R A C A D E M I C A N D C O U R T LY W R I T I N G F R O M T H E 9 T H C E N T U R Y O N W A R D S , I N C L U D I N G T R A N S L A T I O N S O F P O P U L A R F O R E I G N W O R K S , I N C L U D I N G T H E P A S T O R A L C A R E .

M U S I C A N D S I N G I N G W E R E I M P O R T A N T I N E N G L A N D D U R I N G T H E M E D I E V A L P E R I O D , B E I N G U S E D I N R E L I G I O U S C E R E M O N I E S , C O U R T O C C A S I O N S A N D T O A C C O M P A N Y T H E A T R I C A L W O R K S . S I N G I N G T E C H N I Q U E S C A L L E D G Y M E L W E R E I N T R O D U C E D I N E N G L A N D I N T H E 1 3 T H C E N T U R Y , A C C O M P A N I E D B Y I N S T R U M E N T S S U C H A S T H E G U I T A R , H A R P , P I P E S A N D O R G A N .

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C A R O L S B E C A M E A N I M P O RTA N T F O R M O F M U S I C I N T H E 1 5 T H C E N T U R Y ; O R I G I N A L LY T H E S E H A D B E E N A S O N G S U N G D U R I N G A D A N C E W I T H A P R O M I N E N T R E F R A I N — T H E 1 5 T H C E N T U R Y F O R M L O S T T H E D A N C I N G A N D I N T R O D U C E D S T R O N G R E L I G I O U S O V E RT O N E S . B A L L A D S W E R E A L S O P O P U L A R F R O M T H E L AT E 1 4 T H C E N T U R Y O N W A R D S , I N C L U D I N G T H E B A L L A D O F C H E V Y C H A S E A N D O T H E R S D E S C R I B I N G T H E A C T I V I T I E S O F R O B I N H O O D . M I R A C L E P L AY S W E R E P E R F O R M E D T O C O M M U N I C AT E T H E B I B L E I N VA R I O U S L O C AT I O N S . B Y T H E L AT E 1 4 T H C E N T U R Y , T H E S E H A D B E E N E X T E N D E D I N T O V E R N A C U L A R M Y S T E R Y P L AY S W H I C H P E R F O R M E D A N N U A L LY O V E R S E V E R A L D AY S , B R O K E N U P I N T O VA R I O U S C Y C L E S O F P L AY S ; A H A N D F U L H AV E S U R V I V E D I N T O T H E 2 1 S T C E N T U R Y .

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M E D I E V A L E N G L A N D P R O D U C E D A R T I N T H E F O R M O F P A I N T I N G S , C A R V I N G S , B O O K S , F A B R I C S A N D M A N Y F U N C T I O N A L B U T B E A U T I F U L O B J E C T S . A W I D E R A N G E O F M A T E R I A L S W E R E U S E D , I N C L U D I N G G O L D , G L A S S A N D I V O R Y , T H E A R T U S U A L LY D R A W I N G O V E R T A T T E N T I O N T O T H E M A T E R I A L S U T I L I S E D I N T H E D E S I G N S . A N G L O - S A X O N A R T I S T S C R E A T E D C A R V E D I V O R I E S , I L L U M I N A T E D M A N U S C R I P T S , E M B R O I D E R E D C L O T H S , C R O S S E S A N D S T O N E S C U L P T U R E , A LT H O U G H R E L A T I V E LY F E W O F T H E S E H A V E S U R V I V E D T O T H E M O D E R N P E R I O D . T H E Y P R O D U C E D A W I D E R A N G E O F M E T A L W O R K , F R E Q U E N T LY U S I N G G O L D A N D G A R N E T S , W I T H B R O O C H E S , B U C K L E S , S W O R D H I LT S A N D D R I N K I N G H O R N S P A R T I C U L A R LY F A V O U R E D D E S I G N S . E A R LY D E S I G N S , S U C H A S T H O S E F O U N D A T T H E S U T T O N H O O B U R I A L , U S E D A Z O O M O R P H I C S T Y L E , H E A V I LY I N F L U E N C E D B Y G E R M A N F A S H I O N S , I N W H I C H A N I M A L S H A P E S W E R E D I S T O R T E D I N T O F L O W I N G S H A P E S A N D P O S I T I O N E D A L O N G S I D E G E O M E T R I C P A T T E R N S . F R O M T H E 7 T H C E N T U R Y O N W A R D S M O R E N A T U R A L I S T I C D E S I G N S B E C A M E P O P U L A R , S H O W I N G A P L A S T I C I T Y O F F O R M A N D I N C O R P O R A T I N G B O T H A N I M A L S A N D P E O P L E I N T O T H E D E S I G N S . I N T H E 1 0 T H C E N T U R Y , C A R O L I N G I A N S T Y L E S , I N S P I R E D B Y C L A S S I C A L I M A G E R Y , B E G A N T O E N T E R F R O M T H E C O N T I N E N T , B E C O M I N G W I D E LY U S E D I N T H E R E F O R M E D B E N E D I C T I N E M O N A S T E R I E S A C R O S S T H E S O U T H A N D E A S T O F E N G L A N D

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There is a lot of debate as to whether King Arthur actually existed. Some evidence says yes. If he truly existed it was believed to be somewhere in the 5th or early 6th century. Some evidence points to him being a soldier while other evidence points to him being a King. The first viable written evidence of his existence showed up in the 9th century in a book called "Historia Brittonum" (History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) ) where he was purported to have won 12 military battles. The legend of King Arthur peaked and waned over the centuries and made another strong appearance in Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur which was first published in 1485. This book has been reprinted many times over the centuries but a strong and lasting fascination with Arthur took hold with another reprinting of Le Morte d'Arthur in 1816. This was part of a very strong Gothic revival. Since then the legend has firmly taken hold and only grown. Whether or not King Arthur really existed is still up for debate but his legend does live on. He is one of the most famous medieval person ever to have lived (or not!).

King Arthur (5th-6th Century)

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Charlemagne (742-814)

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He was an Emperor and King who brought most of Western and Central Europe under his reign by a variety of means including military conquest. But he is not famous for just this. He was also a main force in something called the Carolingian Renaissance which changed much of Europe by bringing about a new monetary system, educational reform and a renaissance of the arts including military arts and the art of siege. He is often considered to be the father of what is now modern Europe.

Charlemagne (742-814)

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He was a Norse adventurer and explorer who is generally creditied as being the first European to discover North america. And this was a full 500 years before Columbus. He was the son of another famous Norse. (Eric the Red).

Leif Ericson ( 970-1020)

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His Normans were the last foreign force to conquer what is now Great Britain. He was King (William I) He began this conquest with the famous battle of Hastings in 1066 and in subsequent battles mostly to repress revolts and uprisings. His reign and influence had much impact on England. He brought about a lot of reform including adoption and English as the official language and adoptions of church reform. He instituted a wide plan for building castles and fortressess all over England to fortify his military strength and to control revolts and rebellions. The most famous of these buildings is the Tower of London.

William the Conqueror (1028-1087)

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She was the mother of Richard the Lionheart and King John. She was also a wealthy and powerful figure in the european High Middle ages. She was also Queen of the Franks through her first Marriage to Louis VII and Queen of the English through her second marriage to Henry II. She was an important figure in the culture of the High Middle Ages and she was instrumental in the defining and changing of values such as chivalry and romance. She also spent 16 years imprisoned for her alleged part in an attempt by her son to overthrow her husband Henry II. She led a remarkable yet tumultous life which included participation in the second crusades.

Eleanor of Aquitane (1122-1204)

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He was the favored son of Eleanor of Aquitane and a central figure in the thrid crusades. He was the Duke and Lord of many various lands such as Normandy and eventually became King of England. The military battles of the third crusades are his largest claim to fame yet he never achieved his goal of recapturing Jerusalem. He is also well known for some other things including the fact that he became to be known as the first King who was also a knight. And he spent much time and resources building fortresses and castles throughout his lands.

Richard the Lionheart (1157-1195)

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He lived during the overlapping time between when the Medieval Period ends and the Renaissance begins. And he is considered to possibly be the archetype of what a Renassance man is and possibly the most diversely skilled human being to have ever lived. He was an architect, designer, inventor, painter, botanist, writer ... well, you name it and he excelled at it. He realistically and symbolically represents humanities transformation

Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519)

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He was born in Sighioara , Transylvania which at the time was part of Hungary. And he is commonly known as yes.... Count Dracula! The legend has changed dramatically over the centuries but it is known that he was a central figure in the resistance of the dominance of the Ottoman Empire. And that he was particularly cruel in the handling of his enemies. He used many forms of torture against them including impalation on spikes. But as far as vampirism goes there isn't any evidence to link Vlad with it other than the creation of the Bram Stoker Dracula book.

Vlad the Impaler (1431-1476)

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He invented the printing press and the concept of movable type which revolutionized the book making process. Up until his time books were copied by hand. His invention is considered to be among the most important of the modern period. Books became much easier to make and much more affordable. And most importantly this changed the availability and flow of information throughout the world. His inventions quickly spread across the whole known world.

Johann Gutenberg (1398-1468)

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T H E F I R S T E N G L I S H C A S T L E S B E G A N T O A P P E A R A B O U T A T H O U S A N D Y E A R S A G O . T H E Y W E R E B U I LT F O R D I V E R S E P U R P O S E S , B U T T H E M O S T I M P O R T A N T W A S T O P R E V E N T A N Y F U R T H E R V I K I N G R A I D S , F R E N C H I N V A S I O N S , S C O T T I S H R A I D S A N D I M P O R T A N T LY , T O S H O W E N G L A N D I T S O W N M A G N I F I C E N C E . T H A T ' S O N E O F T H E M A I N R E A S O N S W H Y W I L L I A M T H E C O N Q U E R O R O R D E R E D T H E T O W E R O F L O N D O N B U I LT .

F O L L O W I N G I S A L I S T O F T H E M O S T I M P O R T A N T E N G L I S H C A S T L E S T H A T W E R E B U I LT D U R I N G T H E M I D D L E A G E S .

T H E T O W E R O F L O N D O N - T H E H I S T O R Y O F T H E T O W E R O F L O N D O N F R O M T H E F I R S T W H O B U I LT I T T O I T S U S E T O D A Y.

B O D I A M C A S T L E - B O D I A M C A S T L E W A S M O S T LY S Y M B O L I C A L . I T W A S B U I LT D U R I N G A V E R Y D A N G E R O U S T I M E I N E N G L A N D : T H E H U N D R E D Y E A R S W A R . A N I N V A S I O N N E V E R O C C U R R E D , B U T T H I S C A S T L E S T I L L P R O V E D T O B E A N I M P O R T A N T P L A C E T O H O L D T R O O P S .

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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E N G L I S H C A S T L E S

R A B Y C A S T L E - O N E O F T H E M O S T B E A U T I F U L E N G L I S H C A S T L E S .

S C A R B O R O U G H C A S T L E , E N G L A N D - S C A R B O R O U G H C A S T L E , E N G L A N D W A S A V E R Y L A R G E E S T A T E W H E R E Q E E N O R K I N G R U L E D .

B A I L E Y C A S T L E - V E R Y W E L L B U I LT . P I C S A R E A M A Z I N G .

W I N D S O R C A S T L E - I T I S A T H O U G H I T I S A F A I R Y T A L E C A S T L E . W I T H G O R G E O U S T O W E R S I T I S A S T H O U G H Y O U A R E I N C I N D E R E L L A ' S C A S T L E !

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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O T H E R C A S T L E S

B E S I D E S T H E M O S T F A M O U S E N G L I S H , G E R M A N , S P A N I S H A N D F R E N C H C A S T L E S , A L M O S T E V E R Y O T H E R E U R O P E A N , M I D D L E E A S T E R N A N D N O R T H A F R I C A N N A T I O N B U I LT C A S T L E S O F S O M E S O R T . T H E S E W E R E O F T E N F O R T I F I C A T I O N S T H A T W E R E S T R E N G T H E N E D S O M U C H T O B E C O N S I D E R E D A S C A S T L E S . F O R E X A M P L E , T H E P O R T U G U E S E B U I LT M A N Y C A S T L E S I N T H E I R F R O N T I E R T O S T O P A N Y P O S S I B L E S P A N I S H C O N Q U I S T A . S O D I D T H E S C O T T I S H T O P R O T E C T T H E M S E L V E S A G A I N S T T H E E N G L I S H . A L L I N A L L , M E D I E V A L H I S T O R Y I S F I L L E D W I T H T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N O F M A N Y C A S T L E S . F O L L O W I N G I S A L I S T O F T H E M O S T F A M O U S C A S T L E S N O T C O N T A I N E D I N A N Y O T H E R C A T E G O R Y.

B O T H W E L L C A S T L E - T H E S C O T T I S H C A S T L E O F B O T H W E L L P L A Y E D A K E Y R O L E I N T H E S C O T T I S H W A R O F I N D E P E N D E N C E . I T I S N O W O P E N T O T H E P U B L I C .

C A S T E L D E L M O N T E - T H E C A S T E L D E L M O N T E O R C A S T L E O F T H E H I L L , L O C A T E D I N I T A LY , I S A G R E A T E X A M P L E O F C A S T L E S Y M M E T R Y.

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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O T H E R C A S T L E S

C A E R D Y D D - C A R D I F F ( W A L E S ) - M O T T E A N D B A I L E Y C A S T L E C O N V E R T E D T O S T O N E T O W E R I N T H E L A T E 1 1 T H C E N T U R Y B Y T H E G R A N D S O N O F K I N G H E N R Y I . M O T T E I S A P P R O X I M A T E LY 4 0 \ ' H I G H . 1 2 S I D E D T O W E R C O N S T R U C T E D A N D W A S T H E P L A C E W H E R E T H E K I N G ' S B R O T H E R W A S I M P R I S O N E D U N T I L H I S D E A T H .

B E D F O R D C A S T L E

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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CH

APTER

9F

U N

F

A C

T S

1 . T H E FA M O U S B AT T L E O F H A S T I N G S D I D N O T TA K E P L A C E I N H A S T I N G S ! I T W A S A C T U A L LY W A G E D AT S E N L A C H I L L – W H I C H I S A B O U T 6 M I L E S ( 1 0 K M ) N O R T H - W E S T O F H A S T I N G S . “ T H E B AT T L E AT S E N L A C H I L L” C E R TA I N LY D O E S N ’ T H AV E T H E S A M E R I N G T O I T A S “ T H E B AT T L E O F H A S T I N G S ” !

2 . O N E O F T H E E A R L I E S T V E R S I O N S O F T H E L O N D O N B R I D G E W A S D E S T R O Y E D I N 1 0 1 4 W H E N T H E S A X O N S R O W E D U P T H E T H A M E S , T I E D R O P E S T O I T, A N D P U L L E D I T D O W N ! T H I S H E L P E D R E G A I N L O N D O N F O R T H E A N G L O - S A X O N K I N G A G A I N S T T H E D A N E S . I T I S P O S S I B L E T H AT T H I S E V E N T M AY H AV E B E E N T H E I N S P I R AT I O N F O R T H E N U R S E RY R H Y M E “ L O N D O N B R I D G E I S FA L L I N G D O W N ” .

3 . E N G L A N D U S E D T O B E T H E N AT I V E H O M E O F B R O W N B E A R S , B U T T H E Y B E C A M E E X T I N C T A R O U N D T H E 1 1 T H C E N T U RY. I N L AT T E R PA R T S O F T H E M I D D L E A G E S , T H E B E A R S W E R E I M P O R T E D I N T O E N G L A N D F O R S P O R T.

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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4 . T R I A L B Y O R D E A L W A S C O M M O N I N E N G L A N D I N T H E M I D D L E A G E S . I N T H I S T R I A L , T H E A C C U S E D W O U L D B E S U B J E C T E D T O A V E R Y P A I N F U L T A S K ( S U C H A S B E I N G B U R N T B Y A H O T I R O N ) – I F T H E Y S U R V I V E D T H E T R I A L , O R T H E I R W O U N D S H E A L E D Q U I C K LY , T H E Y W O U L D B E F O U N D N O T G U I LT Y A S I T W A S B E L I E V E D T H AT G O D H A D P E R F O R M E D A M I R A C L E T O H E L P T H E A C C U S E D . T H E C AT H O L I C C H U R C H F O R B A D E P A R T I C I P AT I O N I N T H E S E T R I A L S A N D D E M A N D E D T H E U S E O F C O M P U R G AT I O N I N S T E A D . C O M P U R G AT I O N W A S T H E T A K I N G O F A N O AT H O F I N N O C E N C E B Y T H E A C C U S E D W H I C H 1 2 P E E R S M U S T B E L I E V E .

5 . T H E R E W A S A C H U R C H F O R E V E R Y 2 0 0 P E O P L E . T H I S M E A N S T H AT I N A N Y G I V E N C I T Y , T H E R E W E R E C H U R C H E S E V E R Y W H E R E . M O S T B U I L D I N G S I N T H E M E D I E V A L C I T I E S W E R E C H U R C H E S .   F O R E X A M P L E , C I T I E S S U C H A S Y O R K , L I N C O L N A N D N O R W I C H T H AT H A D A P O P U L AT I O N O F N O T M O R E T H A N 1 0 , 0 0 0 E A C H , H A D A N A V E R A G E O F 5 0 C H U R C H E S E A C H .

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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6 . M E D I E V A L K N I G H T S U S E D W A R H O R S E S K N O W N A S D E S T R I E R S A N D W H E N T H E Y W E N T T O C O M B AT , M O S T W O U L D D O N FA V O R S S U C H A S S C A R V E S , A S L E E V E O R A V E I L T H AT T H E Y R E C E I V E D F R O M L A D I E S .

7 . T H E B L A C K D E AT H W A S O N E O F T H E D E A D L I E S T P L A G U E S O F T H E M I D D L E A G E S . I T A L I A N M E R C H A N T S F R O M A S I A C A M E B A C K T O E U R O P E I N 1 3 4 7 A N D B R O U G H T W I T H T H E M T H E P L A G U E . T H E P L A G U E W A S C H A R A C T E R I Z E D B Y B L U E A N D B L A C K S W E L L I N G S A L L O V E R T H E B O D Y. A C C O R D I N G T O H I S T O R I C A L A C C O U N T S , T H E B L A C K D E AT H K I L L E D A B O U T H A L F O F E U R O P E ’ S P O P U L AT I O N I N J U S T T H R E E Y E A R S .

8 . W O M E N I N T H E M I D D L E A G E S W E R E C O M P L E T E LY S U B M I S S I V E T O T H E M A L E S W H E T H E R I T W A S T H E I R FAT H E R , B R O T H E R O R H U S B A N D . A W O M A N W O U L D B E B E AT E N I F S H E R E F U S E D T O T A K E O R D E R S F R O M A N Y M A L E . A L A C K O F S U B M I S S I O N W A S P E R C E I V E D A S A S I N A N D C O N T R A D I C T O R Y T O R E L I G I O U S P R I N C I P L E S .

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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9 . A LT H O U G H M O D E R N D AY F I L M A N D F O L K L O R E D E P I C T S T H E M I D D L E A G E S R O M A N C E A S C O U RT LY A N D V E LV E T Y , T H I S I S FA R F R O M T H E M I D D L E A G E S FA C T S . T H E M E D I E VA L M A R R I A G E T Y P I C A L LY I N V O LV E D Y O U N G C H I L D R E N ; A B O Y A G E D F O U RT E E N A N D A G I R L A G E D T W E LV E W O U L D G E T M A R R I E D A N D T H E I R U N I O N W O U L D B E C O N S I D E R E D C O N S E N S U A L A N D L E G A L . T H E N O B L E FA M I L I E S C O N D U C T E D B E T R O T H A L S W H E N T H E I R C H I L D R E N W E R E A S Y O U N G A S 7 Y E A R S A N D S O M E E V E N B E T R O T H E D B A B I E S AT B I RT H .

1 0 . O N E O F T H E M O S T G R U E S O M E M I D D L E A G E S FA C T S I S T H AT M O S T T R I A L S W E R E “ T R I A L S B Y O R D E A L , ” A N D W E R E E S P E C I A L LY C O M M O N I N E N G L A N D . T H E S E T R I A L S E N TA I L E D S U B J E C T I N G T H E A C C U S E D T O PA I N F U L P U N I S H M E N T S U C H A S B U R N I N G H I M W I T H A H E AT E D I R O N . T H E A C C U S E D W O U L D B E F O U N D I N N O C E N T I F T H E W O U N D H E A L E D Q U I C K LY , A S I T W A S B E L I E V E D T H AT G O D H A D H E A L E D H I M B E C A U S E H E W A S I N N O C E N T.

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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S O U R C E

H T T P : / / W W W. W I K I P E D I A . C O M

H T T P : / / W W W. B B C . C O . U K

GROUP 1BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES

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