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Brown County 2009 Community Food Security
Report
Karen Early M.S. R.D.Brown County UW Extension Nutrition Education Program
Program Coordinator
Cathy HuntowskiBrown County UW Nutrition Education Program
Nutrition Educator
Gail Trimberger MSSW, LCSWUniversity of Wisconsin Green Bay Social Work Professional Programs
Assistant Professor
History: First local study done in 1998 in response to changes in welfare and family support programs. Validated in1999.
Share findings with community
Implemented initiatives to increase access to healthy food, improve utilization of Federal nutrition programs and improve emergency food assistance in Brown County
Repeated survey in 2004 and 2009
Purpose: To Determine
Prevalence and level of food security among at‐risk households in Green Bay, Wisconsin in 2009 and how it compares to 2004 and 1999 findings
Contributors to food insecurity Strategies used to improve food security Demographics, housing status and nutrition knowledge of pantry users
Types of initiatives that would increase the availability and accessibility of food
Re‐establish University partnershipConvene an advisory committeeStudents conduct literature reviewDetermine community focused questionsTranslate survey into Spanish, Hmong and RussianEnlisted participation of food pantriesDetermine sample size and interpreter needsTrain students Arrange interview schedule
Preparation:
Community Advisory Committee Steve Hero –Director of Social Concerns Green Bay Diocese Rosemary Jonas –Integrated Community Services Donna Kessler –St. Patrick’s Food Pantry David Littig – UWGB Professor Emeritus Political Sciences Kathy McMurray –NEWCAP ‐TFAP Cathy Putman – United Way Gail Trimberger –UWGB Social Work Professor Julie Van Klooster –St. Luke’s Methodist Food Pantry Judy Knudsen – Brown County UWEX Family Living Educator Cathy Huntowski – Brown County UWEX Nutrition Educator Karen Early –Brown County UWEX Nutrition Program
Coordinator
Student Literature Review Topics: Causes of Food Insecurity: Perceived and Real History and Utilization of Food Pantries History and Utilization of Food Stamps/Food Share Food Insecurity and Food Choices: Fruits and Vegetables Relationship between Food Security and Health Strategies to Improve Food Security: A Consumer
Perspective Strategies to Improve Food Security: Community
Interventions Relationship between Food Security and Housing Security Relationship between Food Security and Employment
Professional Social Work Students Jenna Albright, Kelly Hirsch, Kristina Andrew, Amanda
Johnson, Alisha Andrews, Danielle Kuntz, Kristen Beck, May Kaying, LorAlan Berdan, Jodi Loritz, Amy Binsfeld, Adria Meyerhofer, Colleen Bird, Dawn Natzke, Lisa Bohl, Jessica Nell, Alebra Cornelius, Katrina Puyleart, Natalie Doemel, Stephanie Scott, Melia Everhart, Sharon Skenandore, Carolyn Feck, Eugene Smalls, Lauren Flannery, Crystal Smith, Heather Goetsch, Lyn Stanton, Trish Gordon, Holly Visser, Amber Grall, Tara Wettstein, Lacey Groelle, Alicia Wheeler, Sarita Gruszynski, Jenna Wilke, Arielle Hille, Christina Wold, Laura Zimbler
Participating Food Pantries AIDS Resource Center Paul's Pantry Pulaski Community Pantry Resurrection Lutheran Church St. Bernard's Church St. Patrick Catholic Parish St. Willebrord Parish The Salvation Army Trinity Lutheran Church Calvary Lutheran Church DePere Christian Outreach Denmark Food Pantry First Presbyterian Church First United Methodist Church The Giving Tree Grace Lutheran Church Manna for Life
Participating Pantry
English, Russian, Spanish and Hmong
Students Trained on Delivering Survey
UWGB Students Entering 713 Surveys collected at 17 Brown County Pantries
40 UWGB Professional Social Work Program Entering Data
Why Do We Look at Food Insecurity? There are physical, mental and emotional
health consequences Affects learning and behavior in children Community strategies can improve food
security for individuals National rate is the highest ever Nobody in the United Sates needs to be
food insecure or hungry.
National Food Insecurity Rate
14.6% of U.S. households struggle to put enough food on the table (2008)
Over 46 million, including 16.7 million children live in these households.
…continued
That’s an increase of 4.1 million people from 2007 to 2009.
The highest recorded rate of food insecurity
Food Insecurity Affects:
Mental physical and emotional functioning
1 in 5 U.S. children now live in food insecure households
Mental Functioning Diminished capacity to concentrate and
learn
Lower test scores and school achievement
Repeating a grade in school
Increase in school absences, tardiness and school suspension
Physical Health Poorer overall health and compromised
ability to resist illness
More health problems such as stomach aches, headaches, colds, ear infections, and fatigue
All contributing to increased health costs
Emotional Health Difficulty getting along with others
Higher rates of aggression and passivity,Hyperactivity and anxiety
Affects feeling self self worthand ability to actualize potential
Food Insecurity Affects:
IndividualsFamiliesSchoolsCommunities
Food Security Defined:
When all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient food to meet their dietary needs for a productive and healthy life.
A Food Secure Community Provides
Availability of a variety of foods at a reasonable cost
Access to a grocery store or other sources that supply food
Sufficient personal income to purchase food that meets nutritional needs for each household member
Freedom to choose enough personally acceptable food
Confidence in the quality and safety of food available
Access to accurate information about food and nutrition
Sample size goal of 808 interviews
Sample size determined based on the average number served per month at each pantry.
Interviews conducted at 17 pantries by 40 UW Green Bay Social Work students
USDA methodology was utilized to determine food security status based on a series of questions
Cross tabulations computed to show relationship of food security to selected factors
88.2% of target sample was interviewed with 713 responding
Methodology:
Questionnaire The USDA Food
Security Survey was used to measure food security status.
USDA's revised labels describe ranges of food security
General categories(old and new labels are
the same)
Detailed categories
Old label New label Description of conditions in the household
Food security Food security
High food security
No reported indications of food-access problems or limitations
Marginal food security
One or two reported indications—typically of anxiety over food sufficiency or shortage of food in the house. Little or no indication of changes in diets or food intake
Food insecurity
Food insecurity without hunger Low food security
Three or more affirmative responses. Reports of reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet. Little or no indication of reduced food intake
Food insecurity with hunger
Very low food security
Reports of multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake.(Eight affirmative out of 18 with children and six out of ten affirmative without children)
Examples of Food Security/Hunger Questions: “The food we bought just didn’t last, and we didn’t
have money to get more.” Was that often, sometimes, or never true for you in the last 12 months?
In the last 12 months, did you ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn’t enough money for food?
In the last 12 months, did you ever not eat for a whole day because there wasn’t enough money for food?
Additional Questions Were Added: Demographics Food Assistance Utilization Reasons for Not Enough Food Nutrition and Health Housing Employment Strategies Used to Have Enough Resources to Help
Results: Demographics
GenderAge of RespondentAge of Children in HouseholdEthnicity of RespondentEducational Level
31%
69%
MaleFemale
Note. N = 681
Gender of Food PantryUsers Surveyed
Age of Respondents
Pie Chart Representing Age Demographics of Respondents
20%
26%
28%
17%
7% 2%
30 or younger
31 ‐ 40
41 ‐ 50
51 ‐ 60
61 ‐ 70
71+
Age of Children in Households
30%
50%
20%
Under 5 yrs. 5 yrs. ‐ 17No children
Age of Children of the Pantry Users Surveyed
EthnicityEthnicity reported by respondents
8% 0%
7%
58%
0%
0%
20%
0%
4%3%
American Indian orAlaskan NativeAsian American
African American
White
Native Hawaiian orPasific IslanderRussian
Hispanic
Somalian
Hmong
Education Level
Food Security by Level of Education
15%
18%
37%
30% Less than 9th grade
9th ‐11th grade
High school graduateor equivalentMore than high school
Results: Food Security Status
Overall Gender Ethnicity With children 10 year comparison
Overall Food Security Status
Percent of Overall Food Security Status 2009 (N = 713)
7%
11%
38%
44%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00%
1
Very Low Food Security
Low Food Security
Marginal Food Security
High Food Security
Very Low Food Security
Low Food Security
Marginal Food Security
High Food Security
Food Security Level
Food Security by Ethnicityof Respondents
Percentage of Low & Very Low Food Security Level by Ethnicity
47%
79%
87%
90%
96%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Hispanic
Caucasian
AfricanAmerican
AmericanIndian
Hmong
Percentage of Low & VeryLow Food Security Level byEthnicity
Food Security ComparisonRegarding Ethnicity
Comparison between White and Combined Ethnic Populations Experiencing Low to Very Low Food Security
79%
85%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
WhitePopulation
CombinedEthnic
Population
Combined Ethnic PopulationWhite Population
Food Security Status ofRespondents with Children
Food Security Status of Households With Children, 2009 (N = 713)
18.2%
81.7 %
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Food Secure
Food Insecure
Food Insecure
Food Secure
Brown County UW-Extension 2009 Food Security Research
Food Security Status: Ten Year ComparisonTen Year Comparison of Food Security Status of Food Pantry Users
2009 (N = 713), 2004 (N = 641), 1999 (N = 277)
11.00%
89.00%
28.30%
71.16%
18.30%
81.70%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Food Secure
Food Insecure
2009
2004
1999
1
Brown County UW-Extension 2009 Food Security Research
Perceived and Real Contributors to Food Insecurity
Ten Year Comparison of Reasons Why Not Enough food2009 (N=713), 2004 (N=641), 1999 (N=277)
Multiple Response
85.6%
11.2%
9.6%
12.8%
21.6%
34.7%
24.8%
22.8%
20.8%
20.1%
36.7%
7.1%
90.4%
20.3%
16.2%
13.0%
13.5%
13.5%
32.2%
68.3%
50.0%
31.5%
26.6%
39.0%
61.3%
36.7%
91.0%
14.0%
22.0%
32.0%
21.0%
31.0%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
not enough money for food
not enough time for shopping or cooking
on a diet
no working stove available
no working refrigerator available
not able to cook or eat because of health problems
don't know how to prepare the foods given to me
too hard to get to the store
no car
bus costs too much
bus doesn't go where I need it to go
work schedule
no grocery store in the area
can't get to the pantry during open hours
child care problems
1999
2004
2009
Results: Utilization of Food Assistance
First time use of food pantries Pantry usage in the past 12 months Utilization of Food Share
First Time Use of Food Pantry
First Time Use of Food Pantry2009 (N = 713), 2004 (N = 641)
4.5%
23.2%
13.4%
17.7%
40.1%
4.1%
28.2%
14.7%
12.0%
40.6%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
today is the first time
sometime in the last 6 months
6 months to a year ago
1 to 2 years ago
more than 2 years ago
2004
2009
Pantry Usage in Past 12 MonthsFood Pantry Usage it the Past 12 Months
2009 (N = 713)
41.0%
4.1%
43.6%
15.1%
8.6%
22.0%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0%
Yes
0
1‐3
4‐6
6‐9
9‐12
Number of MonthsReceived Food from morethan 1 Pantry
Food from more than 1Pantry
Reasons People do not ReceiveFood Share
Reasons People do not Receive Food Share (food stamps) Multiple Response2009 (N = 627), 2004 (N = 641)
11.4%
43.0%
31.5%
25.3%
19.2%
20.5%
17.2%
13.2%
44.7%
35.7%
19.0%
14.6%
20.1%
21.4%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0%
don’t know about food stamps
don’t think you're eligible
applied for food stamps but not eligible
don’t know how to apply
application process is too difficult
I don't need food stamps
I don't want food stamps
2004
2009
Results: Nutrition and Health Importance of consuming 5 or more Consumption of the right amount Reasons why people don’t eat the right
amount Reported health problems
Consumption of the Recommended Amount of Vegetables and Fruit
Consumption of the Right Amount of Vegetables and Fruit
2009 (N = 675), 2004 (N = 641)
26.8%
73.2%
29.3%
69.1%
1.60%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0%
eat right amount
should eat more
don't know
2004
2009
Reasons Why Not Enough Vegetables and Fruits are Eaten
Reasons People Do Not Eat the Right Amount of Vegetables and Fruits N = 713: multiple response, 2009
12.7%
14.5%
47.0%
69.4%
14.9%
15.8%
12.5%10.6% not available in the store where I need to
shop
the store doesn't carry the kinds I l ike
I feel they spoil too quickly and will go towaste
they cost too much
I don’t care for the taste
My kids won't eat them
I don’t know what to do with them (how toprepare them)
other
Health Problems of Pantry User Households
Reported Health Problems of Household Members of Pantry Users Multiple Responses
2009 (N = 713), 2004 (N = 641)
42.8%
45.3%
13.5%
24.6%
35.3%
14.6%
33.3%
26.2%
46.3%
40.0%
22.5%
36.3%
15.7%
34.1%
NR
NR
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0%
Depression
Overweight
Underweight
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Asthma
Other
2004
2009
Results: Housing and Employment Housing status Adults currently working Food security status and employment Hourly wage Sources of income
Current Housing StatusCurrent Housing Status
2009 (N = 624), 2004 (N =641)
78.0%
19.3%
83.8%
12.0%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
rent
own my home
2004
2009
Employed Adults in the Household
Food Security by Employment Status
2009 Food Security Status by Current Employment, 2009 (N = 351)
6.3%
10.8%
43.9%
39.0% High food security
Marginal food security
Low food security
Very low food security
Hourly Wage of Primary JobHourly Wages of Primary Job 2009 (n =232), 2004 (n =255)
1.8%
15.1%
27.6%
32.3%
10.3%
3.0%
19.9%
20.4%
29.6%
25.7%
3.9%
0.5%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0%
$4.00 ‐ $6.75
$6.76 ‐ $7.50
$7.51 ‐ $8.84
$8.85 ‐ $12.00
$12.01 ‐ $16.25
over $16.25
2004
2009
Sources of IncomeSources of Household Income Last Month (multiple response)
2009 (N = 713)
52.9%
6.2%
19.2%
12.6%28.3%
11.5%
4.6%
22.0%
8.3%
16.0%
7.3%employment
pension
unemployment
disability/worker'scompensation
social security
child support
W2
SSI
earned income tax credit
housing assistance
other
Results: Strategies Used to ImproveFood Security
Resources that would help improve food security
Strategies used to have enough money for food
Food assistance used in last 12 months by food security level
Food assistance used in last 12 months2005-2009 compared
Resources That Would Help Get Enough Food
Strategies Used to Have Enough Money for Food
Strategies Used to Have Enough Money for Food Multiple Responses
2009 (N = 713), 2004 (N = 641)
2.6%
34.5%
17.4%
18.1%
36.6%
23.0%
6.9%
48.5%
12.7%
6.8%
31.1%
19.8%
24.3%
28.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0%
moved into a shelter
not paid rent or mortgage on time
living with another household
got an additional job
neglected healthcare needs
used payday loan services
used rent‐to‐own stores
borrowed from a friend
other
2004
2009
Types of Assistance Used to Improve Food Security by Food Security Level
Food Assistance Used by Food Security Level 2009 (N = 713)
25
33
31
40
6
22
9
21
113
49
161
323
238
270
75
160
63
152
510
298
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
WIC
Friends/Relatives
School Breakfast
School Lunch
Shelter
Summer Lunch
Summer Breakfast
Meal Sites
Food Pantries
Food Share
Food Insecure
Food Secure
Food Security Level
Types of Food Assistance Used: 2004 ‐ 2009 ComparedFood Assistance Programs Used by Respondents in the Last 12 Months
2009 (N = 713), 2004 (N = 641)
26.8%
51.0%
38.5%
44.5%
11.6%
26.1%
10.0%
24.8%
89.3%
49.8%
23.5%
46.8%
38.7%
38.7%
13.6%
18.2%
5.7%
20.3%
92.9%
42.8%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
WIC
friends/relatives
free or reduced schoolbreakfast
free or reduced school lunch
shelters
summer lunches in the park
summer breakfast programs
community meal sites
food pantries
food share (food stamps,Quest card)
2004
2009
Limitations of Research Pantry hours and student availability Assertiveness Interpreters Pantry acceptance Consumers visiting multiple sites Confidentiality Data analysis
The Community Responds
1. Family Economic Security
2. Access to Affordable and Healthy Food
3. Federal Nutrition Programs
4. Emergency Food Assistance
Wisconsin Food Security ConsortiumEnding Hunger in Wisconsin Strategies:
1. Family Economic Security
Increasing access to education and training Improving job opportunities Affordable and appropriate childcare Affordable housing and energy Economic assistance programs utilized
Marley Street Garden Vendor at Present Broadway Market
Commercial Kitchen: UHAACC
Commercial Kitchen in Use
Food Entrepreneur
Community Resource Handbook
2. Access to Affordable and Healthy food (examples)
Nutrition education Needs assessment and advocacy for
development of downtown Save-A-Lot Grocery
Development of downtown New Leaf Market Food Cooperative in the works
Fruit and Vegetable Access Audit Community garden development
Oneida Center for Self Sufficiency
Walk and Talk:Money for Food Nutrition Education
Breastfeeding Education
Save‐A‐Lot Grocery Store
Save‐A‐Lot Grocery Store
Downtown Food Project
Membership Options for New Leaf Market Excerpt from Membership Brochure
Fruit and Vegetable Access Audit –Variety and Quality
Fruit and Vegetable Audit
Community Gardens Community gardens space availability
increased gardeners from 6 families on one city lot to 180 families on 20 acres of gardens at one time. Now reduced to130 plots and reduced acreage.
Farmers market start-up for 16 new minority vendors
Growers developed small businesses Established new farmers market
Fruits of Labor
3. Federal Food Program Outreach:Food Share
Food Stamp outreach to eligible participants increased participation by 98% while the state utilization rate increased 52%
EBT at the Farmers Market is coming in 2011
USDA Outreach Campaign
EBT at the Farmers Marketcoming next season!!!
Percent Change in Food Share Recipients 2000‐2008 Figure 34
Percent Change in Food Stamp Recipients 2000 ‐ 2008
80%
191%
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
Wisconsin
Brown County
Brown County
Wisconsin
3. Federal Food Program Outreach: WIC (Women Infant and Children)
Figure 35
80%
106%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Wisconsin
Brown County
Brown County
Wisconsin
Estimated Percentage of Eligible WIC Recipients Served 2008
3. Federal Food Program Outreach: School and Summer Meals
Summer breakfast program participation increased by 540%
School breakfast program participation increased by 539%
Number of summer lunch program meal sites increased by 660%
Percentage of Free and Reduced Lunch Recipients
23%
31%
34%
33%
37%
40%
43%
45%
46%
48%
51%
53%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
1998‐99
1999‐00
2000‐01
2001‐02
2002‐03
2003‐04
2004‐05
2005‐06
2006‐07
2007‐08
2008‐09
2009‐10
Percentage of Free andReduced Lunch Recipients
Percentage of Green Bay Students Eligible of Free and Reduced Meals Figure 36
Percentage of Low Income Children With School Breakfast Access Figure 37
Percent of low‐income children who have access to breakfast in their schools (2006)
81%
86%
78% 80% 82% 84% 86% 88%
Wisconsin
Brown County
Brown County
Wisconsin
Percent Change in School Breakfast Daily Participation
Figure 38Percent change in average daily participation in breakfast program (1999 ‐
2006)
95%
196%
0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
Wisconsin
Brown County
Brown County
Wisconsin
Percent Change in Daily Summer Meal Sites July 2001‐2008
Figure 39
19%
76%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Wisconsin
Brown County
Brown CountyWisconsin
Percent Change in Average Daily Attendance for Summer Meal Sites July 2001 – July 2008
3. Federal Food Program Outreach:Senior Farmers Market Vouchers
Advocated for statewide access to Senior Farmers Market Voucher Program
Distributed 550, $30.00 vouchers to Brown County Seniors each year in 2002 – 2005Turned program management over to Aging and Disability Resource Center in 2006
4. Emergency Food Assistance:Food Pantries
Postal Food Drive Boy Scout Food Drive Beer Belly /run CROP Walk – funds raised were used to purchase
refrigerators for 8 pantries desiring to diversify the foods offered to families
Festival Foods Cart Away Hunger Feeding America Plant a Row for the Hungry University of Wisconsin Green Bay “Empty Bowl”
fundraiser with ceramics department.
Feeding America Partnership
Plant a Row for the Hungry
Festival Food “Cart Away Hunger”
Feed the Children
Food Pantry Utilization Trends
Food Pantry Usage Trends 2007‐2009
2,445 2,727 3,048
4,295
5,4305,842
3,5974,074
4,505
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Feb.
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ril '07
June '
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Oct. '
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c. '07
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Dec. 0
9
Households Adults Children
1. Family Economic Security
2. Access to Affordable and Healthy Food
3. Federal Nutrition Programs
4. Emergency Food Assistance
Strategies to End Hunger in Wisconsin
“To eliminate food insecurity….interventions are needed including, adequate funding for and increase in utilization of food and nutrition assistance programs, inclusion of food and nutrition education in such programs, and innovative programs to promote and support individual and household economic self‐sufficiency.”
(American Dietetics Association Position Paper on Food Insecurity, 2010)