Course: B.Sc. Agriculture

Subject: Principles of Horticulture

Unit :3

Method of pruning, Growth regulators and nursery

Pruning is an important horticultural practice.

Defination:

According to Gardner, pruning may be defined “as an

art or science of cutting away a portion of plant to improve the

quality of the product or to heal / repair the injury, the parts

commonly removed are branches or leaves or both, obviously

pruning is a subtraction process.”

Pruning

The extent and intensity of pruning on the same tree

varies from year to year, depending on the growth of the tree, its

bearing and season.

The following are the main objectives of pruning.

1. To maintain the growth and vigor of the trees and to maintain a

balance between the vegetative vigour and fruitfulness, so as to be

conductive for production of optimum crop of best quality.

2. To regulate the size and quality of fruit by way of proper

distributions of the fruiting area.

3. To regulate the succession of crop.

4. To spread the tree for convenience of economy in orchard

management.

1. Excessive pruning should be avoided as it affects the growth of the plant

by ‘dwarfening ‘and may induce more of eater suckers fascination and

thus effect the bearing potential.

2. In pruning only that wood which is not necessary for the tree should be

removed.

3. Pruning of large limbs should be avoided as far as possible.

4. Pruning of young trees should be done more carefully than they yielding

trees since serve pruning of young tree to going to delay the cropping and

much since serve pruning of young trees raging to delay the cropping and

much more yielding area will be removed than what is desired.

5. Each branch or part pruned or removed should be considered as a potential

bearing area and certain amount or food prepared the plants is reduced through

such removed part.

Principles of Pruning

1. Thinning Out:

This refers to the removal of the branches entirely from its base leaving no

stubs.

2. Heading Back:

This refers to pruning or cutting of main stem or all or few of the

branches leaving a basal portion. This method is often followed for hedges,

ornamental shrubs, first dormant pruning and October pruning in grapes.

Methods of Pruning

1 2

3. Disbudding or Rubbing off:

Here the young buds are nipped without giving then the change to sprout.

The buds may be either Vegative or reproductive. This is practiced regularly in flowering

plants to make the terminal bud to give a bigger flower.

4. Pinching and Topping:

This refers to the removal of the tip of the shoot alone with a view to

stimulate mildly the lateral growth; this is practiced regularly in coffee to remove the

apical dominance and to allow the side branches to grow vigouresely. e. g Deshi cotton.

3 4

Fruit Splitting is a serious problem of pomegranate. It is due

to boron deficiency in young fruits while in developed fruits it may be

caused due to extreme variations in day and night temperatures.

At the time of fruit ripening, if the soils become too dry

followed by heavy irrigation or rains, cracking may occur.

Delay in harvesting of fully ripened fruits for a long time or

severe attack of pest and disease also leads to cracking of the fruits.

Fruit Splitting

Control of fruit Splitting

•The water retention capacity of the plants should be increased by the

use of organic manures.

•The plants should be irrigated regularly during the entire fruit

development stage.

•Spraying of Boron (50 ppm) and GA (40ppm) on the young fruits

minimizes the incidence of fruit cracking.

Growth regulator may be defined as chemical

substance, other than nutrient and vitamin regulate the growth of

plant when applied in small quantities.

In term growth substance or auxin is often used to

mean the same as growth regulators.

Growth Regulator

1. Auxin

2. Gibberellins

3. Cytokines

4. Ethylene

5. Inhibitors

6. Growth retardants.

Types of Growth Regulators

1. Auxins

Dr. Kogl and his co-workers in 1933 isolated auxin –‘a’ from

human urine and auxin ‘b’ from corm germ oil. Afterwards physiological roles

of auxin have been reported by many scientists. These auxin who are

responsible for revolutionary changes in the field of horticulture.

Action1. Cell elongation.

2. Promote root initiation.

3. Inhibits root elongation.

4. Delay leaf abscission.

5. Induce callus formation.

6. Restore apical dominance.

e.g. - 1. IAA (Indole Acetic Acid)

2. IBA (Indole Butyric Acid)

3. NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid)

4. 2, 4-D (2, 4 – Dichlorophenxy Acetic Acid)

5. 4-CPA (4-Chloropenoxy Acetic Acid).

2. Gibberellins:

In 1929 scientist ‘Yabata and Hayashi’ first isolated gibberellins from fungal

culture. Since then number of gibberellins have been isolated from both the fungus

and plants.

Action:

1. Promote growth (Specially those plants are genetically dwarf types).

2. Promote bolting and flowering.

3. Replace chilling requirements of plants and light requirements.

4. Promote seed germination and break dormancy.

5. Increase pollinations.

6. Increase cell elongation.

7. Induce maleness.

3. Cytokines

The first Cyotkinin hormone in plant was identified by ‘Lethan and his co-

workers’ from corn seeds which can stimulate cell division.

Actions:

1. Cell division.

2. Shoot initiation.

3. Breaking dormancy: promote seed germination.

4. Retard senescence: freeness’s of plants.

5. Promote hermaphrodite flower. e.g Grape.

6. Induce parthenocarpic and increase fruit size.

4. Ethylene:

A synthetic chemical known as Ethrel (Ethephon -2), Chloroethyl phosphoric

acid (CEPA) which reduce ethylene when applied on plant.

Actions:

1. Apical dominance arrested.

2. Stimulate of lateral growth.

3. Promote abscission of leaves, flowers, and fruit.

4. Induction of flowering.

5. Helps in fruit ripening.

6. Promote rooting.

7. Helps in chlorophyll formation.

8. Promote seed germination.

9. Increase female flowers.

10. Breaks dormancy.

5. Growth retardants:

Slow cell division and cell elongation.

e.g. i) 2,4 DNC (2,4 Dichlorobenzyl ).

ii) CCC (Cycocel) and

iii) Alar.

Actions:

1. Regards stem elongation.

2. Prevents cell division.

3. Accelerate flower initiation.

4. Inhibits root development.

5. Inhibitors: Suppers the growth of plants.

Synthetic inhibitors:

1. MH- Maleic hydrazide.

2. TIBA- Tri- iodobenzoic acid.

Actions:1. Accelerate the loss of chlorophyll.

2. Inhibits germination.

3. Induce flowering (by suppressing Vegative growth)

4. Increase the yield of tubers.

5. Induce male sterility

Use of Growth Regulators in Horticultural Crops

1. Propagation:

They are applied in the form of paste and solution. The

concentration of the chemical varies with plant species and types of

cutting and method of application.

Rooting in stem cutting 9 Hard to root).

IAA, IBA, and NAA.

a) Soak Method:

10 to 100 ppm for 12 -24 hrs called soak method.

b) Quick Dip Method:

1000to 5000 ppm for 5 seconds. Some G.R are used in layering, grafting

and budding for getting high success.

2. Seed Germination:GA significantly accelerates seed germination in many plant species. Pre

soaking the seed with G. Such as bhindi and sugar beet increase germination.

3. Induction of Flowering:Plant growth regulators like NAA at 10 to 50 ppm causes early flowering in

pine apple. 2, 4 D at 6 to 10 ppm has used to induce flowering in pine apple.

Flowering can be delayed by 1 to 2 weeks NAA at 200 to 800 ppm application in

apple, cherries, pears, peaches, and plums.

4. Sex Expression:Plant growth regulators can change the sex of the flowers. Male sterility can

be induced in corn by MH (malic hydrozide). It is used in plant breeding for

induction of male sterility. Application of NAA, IAA and GA at 50 to 100 ppm

increases female flowers in pumpkin, cucumber to get more yield.

5. Flower and Fruit Thinning:Many fruit trees produces heavy flowering and fruit in one year and few or

one in next year. By using G.R the normal bearing can be maintained NAA at 5 to

10 ppm and NAA at 5 to 7 ppm for thinning of apple, peaches and grapes.

6. Pre Harvest Drop of Fruits:Flower and fruit drop is a problem in many fruit crops. Application of

NAA 10- 50 ppm in mango, citrus and chilies reduce fruit drop by preventing

formation of abscission layer.

7. Fruit Development:Application of 50- 100 ppm GA in grapes increases the berry size.

8. Early Maturity:Early maturity fetches higher prices in the market. In pine apple

application of 20 ppm NAA induces early flowering and early maturing at least by

two months. Spraying of 50 ppm NAA reduces maturity in grapes, use of 250 –

400 ppm of Ethrel induces early maturity in Ber.

9. Early Ripening and Colour Development:Fruits like mango, banana, papaya ripes after harvest. Dipping of fruits

in 20-50 ppm Ethrel solution induces golden yellow colour to fruit induces early

maturity.

10. Delayed Maturity:Delay in ripening is required when fruit are to be sent to long distance

market. Dipping of fruit in 2,4-D, 2,4- 5- T or MH- 40 extends storage life of

fruits.

11. Sprouting of Bud:Ethrel, GA, thio urea, IBA and Cyotkininn, spray induces sprouting of

buds.

12. Braking of Dormancy:GA, Ethrel, NA are used in breaking dormancy in seeds and buds.

The term ‘Rejuvenation’ means renewal or making new or

young again.

• The act of replanting on existing plants. or

• To restore to former state, make fresh or new again

As applied to the orchard tree it would mean restoring the

productive capacity of the fruit trees.

The meaning of ‘Rejuvenation’ according to chamber’s

dictionary is ‘to recover youth character or to grow again’.

Obviously, this would apply to those plants which have

attained a stage where they are no more profitable from the

grower’s point of view.

i. Growth of wild shrubs and grasses•Wild shrubs and grasses continue to grow without any check under the tree and in

between the rows. Weeds harbor insects, pests and diseases too.

•When they become large enough they interfere in the orchard operations and some

of them climb up the tree and by shading the leaves or due to their parasitic nature

cause great damage to the main fruit crop.

ii. Overcrowding and unsystematic planting•In some of the orchards no regular or systematic planting is followed. The trees

are also found to be planted so close that they form a dense overhead canopy which

does not allow sufficient light to reach at different parts of the fruit trees uniformly.

•The lower branches remain under perpetual shade. As a result of it the bigger

branches remain devoid of small twigs or branch lets and ultimately this

abnormality reduces the fruiting surface.

•In such cases, trees for want of space grow tall and bear fruits almost on edge

only.

•These fruits in hotter localities are affected adversely by sun burn.

•This way the growers unfortunately suffer a double loss because on one hand

the quality of the fruit and on the other the total produce both are considerably

reduced.

•Free circulation of air is also checked and this results in development of pests

and diseases.

iii. Inferior varieties•The poor selection of planting material at the time of planting will cause a great

loss throughout the life of the orchard.

•In most of the orchards trees have been raised from seeds and of inferior

varieties.

•Seedlings of poor varieties are potentially poor and their performance is

subjected to a wide range of variation so that even if they grow and function

normally, they do not produce a crop that can fetch good price in the market.

Enhance the productivity of old fruits orchards.

Provide quality planting material to farmers at

reasonable to increase the yield per capital.

Make senile orchards productive and juvenile.

Enhance the profitability.

Conservation of old progeny or species.

Practices to be followed in advance before the trees

reach at need of rejuvenation to protect the orchard from this

malady have also been explained side by side.

Soil management practices :-

Cultivation

Irrigation

Drainage

Manuring

Thinning and filling of gaps

Control of pests, diseases and parasites

Pruning

A. Cultivation•It involves the elimination of wild shrubs and grasses from the land left vacant in

between the trees.

•This practice has been found to prevent the surface soil from becoming it hard.

•Hard soil greatly adds to the difficulty of irrigation and interferes with the growth

of roots of main trees.

•Manures, fertilizers, green manure and other organic matter should be mixed with

the soil by means of regular cultivation.

B. Irrigation•The water relation of the plant is of extreme importance both for vegetative

growth and for fruit production.

•Application of manure should be followed by watering so that the nutrients are

readily absorbed. Soil around the tree base should be raised to form a platform so

that water does not touch the bark of the trunk directly.

•In areas of scarcity of rainfall or limited water supply, special methods of moisture

conservation such as mulching may be practiced.

C. Drainage•Drainage is as important as water supply.

•The absorption of nutrients is affected to a great extent by the aeration of the soil

which is affected by drainage.

•After prolonged stagnation of water roots below the soil surface die and they may

not be replaced by new ones.

•In poorly drained orchards, effective steps like provision of drains etc. should be

taken, so that there is not any interruption in the physiological processes of the

plants.

D. Manuring•Fruit trees live long, standing at the same place and bear crops year after year.

•Cultivation of green manure crops during early rains and turning of them in the

orchard soil and create proper provision for their decomposition would greatly

help in increasing the organic matter of the soil and this directly will influence the

supply of various nutrients.

•If green manuring is not possible, a heavy dose of F.Y.M or compost may be

spread throughout the orchard. Besides, individual trees should be manured with

quick acting fertilizers.

E. Thinning and filling of gaps

•Overcrowded trees should be thinned to proper distance.

•However, it is not useful to see many trees missing. In those cases gaps should be

filled up by trees of superior varieties.

•Sometimes certain varieties of citrus which have been propagated vegetatively for

many generations become somewhat lacking in vigour.

F. Control of pests, diseases and parasites

•Unhealthy or diseased limbs should be cut off and pruned parts are suitably

disposed.

•Bark boring caterpillars are prevalent in many orchards. Individual holes should

be treated, cleaned and then a mixture of carbon disulphide and chloroform (2:1) or

any other insecticide should be injected in it.

•Regular spraying of the orchard trees with insecticides and fungicides must form a

routine practice.

G. Pruning

•The misbalanced root-shoot ratio can be corrected by judicious pruning.

•The branches which have died or broken or one which interferes with

natural growth, and water sprouts should be removed.

•Old bearing trees that have reached their middle age have become some

what low in vigour due to constant cropping or neglect, should be pruned

heavily.

•Such trees respond better to a heavier pruning because of their reduced

vigour.

•This treatment is to be supplemented with a heavy dose of manure later on.

•Rejuvenation in guava and peach plantation is achieved by heading the trees

back almost to the base of the trunk.

•The low stems thus left produce vigorous growth and fair head is attained in

two years.

•Grape vines are also similarly rejuvenated when they loss vigour.

•The deciduous plants respond better to severe pruning where as evergreen

ones are said to grow slowly for some time afterwards.

•Root pruning also sometimes restore the vigour of unproductive plants.

Rejuvenation in Litchi Old orchard Rejuvenated orchard

Canopy development in rejuvenated plant Orientation of branches in rejuvenated plant

•Besides starting a new tree, scion wood

can be used for changing the variety of

an old tree, a process called top

working.

Ein Sheimer apple tree top worked with

Arkansas Black. The graft obtained almost the

size of the original tree in one season.

TOP WORKING:

The chief aim to top working is to

change the variety of an established tree.

Top working is done by adopting

grafting and budding method.

The best time top working is early

spring shortly before new growth starts.

In preparing the stock plant for top

working, except three to five scaffold

branches, all are removed.

Top working can be easily adopted in rejuvenated trees to upgrade the old

and senile plantations of seedling progeny with superior commercial cultivars.

Top working involves two steps (i) beheading of the tree to be top worked

and (ii) budding with a elite material on the new flushes emerging out on the

stumps of beheaded tree.

The plants are headed back during December-January to the extent of 2.5 to

3.0 m above the ground level. Four to six shoots from the outer directions on main

limbs should be allowed to develop. During June-July, scion of desired variety is

grafted (budding) on these shoots. After bud sprouting, the top portion of the shoot

is removed. Numerous side shoots, which emerge on the pruned branches after the

budding operation should be removed regularly as and when they emerge, so that

tree of pure commercial variety is obtained. Since tree is self incompatible, i.e. the

pollens of same tree/variety cannot fertilize its own ovary, the production from

mono-culture orchards without appropriate polliniser varieties, suffers adversely as

a result of problem of fruit set. Consequently polliniser variety are budded on

developing shoots of pruned trees to strengthen pollination process and

enhancement of fruit set and productivity. Budding with mixed varieties results in

better yield. Adequate care should be taken to manage the insect-pest problems as

these plants are prone to insect and sometimes wind damage.

What is nursery ?

Nursery is an area where all types of plants including trees,

shrubs, climbers, potted plants, fruit plants are propagated, reared

and sold. Besides, in a nursery, flowers and vegetable seeds,

fertilizers, growth regulators, implements and other garden

accessories are kept for sale.

What is Hi-Tech Nursery ?

Hi-tech nursery is deployment of any technology which is modern,

less environment dependent, capital intensive and has the capacity to

improve the growth and quality of plants, grafts, or seedlings.

Hi-tech nursery includes micro propagation, micro irrigation,

fertigation, protected cultivation (green house/poly house/net house)

and mechanization.

IMPORTANCE OF HI-TECH NURSERY1) High Tech nursery is the only place, where people can get genuine quality

planting material of their choice.

2) The young plants, young and tender seedlings can be easily maintained in

the high tech nursery. Similarly, it is easy to look after rather than in the

field.

3) Propagation of plants by asexual means required special skill and care of

plants before transplanting in the field, which can be easily done in

nursery but not at consumer’s level.

4) Seasoning of the seedlings against natural calamities is only possible in

the high tech nursery.

5) Many plants do not respond to direct sowing e.g. cabbage, tomato, chilli

and papaya in the field as compared to transplanting of seedling raised in

the nursery.

6) Cuttings of different horticultural and forestry plants for rooting are first

planted in nursery for better care and management.

7) For hardening of seedlings/grafts/layers, high tech nursery is a pre-

treatment place.

8) For off season production of fruit, flower and vegetable plants high tech

nursery is useful.

Advantages of Hi-tech nursery

• Better control over factors affecting plant growth

(substrate, irrigation, fertilization)

• More marketing options (ways, sizes and times of year)

• Higher plant densities

• Ability to use sites unsuited to field production

• Planting time is not weather dependent

• Some plants easier to grow in light weight containers for

handling and shipping

Different structures use for Hi-Tech Nursery

• Green house

• Net House

• Mist chamber

• Cold frames

• Hot beds

• Lath house

• Micro irrigation with fertigation

• Fogger system

• Use of PGRs

• Use of advanced containers

(I) Low cost Greenhouse low cost greenhouse does not

have any active environmentcontrol equipment.

For air exchange provision can bemade.

Not use throughout the year.

Cost is low.

Use local materials : Eucalyptus,bamboo, rope

Small farmers can also efforts. Low Cost Structure

Green house structures grouped into 3 categories based on theextent of regulation of environmental parameters viz light,temperature, humidity and CO2

(II) Medium cost Greenhouse

A medium cost green house has some degree of active environmentalcontrol (partially controlled). It could be used around the year.

Cost is effortable for medium or some what economically goodfarmers.

Medium Cost Structure

Constructed with pipes, PVC sheets, wooden or iron materials with ventilation

5

(III) High cost Greenhouse

A high cost greenhouse has more elaborate environmental control

system (fully controlled) for temperature, humidity, light, CO2 and

other parameters.

High Cost Structure

Components : Foggers, Drip / Fetrigation, good quality of plastic sheet/fibre sheet, ventilation, fan

Open vent green house :

These greenhouses serve the purpose of protecting the plant materialfrom untimely rain, frost, hail, insect and diseases.

In cases where the entire frame is covered with plastic film, provision ismade for adequate natural ventilation through doors, windows orcollapsible sites.

The size of the frame and the choice of the covering material dependupon the location and plant material.

If slight shedding and protection from insect is all i.e. expected, then thestructure could well covered with plastic net of suitable perforations.

A 30mesh net is claimed to keep aphids away.

The net houses protect the plants from high

temperature and occasional hails. However, if protection

from rain is also desired, then the roof can be made

impervious and the insides covered with net.

Such net houses maintain adequate ventilation

naturally.

Irrigation in these net houses could be through

micro-sprayers, which would maintain favorable humidity

levels in the net houses.

Net House

Mist Chamber:

A mist chamber consisting of following componenets :

(1) A high pressure pump,

(2) Time switch,

(3) Pipeline

(4) High pressure nozzles

(5) Heating and cooling system

Which are essential for giving intermittent sprays to the

cuttings for easy rooting in plant propagation process.

It is possible to raise cuttings throughout the year if the

temperature inside the mist chamber is maintained at 20-300C.

Propagation media consisting of 3 parts of peat and one part

of sand is kept.

LOW COST MIST CHAMBER

6

Cold Frames: Cold frames are made by

putting plastic glass or cloth cover and

masonry walls on the sides. Cold frames are

necessary to protect plants from light, frost,

heavy winds and rains. The beds should be

filled first with bricks and crocks followed by

sand.

Cold Frame

Hot beds

Hot beds are essential in the nursery for raising cuttings and

sowing seeds in the cold season.

The frame made of concrete, the cover of glass, plastic or

cloth and heating systems by hot water, hot air and electricity

are the main components of a hot bed.

The beds should be 60 cm in depth.

The bottom of the beds should be filled up with stable up to

30 cm and the rest portion should be filled with peat or leaf

mould.

Lath House

• A lath house is a valuable asset in raising seedlings, rooted cuttings, andyoung plants prior to setting them out in the garden.

• Properly used, it will modify the environment in which they are growingby offering protection from hot, drying summer winds, reducing theintensity of the sunlight, lowering temperatures, and by maintaining ahigher humidity.

• During December, January and February, the sides may be covered byplastic sheeting, which will furnish additional protection from the wintercold.

• The roof was first covered with black shade cloth, a total disasterbecause the black cloth absorbed heat from the sun, making it hotterinside the lath house.

• This cloth is left on in winter and, with the plastic sheeting on the sides,it gives added protection to the plants.

• Support must be provided inside the house for the rafters or roofingjoints, because a heavy, wet snow fall could pile up on the roof and bringthe entire structure down.

7

Fogger system

Table :1 Research carried out on use of PGRs on different fruit seeds

and in asexual propagation in nursery

Sr. No.

Name of crop

Growth retardant

Rate (mg/lit)

Purpose of application

Time of application

1 Papaya seed GA3 100 To remove seed dormancy

Seed treatment by dipping before sowing

2 Ber seed GA3 200 To increase seed germination

Seed treatment by dipping before sowing

3 Khionee seeds

GA3 400 To increase seed germination

Seed treatment by dipping before sowing

4 Orange seed GA3 500 To increase seed germination

Seed treatment by dipping before sowing

5 Pomegranate (cutting)

IBA 500 To get early & more roots

Apply to lower end of cutting before planting

6 Mangoair layering

IBA 10,000 To get early & more roots

Prepare lanolin paste and apply

Use of advanced containers in High tech

nursery

• Standard pots -deep as well as broad and commonly used.

• Clay Pots - excellent for large plants and alpines.

• Plastic Pots -easy to handle and useful for outdoor plants.

• Seed Pans - one-third of the depth of a standard pot of the same diameter and used for germinating of seeds.

• Half Pots - ideal for plants having small root balls like azalea.

• Long Tom Pots -suited for deep rooted plants,

• Whale Hide Ring Pots - bottomless and used for ring culture that holds the compost over the growing aggregate.

• Sweet pea Tubs - ideal for seedlings which quickly develop long root system.

• Hydro culture Pots- have two portions. The outer pot holds the water supply and the inner one contains the growing medium. .

Containers: Pots are used for culturing and displaying plants both

indoors and outside. The small sized pots, pans and half pots are

suitable for propagating and growing of young plants. Basically,

pots are of two types, round and square. Pots may be made of clay,

metals, plastic, wood and cement.

Biodegradable Pots - good for propagating plants that face root disturbance whentransplanted,

Lattice Pots - especially designed for aquatics lets in water, but should be linedwith hessian to retain soil.Peat Pellets - expanded with water before use and good for seeds and rootingcuttings.Pot Saucers - excellent for watering plants from beneath and to hold surpluswater.Trays and Modular Systems - beneficial for sowing seeds, putting cuttings andgrowing of young plants. Single use modules containing plastic cells, are useful forpricking out seedling and sowing seeds singly.

• Earthen pots and Tubes, Plastic Containers

Earthen pots are made locally with or without bottom.

The tubes are made by tieing two equal halves.It can be

made from Bamboos, Metals, Plastic papers or Plastics

etc.They are removed before planting.

8

9

POLYTHENE BAGS

The cheap and convenient method for raising large scale forestryplantations are by using polythene bags. They are also easy tokeep handle and transport.

It is normally white transparent but black coloured polythenebags are also used sometimes. Before filling polythene bags withlight texture loamy mixture of soil, sand and farmyardmanure,the various holes are made by punching it. This givesgood aeration and proper drainage.

The algae and moss are developed inside the polypots due toaction of light therefore, it is advisable to keep polypots buriedinside the soil. At the same time they need to be shifted twice orthrice to prevent roots going into the soil.

• Different aspects of High Tech nursery

– Fruit Nursery

– Vegetable nursery

– Bonsai Technology

– Cactus nursery

– Indoor plants

– Rose nursery

– Palm nursery

– Medicinal plants nursery

Fruit Nursery

Vegetable seedlings nursery

Tomato

Chilli

Brinjal

Cabbage

Cauliflower

Onion

Image references:1. http://www.fftc.agnet.org/htmlarea_graph/library/20110729174724/eb627f6.jpg

2. http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/graphics/1003/image1.gif

3. http://www.dahlias.net/dahwebpg/disbudding/ImgDisbud/dis_bud6.jpg

4. http://www.420magazine.com/gallery/data/500/pistils7.jpg

5. http://www.clovis.co.uk/horticultural/images/hl_tunnel_02.jpg

6. http://www.forda-mof.org/files/Teknik_Pengembangan_vegetatif_jati.pdf

7. https://s-media-cache-

ak0.pinimg.com/236x/b3/2d/6f/b32d6f93c8a1bdfe49b3cba71e788561.jpg

8. http://www.novoselenterprises.com/images/mainpic_container.jpg

9.http://www.mostlynatives.com/sites/default/files/styles/original_custom_user_all_1x/public/c

ontainer.jpg?itok=LF5YceL9

10 . Anand Agricultural University

Web References:1. www.agriinfo.in

2. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_pgr_auxin.html

3.http://tmnehs.gov.in/writereaddata/Chap-13.pdf