Bscience 2-project-2

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ BLD 61303 / ARC 3413 ]

PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT

SENTUL COMMUNITY LIBRARY

REPORT & CALCULATION

CHUNG WEI JIN

0313789

TUTOR: MR. EDWIN CHAN

Table of Content

1.0 Lighting

1.1 Quiet Reading Area

1.1.1 Daylight

1.1.2 Artificial Light

1.1.3 PSALI

1.2 Young Adult Area

1.2.1 Daylight


1.2.3 PSALI

2.0 Acoustic

2.1 External Noise Sound Pressure Level

2.1.1 Young Adult Area

2.1.2 Quiet Reading Area

2.2 Reverberation Time

2.2.1 Administration Office

2.2.2 Discussion Room

2.3 Sound Reduction Index

2.3.1 Children Area

2.3.2 Individual Study Booth

3.0 References

1.0 Lighting 1.1 Space 1: Quiet Reading Area

1.1.1 Daylight

According to MS 1525, Day lighting Factor distribution is as below:

Daylight Factor, DF

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

The area selected, which is the quiet reading area faces southward and is located at the second floor of the

building. This space has a façade of sliding glass windows, which allows daylight into the space and also

visual connectivity with the pedestrians passing by. The façade is further enhanced by external wooden

shutters which can be operated manually by the users when sun shading is needed.

Daylight

Figure 1.0 Second Floor Plan

Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor Area ( ) 7.72 x 8.2 = 63.30

Area of façade exposed to sunlight ( ) 31.16

Area of skylight 0

Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF

= 0.49 = 49% x 0.1 = 4.9%

Natural Illumination Calculation

Illuminance Example

120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight

110,000 lux Bright Sunlight

20,000 lux Clear Sky

1000-2000 lux Overcast day

400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day

<200 lux Midday

40 lux Fully overcast

<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud

Figure 1.1 Close up view of Quiet

Reading Area in plan view

Figure 1.2 Light Contour Diagram

Eexternal = 20 000 lux

DF=

x 100%

=

= 980 lux

Conclusion

The quiet reading area has a daylight factor of 4.9% and natural illumination of 980 lux. Based on the

requirements of MS 1525, this space has good daylight distribution as the value is in between 3-6%.

However, the illuminance value is higher than the required value of 300 lux. This can cause thermal and

glare problems, which leads to the discomfort of the users. Low-e coatings of the glass panels are

proposed to minimize the penetration of ultraviolet and infrared rays into the interior spaces. Moreover, this

is further aided by the installation of external wooden shutters, which can be manually operated by the

users to solve glare and thermal problems.

1.1.2 Artificial Lighting

According to MS 1525, the recommended illumination level for reading space is 300-500 lux.

Lumen Method Calculation

Type Recessed Fluorescent Light

Model

Figure 1.3 Columbia Lighting, EPC 14-1

Lumen ( lm ) 2750

Watt 26

Color Temperature, K 3200

Color Designation Warm White

Dimension of room (L x W) 8.2 x 7.72

Floor Area (A) 63.30m2

Height of Ceiling (m) 3.8

Lumen (Lux) 2750

Height of Luminaire (m) 3.8

Height of Work Level (m) 0.8

Mounting Height (Hm) 3.0

Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K)

= 1.33

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.40

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80

Number of Lamps Required

N=

N=

= 21.58 = 22

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =

X

= 0.57

SHR=

= 0.57

S = 1.71

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 8.2m wall=

= 4.80 = 5 rows

Number of lamps in each row =

= 4.4 = 5 lamps

Spacing along 7.72m wall =

= 1.54m

Fitting Layout

Conclusion

25 fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate the quiet reading area to achieve the minimum illuminance of

300 lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to perform tasks more efficiently and

accurately.

Figure 1.4 Light fitting layout in quiet reading area.

1.1.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)

Referring to the daylight values obtained above, the quiet reading area has a good daylight factor of 4.9%.

The light contour diagram also shows that the space receives sufficient day lighting during the day from the

façade. The artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 25 fluorescent lamps to

illuminate the quiet reading area. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the lightings are controlled with 3

switches. One for the first two rows near the opening whereby it can be switched off when there is sufficient

day light, one for the successive two rows in the middle and finally, the last one for the last row in the area.

PSALI Fitting Layout

Figure 1.4 PSALI light fitting layout in the quiet reading area.

1.2 Space 2: Young Adult Area

1.2.1 Daylight

According to MS 1525, Day lighting Factor distribution is as below:

Daylight Factor, DF

Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems

Bright 3-6 Good

Average 1-3 Fair

Dark 0-1 Poor

The area selected, which is the young adult area faces north and is located at the first floor of the building.

This space has a façade of sliding glass doors and is only enclosed from the left by a solid wall from the

neighboring building. The rest of the space is largely open and exposed to sunlight coming from the glass

façade which expands to the adjacent space.

Daylight

Figure 1.5 First Floor Plan

Daylight Factor Calculation

Floor Area ( ) 9.68 x 6.42 = 62.15

Area of façade exposed to sunlight ( ) 53.88

Area of skylight 0

Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF

= 0.87 = 87% x 0.1 = 8.7%

Figure 1.6 Close up view of Young Adult Area in plan view

Figure 1.7 Light Contour Diagram of Young Adult Area.

Natural Illumination Calculation

Illuminance Example

120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight

110,000 lux Bright Sunlight

20,000 lux Clear Sky

1000-2000 lux Overcast day

400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day

<200 lux Midday

40 lux Fully overcast

<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud

Eexternal = 20 000 lux

DF=

x 100%

=

= 1740 lux

Conclusion

The young adult area has a daylight factor of 8.7% and natural illumination of 1740 lux. Based on the

requirements of MS 1525, this can cause thermal and glare problems. Therefore, low-e laminated glass

panels can be applied to the sliding doors and wooden shutters is also proposed to block out excessive

ultraviolet and infrared light coming from direct sunlight shining into the space.


According to MS 1525, the recommended illumination level for reading space is 300-500 lux.

Lumen Method Calculation

Type LED Downlight

Model

Figure 1.8 Philips DN135C

Lumen ( lm ) 2000

Power (W) 13

Color Temperature, K 3000

Color Designation Warm White

Dimension of room (L x W) 9.68 X 6.42

Floor Area (A) 62.15m2

Height of Ceiling (m) 3.8

Lumen (Lux) 2000

Height of Luminaire (m) 3.8

Height of Work Level (m) 0.8

Mounting Height (Hm) 3.0

Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K)

= 1.29

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.48

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80

Number of Lamps Required

N=

N=

= 24.28 = 23 lamps

Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =

X

= 0.55

SHR=

= 0.55

S = 1.65

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 9.68m wall=

= 5.87 = 6 rows

Number of lamps in each row =

= 3.83 = 4 lamps

Spacing along 7.72m wall =

= 1.93m

Fitting Layout

Conclusion

24 LED downlights are used to illuminate the young adult area to achieve the minimum illuminance of 300

lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to read in a comfortable environment.

Figure 1.9 Light fittings layout in Young Adult Area.

1.2.3 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)

Referring to the daylight values obtained above, the young adult area has a large distribution of daylight

whereby its daylight factor of 8.9% exceeds the optimum standard of 6%. The light contour diagram also

shows that the space receives excessive day lighting during the day from the façade, resulting in thermal

and glare problems. The artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 24 LED down

lights to illuminate the young adult area. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the lightings are controlled with

2 switches. One for the first two rows near the opening in the north whereby it can be switched off when

there is sufficient day light and another one for the successive two rows at the back.

PSALI Fitting Layout

Figure 1.10 PSALI light fitting layout in the Young Adult Area.

2.0 Acoustic

2.1 External Noise Sound Pressure Level

2.1.1 Young Adult Area

i) Peak Hour ( Jalan Ipoh )

Highest reading= 80dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

80= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 8=

I= 1x 10-4


Lowest Reading= 60dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

60= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 6=

I= 1x 10-6

Total Intensity, I= (1x 10-4) + (1x 10-6)

= 1.01 x 10-4

Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (

), where po = 1 x 10-12

Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (

)

= 80.04dB

ii) Non-Peak Hour

Highest Reading= 55dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

55= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 5.5=

I= 3.162x 10-7


Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

50= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 5=

I= 1x 10-7

Total Intensity, I= (3.162x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7)

= 4.16 x 10-7


), where po = 1 x 10-12


)

= 56.19dB

Conclusion

The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations above,

the combined sound pressure level around the young adult area during peak and non peak hours are

80.04dB and 45dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading area, resulting in interrupted

communication. This can be solved by designing a landscape in front of the building which can act as a

buffer zone to absorb noise coming from the streets.

2.1.2 Quiet Reading Area

iii) Peak Hour ( Backlane )

Highest reading= 75dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

75= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 7.5=

I= 3.16x 10-5



Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

58= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 5.8=

I= 6.31x 10-7

Total Intensity, I= (3.16x 10-5 ) + (6.31x 10-7 )

= 3.22 x 10-5


), where po = 1 x 10-12


)

= 75.08dB

iv) Non-Peak Hour

Highest Reading= 53dB

Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

53= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 5.3=

I= 1.20 x 10-7


Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

)

50= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 5=

I= 1x 10-7

Total Intensity, I= (1.2 x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7)

= 2.2 x 10-7


), where po = 1 x 10-12


)

= 53.42dB

Conclusion

The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations above,

the combined sound pressure level around the quiet reading area during peak and non peak hours are

75.08dB and 53.42dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading area, resulting in a

chaotic environment unfit for quiet reading. This can be solved by proposing a double façade of wooden

shutters and sliding doors, which can filter and deflect noise coming from the street.

2.2 Reverberation Time

2.2.1 Administration Office

Standard Reverberation Time= 0.5-0.8 seconds

Space Volume= 2.63 x 5.1 x 3.8

= 50.97

Material absorption coefficient at 125Hz and 500Hz at non-peak hour with 4 person in the space.

Building

Elements

Materials Absorption

Coefficient

(125Hz)

Absorption

Coefficient

(500Hz)

Area (m2) Sound

Absorption,

Sa (125Hz)

Sound

Absorption,

Sa (500Hz)

Floor Concrete 0.01 0.015 13.41 0.13 0.20

Wall Concrete 0.01 0.02 10.52 0.11 0.21

Brick 0.03 0.03 20.40 0.61 0.61

Glass 0.10 0.04 28.52 2.85 1.14

Door Glass 0.35 0.18 2.40 0.84 0.43

Timber 0.30 0.15 2.40 0.72 0.36

Figure 2.3 Ground Floor Plan

Ceiling Plaster 0.02 0.02 13.41 0.27 0.27

Furniture Desk 0.50 0.45 2.00 1.00 0.90

Padded Chair 0.44 0.77 0.60 0.26 0.46

People - 0.3/P 0.4/P 4.00 1.20 1.60

7.99 6.18

125Hz

Reverberation Time, RT=

=

=1.02s

500Hz

Reverberation Time=

=

= 1.32s

Conclusion

The reverberation time for the office at 125Hz and also 500Hz is 1.02s and 1.32s respectively. This value

falls out of the standard reverberation time of 0.5-0.8s which shows that the space is lacking absorptive

materials. Carpets can be added to floors to further reduce the reverberation value. Moreover, the office

can also be placed further back into the building, creating a buffer zone in between the office and the

streets

Total absorption, A

2.2.2 Discussion Room

Standard Reverberation Time= 0.6-1.0 seconds

Space Volume= 8.20 x 3.43 x 3.8

= 106.88

Material absorption coefficient at 125Hz and 150Hz at non-peak hour with 12 person in the space.

Building

Elements

Materials Absorption

Coefficient

(125Hz)

Absorption

Coefficient

(500Hz)

Area (m2) Sound

Absorption,

Sa (125Hz)

Sound

Absorption,

Sa (500Hz)

Floor Carpet 0.10 0.25 28.13 2.81 7.03

Wall Concrete 0.01 0.02 13.68 0.14 0.27

Glass 0.10 0.04 71.36 7.14 2.85

Door Glass 0.35 0.18 7.20 2.52 1.30

Ceiling Timber 0.40 0.15 28.13 11.25 4.22

Figure 2.4 Third Floor Plan

Furniture Padded Chair 0.44 0.77 3.00 1.32 2.31

People - 0.30/P 0.40/P 12.00 3.60 4.80

28.78 22.77

125Hz

Reverberation Time, RT=

=

=0.59s

500Hz

Reverberation Time=

=

= 0.75s

Conclusion

The reverberation time for the discussion rooms at 125Hz and also 500Hz is 0.59s and 0.75s respectively.

This value falls in the standard reverberation time range of 0.5-0.8s which shows that the space is optimum

for meetings and discussion.

Total absorption, A

2.3 Sound Reduction Index

2.3.1 Children Area

Building Element Material Surface Area ( ) SRI ( dB) Transmission Coefficient, T

Door Glass 21.39 27 1.995 x 10-3

Wall Concrete 8.53 46 2.512 x 10-5

Glass Door

Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (

)

27= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 2.7=

T= 1.995 x 10-3

Figure 2.5 Second Floor Plan

Concrete Wall


)

46= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 4.6=

T= 2.512 x 10-5

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Tav=

= 1.433 x 10-3

SRI= 10 log10 (

)

= 10 log10 (

)

= 28.44dB

External Sound Pressure Level= 80.04dB

= 80.04 – 28.44

= 51.60dB

Conclusion

The sound reduction index of the façade is 28.44dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the street is

80dB, the sound that is transmitted into the children area is 51.60dB. According to the noise criteria

environment perception, this value is slightly higher than the recommended range of 45-50dB. This can be

improved by proposing a double façade, which can filter noise from the streets or by installing acoustic

panels on the ceiling to absorb noise from the children.

2.3.2 Individual Study Booths

Building Element

Material Surface Area ( ) SRI ( dB) Transmission Coefficient, T

Wall Glass 32.80 26 2.512 x 10-3

Window Timber 32.80 22 6.310 x 10-3

Glass Wall


)

26= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 2.6=

T= 2.512 x 10-3

Figure 2.6 Third Floor Plan

Timber Shutters


)

22= 10 log10 (

)

log-1 2.2=

T= 6.310 x 10-3

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Tav=

= 4.411 x 10-3

SRI= 10 log10 (

)

= 10 log10 (

)

= 23.55dB

External Sound Pressure Level= 75.08dB

= 75.08 – 23.55

= 51.53dB

Conclusion

The sound reduction index of the façade is 23.55dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the street is

75.08dB, the sound that is transmitted into the individual study booths is 51.53dB. According to MS 1525,

the ideal sound pressure level for a quiet library is 40Db, in which this value exceeds. The high sound

pressure level will affect the users’ concentration which causes interruption in studying. Buffer zones can

be created by planting trees or a double façade can be proposed to further absorb the sound transmitted

into the space, reducing the sound pressure level by approximately 5dB.

3.0 References

1. Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard: Code of Practice on Energy

Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings (First Revision). Malaysia:

Department of Standards Malaysia

2. Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved from https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLevels_outdoor+indoor.pdf

3. Architect’s Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

4. Cowab, J, (2000) Architectural Acoustics, Design Guide, Mc Graw-Hill, N.Y

5. Long,M. (2006), Architectural Acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/ Academic Press

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