SEMINAR

ON

TECHNOLOGY IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION

PRESENTED BY:

- ANKIT

- E.T- IV YEAR

- ROLL NO-1109633008

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Services

Types of Exchanges

Fiber Optics Communication

Mobile Communication

Introduction to Internet and Broadband

INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is a state

owned telecommunications company headquartered in New

Delhi,India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular

service providers, with over 90 million subscribers as of July

2011, and the largest land line telephone provider in India.

It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan

cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed

by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam(MTNL). As of June 30, 2010,

BSNL had a customer base of 27 million wireline and 72 million

wireless subscribers.

SERVICES

• BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the maintelecom services provided by BSNL:

• Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wireline services and landline in local loop(WLL) using CDMA technology called Bfone and Tarang respectively. As ofJune 30, 2010, BSNL had 75% market share of fixed lines.

• Prepaid Mobile Services.

• Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of CellularMobile Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name Celloneand Excel (BSNL Mobile). As of June 30, 2010 BSNL has 13.50% share ofmobile telephony in the country.

• WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in Local Loop)service is a service giving both fixed line telephony & Mobile telephony.

• BSNL Broadband.

TYPES OF EXCHANGE

MANUAL EXCHANGE

With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and

asks the operator to connect the call to a requested number. Provided

that the number is in the same central office, the operator connects

the call by plugging into the jack on the switchboard corresponding

to the called customer's line. If the call is to another central office, the

operator plugs into the trunk for the other office and asks the operator

answering (known as the "inward" operator) to connect the call.

STROWGER EXCHANGE

Almon Brown Strowger developed a system of automatic switching

using an electromechanical switch based around electromagnets and

pawls. With the help of his nephew (Walter S. Strowger) he produced

a working model in 1888 and patented in 1891.In this system,each

output would be connected to a different subscriber, thus the caller

could connect to any other subscriber who was connected to that

bank, without any manual assistance from an operator.

CROSS BAR EXCHANGE

The first crossbar switch was designed in 1913 by J. N. Reynolds and it

was patented in 1915.In, a crossbar switch (also known as cross-point

switch or matrix switch) a connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs

in a matrix manner. A crossbar switch is an assembly of individual

switches between multiple inputs and multiple outputs.

The switches are arranged in a matrix. If the crossbar switch has M

inputs and N outputs, then a crossbar has a matrix with M x N cross-

points or places where the "bars" cross. At each crosspoint is a switch;

when closed, it connects one of M inputs to one of N outputs.

ELECTRONICS EXCHANGE

It is based on the automatic control by stored programmed in

computer linked to it. It cover all the main drawbacks of above

mentioned exchange. It may be digital or analog but mostly digital

electronics exchanges are now common. It base on the principal

time division switching or space division switching. Space division

switching is used for analog electronics exchange and time

division switching is used for digital exchange.

FIBER-OPTICS COMMUNICATION

The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and

optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication

applications are widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop

computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over

distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a

few standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs.

Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)

Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)

Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode Fiber)

STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER:

In a step-index fiber, the refractive index of the core is uniform and

undergoes an abrupt change at the core-cladding boundary.

GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER:

In graded-index fibers, the refractive index of the core varies gradually as a

function of radial distance from the fiber center.

SINGLE-MODE FIBER:

Single mode fiber is optical fiber that is designed for the transmission of

a single ray or mode of light as a carrier and is used for long-distance

signal transmission. Single mode fiber has a much smaller core than

multimode fiber.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

G.S.M

It stands for Global System for mobile communication.

It is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication.

GSM is the name of a standardized group established in 1982 to create

a common European mobile telephone standard.

It is a cellular network which means that mobile phones connect to it

by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.

It operates in the 900 MHz frequency band.

GSM Specifications

GSM 900:

Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 MhzBTS to Mobile(downlink): 935-960 MhzBandwidth: 2 to 25 Mhz

GSM 1800:

Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 MhzBTS to Mobile(downlink): 1805-1880 MhzBandwidth: 2 to 75 Mhz

1st Generation

Analog speech

2nd Generation

Digital speech +

low rate data

(≤ 64 kbps)

High data rates

(384kbps- 14.4 Mbps)

+ 2nd gen. services

3rd Generation

Evolution of Mobile communication systems

Wireless in Local Loop (WLL)

Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also

known as Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) is one of the hottest

emerging market segments in global telecommunications today. WLL

is generally used as “the last mile solution” to deliver basic phone

service expeditiously where none has existed before. Flexibility and

expediency are becoming the key driving factors behind the

deployment of WLL.

WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as

commercial complexes where people are highly mobile. It is also

used in remote areas where it is uneconomical to lay cables and for

rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed

shall depend upon various radio access techniques, like FDMA,

TDMA and CDMA.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET AND

BROADBAND

INTERNET

The internet basically means interconnection between networks.

Connection requires a computer which has Internet Explorer

software signal, a telephone line connection. The data is sent

through telephone line connection to the local exchange, from

where it is then sent to the main exchange.

Internet networks

OVERVIEW OF BROAD BAND

Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high

rate of data transmission. In general, any connection to the customer of 256

kbit/s or more is considered broadband.

Services available through Broadband:

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with

speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.

Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per

his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps

during the video Conferencing session.

Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services, video-on-demand etc. for

application in distance education, telemedicine etc.

Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their

private network.

Video and Audio Conferencing:

Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive

Gaming, Live and time shifted TV

Video on Demand: Customers can view any movie of their choice

from a pool of movies stored in a central server.

Audio on Demand: It is a similar service where person can listen to

any music of his choice.