Business Research Methods

Project Report on

Perception of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan

In Mumbai

Submitted By :Nuzhat Khan 58

Aaditi Deshpande 52

Ishrat Shaikh 64

Zoya Bangliwala 51

Rohini Kamble 70

Aisha Khan 56

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Acknowledgement A project is the fruit of experiment and it goes long way to modelling a person and gaining new insight in that field of research. In this rewarding experience one recognizes the help and support rendered by a group of kind hearts behind its success.

First we solemnly place heartfelt thanks & deep sense of gratitude to our project guides

Prof. Poonam Chaudhari and Dr. Hema Jaganathan who had been constantly supporting us with their valuable suggestion throughout this project work.

Finally, we would like to thank all people who directly and indirectly helped us for completion of this project work successfully.

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Introduction to Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan

About Swachh Bharat Mission

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched his dream project "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" on 2nd October 2014, the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or the "Clean India Campaign" is the biggest ever cleanliness drive in the country and Prime Minister had appealed to each Indian to get involved in the mission and make it a success.

Why this project started?

It is very sad to say that the country has a massive problem of open defecation. More than 72 percent of rural people in India respond to their nature's call behind bushes, in fields or on roadsides. This has led to various other problems like untimely deaths of children, spread of infections and diseases and most importantly rapes of young girls who go to deserted places to relieve themselves. India has a population of more 1.2 billion people, out of which nearly 600 million people or 55 percent has no access to toilets. Even in areas, where there are toilets in rural India (32 percent of rural households, as per the 2012 data), there are no running water facilities available. Slum dwellers in cities have no access to running water supply and also toilets.

Considering this grave problem of rural sanitation in India and open defecation, the then UPA Government had launched Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 1999. In this Abhiyan, a target was set for universal household sanitation coverage by 2012. This was an integral part of the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) launched in 1991. However, the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan could not achieve its objectives.

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has now been restructured by the present Government as "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" with the objective of making India a "clean" India by stopping the problem of open defecation, building up of toilets for all households, providing running water supply, treating of solid and liquid wastes in a proper manner. This drive also includes cleaning of roads, pavements, and clearing of encroachments in unauthorised areas. Above all, the project aims at creating awareness among people about the need for proper sanitation and hygienic facilities.

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When it will be completed?

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, with the help of the Government of India, political parties, NGOs, corporations and with active people's participation, is slated to be completed in 2019. It was Mahatma Gandhi who laid great emphasis on cleanliness. He himself said "Sanitation is more important than Independence". He wanted India to be a clean India. He very well had a clear understanding of the pathetic condition of the rural people. It's been 67 years of Independence, and even today, more than half of India's population does not have proper toilets. Considering this fact in mind, the present Government of India wants to fulfil the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and usher a clean India by 2019, which will mark the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.

Efforts by Government

For proper execution of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a 19-member expert team has been formed under the chairmanship of scientist Raghunath Anant Mashelkar. Mashelkar is the former director general of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The entire team will be involved to suggest the best and the most advanced technology to provide sanitation and water facilities in various states using methods that are affordable, sustainable, and scalable.

On 2nd October 2014, when our PM launched the mission, he was accompanied by party officials, Bollywood actor Aamir Khan, thousands of government employees, school and college students. Prime Minister has been actively supported by his cabinet ministers. To make it a mass movement, he also nominated nine celebrities including Priyanka Chopra, Shashi Tharoor, Sachin Tendulkar and Anil Ambani to take up the cleanliness challenge, who in turn should invite nine more people and in this way the chain should continue. They have already accepted the challenge and have appealed more people to get involved. Some states have also participated in this cleaning campaign and more plans and programs are in the process to make this a success.

Implementation of Project

The "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan" has two sub missions:

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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (rural)

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (urban).

For execution of these two sub-missions, the ministries of drinking water and sanitation and rural development will look after the affairs in rural areas and the ministry of urban development in urban areas.

Under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan for the rural areas, the ministry of rural development will provide Rs 20 lakh to each village each year for the next five years. Under this programme, the government has fixed the unit cost of individual household latrines at Rs 12,000 so that ample water supply can be provided for cleaning, bathing and washing. An estimated Rs 1, 34, 000 crore will be spent by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation for the programme.

For Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in the urban sector, the aim is to provide individual household toilets, community and public toilets, including solid waste management, covering 1.04 crore households in all 4,041 statutory towns. It will provide more than two lakh seats of public toilets, and more than two lakh seats of community toilets, including solid waste management facility for all towns. In areas, where there are problems of constructing individual household toilets, community toilets will be constructed. Public toilet facilities will also be made available in common locations such as markets, bus stations, near railway stations, tourist spots, and public recreation places. The urban development ministry has allocated Rs 62,000 crore for this project.

The overall project cost has been estimated at Rs 1, 96,009 crore. This amount will help in construction of 12 crore toilets across the country. The ministries of rural and urban development have requested religious gurus and groups like Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, and the Gayatri Parivar to propagate the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan project.

Major Issues of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Urban India generates about 47 million tonnes of solid waste every year. It is also reported that more than 75 percent of sewage or wastewater disposal is not treated in India. Recycling solid waste is a big problem. These issues need to be addressed now, so that a major crisis can be prevented in the future.

In rural India, lack of adequate sanitation is a huge challenge.

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Another major challenge is to change the mindsets of the people. When will our countrymen learn not to spit or throw garbage on the roads? Or when will our people learn to keep themselves and their localities clean?

The dimensions of the problem of sanitation are so huge that it makes us wonder whether the PM will really be able to meet his target to clean up India by 2019 or not?

Controversy

While Prime Minister's Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has been highly acclaimed by many in India and abroad, there are still controversies involved in the mission. Similar programmes were launched earlier with little or no success, the most evident example being Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. Controversies have come up because this programme too has more or less same ideas that were under UPA's Nirmal Bharat schemes. Huge amount of money was invested for that program that time. What was the outcome? Where did all the money go? But, as a matter of fact, this mission should not be involved in any kind of controversies. That is why, Narendra Modi said, "Swachh Bharat" mission is "beyond politics" and is inspired by patriotism.

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Objective of Study:

The overall study objective is to understand the broad perception of Common People in relevance to Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan - a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4041 statutory towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.

The study aims at broadly

Understanding the overview of the implication and impact of the project on the minds of the common people

Understanding whether the project has a significant impact on cleanliness of the country

Understanding the level of awareness of the project amongst common public Establishing whether people actively and voluntarily participate in the movement. Assessing whether the perception and approach of people regarding the project differs

due to a difference in age.

Hypotheses:

Null hypothesis: The Perception of people of Mumbai regarding the SBA differs due to difference in gender.

Alternate hypothesis: The Perception of people of Mumbai regarding the SBA does not differ due to difference in gender.

Scope of Study:

The research was conducted in various parts of Mumbai including central suburbs, western suburb and South Mumbai to understand the perception of people from all parts of Mumbai across both genders and varied age groups.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

On defining the objective of the project, a plan was developed to gather information most efficiently. Decisions were taken on the data sources, sampling plan, research tools. Research is essentially a systematic enquiry seeking facts through objective verifiable methods in order to discover the relationship among them to deduce from them broad principles of laws.

Source of data:-

Primary data: it includes data collected directly from the citizens of Mumbai city so as to meet the direct requirements of the investigation at hand.

Method:

The research is done through a dichotomous survey in the form of a questionnaire with about 12 main questions as points of reference. The interaction is done with the target group at different places in the Mumbai city.

Sample size: A sample size of 50 respondents was taken to answer the questionnaires.

Sampling technique:

Non-Probability sampling was adopted to conduct the survey. Respondents were selected on the basis of area so stratified sampling was carried out for collecting primary data. In this method Where the population embraces a number of distinct categories, the frame can be organized by these categories into separate "strata."

Each stratum is then sampled as an independent sub-population, out of which individual elements can be randomly selected. Here the Stratums would be people from South Mumbai, western suburbs and Central suburbs to represent entire Mumbai.

Statistical tools used for analyzing the data:

Percentage method Graphical Representation using Figures& Bar diagram Relationship Analysis using Chi square test and Mean analysis using Independent T-Test.

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Questionnaire for Study

Questionnaire for the purpose of study of research on the perception of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan

Name:

Age:

Occupation:

Email Id:

Gender:

Part of Mumbai:

1. Are you aware of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan? Yes No

2. Are you aware of the amount spent on the working of SBA? Yes No

3. Are you aware of the objective which is to achieve a clean India by 2019? Yes No

4. In Your opinion, would the PM’s idea reap benefit for the nation? Yes No

5. Do you do your part to make India Clean? Yes No

6. Do you encourage other individuals to pledge for a clean India? Yes No

7. Have you volunteered any time to clean your area streets? Yes No

8. Do you believe that only building infrastructure like public toilets etc can help achieve clean India?

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Yes No

9. Do you feel that there is less littering on the road after SBA was launched? Yes No

10. Are you aware that many corporates are taking interest in SBA for the purpose of CSR? Yes No

11. How do you see SBA working in your city on a scale of 1- 10?

12. In your perception will it change the outlook and habits of people as an implication of SBA? Yes No

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Data Analysis and InterpretationAnalysis of data involves a number of closely related operations that are performed with purpose of summarizing the collected data and organizing these in such a manner that they will yield answer to the research questions. The term analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist among data group. Interpretation is often inextricably interwoven with analysis; it should more properly be conceived as a special aspect of analysis.

Interpretation is necessary for the simple reason that the usefulness and utility of research findings lie in proper interpretation. The statistical interpretation shows various responses relating to the variable. The analysis and interpretation of data lead the researcher to the objectives of the study. It is through interpretation that the research can well understand the abstract principle works beneath his findings.

Table Showing the Count of Positive and negative responses for each question

Question Yes NoAre you aware of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan? 47 3

Are you aware of the amount spent on the working of SBA? 40 10

Are you aware of the objective which is to achieve a clean India by 2019? 33 17

In Your opinion, would the PM’s idea reap benefit for the nation? 29 21

Do you do your part to make India Clean? 41 9 Do you encourage other individuals to pledge for a clean India? 37 13

Have you volunteered any time to clean your area streets? 27 23Do you believe that only building infrastructure like public toilets etc. can help achieve clean India? 16 34

Do you feel that there is less littering on the road after SBA was launched? 18 32

Are you aware that many corporates are taking interest in SBA for the purpose of CSR? 25 25How do you see SBA working in your city on a scale of 1- 10? (Average ) 5.20

In your perception will it change the outlook and habits of people as an implication of SBA? 36 14

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Findings for Positive and Negative Responses in terms of percentages

For all charts, = Percentage of Yes = Percentage of No

94

6

Are you aware of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan?

1 2

80

20

Are you aware of the amount spent on the working of SBA?

1 2

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66

34

Are you aware of the objective which is to achieve a clean India by 2019?

1 2

58

42

In Your opinion, would the PM’s idea reap benefit for the nation?

1 2

82

18

Do you do your part to make India Clean?

1 2

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74

26

Do you encourage other individuals to pledge for a clean India?

1 2

54

46

Have you volunteered any time to clean your area streets?

1 2

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36

64

Do you feel that there is less littering on the road after SBA was launched?

1 2

32

68

Do you believe that only building infrastructure like public toilets etc can help achieve clean In-

dia?

1 2

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5050

Are you aware that many corporates are taking interest in SBA for the purpose of CSR?

1 2

72

28

In your perception will it change the outlook and habits of people as an implication of SBA?

1 2

How do you see SBA working in your City on a scale of 1-10?

Average rating of 50 observations = 5.2

Questions Yes % of No %of No

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yesAre you aware of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan? 47 94 3 6Are you aware of the amount spent on the working of SBA? 40 80 10 20Are you aware of the objective which is to achieve a clean India by 2019? 33 66 17 34In Your opinion, would the PM’s idea reap benefit for the nation? 29 58 21 42Do you do your part to make India Clean? 41 82 9 18 Do you encourage other individuals to pledge for a clean India? 37 74 13 26Have you volunteered any time to clean your area streets? 27 54 23 46Do you believe that only building infrastructure like public toilets etc can help achieve clean India? 16 32 34 68Do you feel that there is less littering on the road after SBA was launched? 18 36 32 64Are you aware that many corporates are taking interest in SBA for the purpose of CSR? 25 50 25 50In your perception will it change the outlook and habits of people as an implication of SBA? 36 72 14 28

Overall Data- Tabulated

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Test 1:

Chi-square test conducted to establish whether there is a direct relationship between gender and Voluntary participation in SBA.

Output as per data collected and processed in IBM-SPSS20

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Gender *

Have_you_voulunteered50 98.0% 1 2.0% 51 100.0%

Gender * Have_you_voulunteered Crosstabulation

Count

Have_you_voulunteered Total

Yes No

GenderMale 15 22 37

Female 12 1 13

Total 27 23 50

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-

sided)

Exact Sig. (2-

sided)

Exact Sig. (1-

sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 10.378a 1 .001

Continuity Correctionb 8.399 1 .004

Likelihood Ratio 11.983 1 .001

Fisher's Exact Test .001 .001

Linear-by-Linear Association 10.171 1 .001

N of Valid Cases 50

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 5.98.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

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Findings:

As the significance computed is less than 0.5, there is no significant relationship between voluntary participation of an individual and the gender of the individual.

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Test 2:

Independent T- test conducted to establish whether there is an equality of means in the ratings given to Swachh bharat Abhiyaan

Output as per data collected and processed in IBM-SPSS20

Group Statistics

Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Rate_SBAMale 37 5.51 1.693 .278

Female 13 4.31 1.316 .365

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test

for Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error

Difference

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Rate_SBA

Equal

variances

assumed

.959 .332 2.327 48 .024 1.206 .518 .164 2.248

Equal

variances

not assumed

2.627 26.990 .014 1.206 .459 .264 2.148

Findings:

As the significance computed is less than 0.5, there is no significant relationship between average rating given to SBA and the gender of the individual.

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Interpretation of Findings of percentages of positive and negative Responses.

Awareness:

Question Yes % of yes No %of No

Are you aware of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan? 47 94 3 6Are you aware of the amount spent on the working of SBA? 40 80 10 20Are you aware of the objective which is to achieve a clean India by 2019? 33 66 17 34

Average 40 80 10 20

On an average, 80% of people showed awareness about the presence, amount spent and objective of SBA whereas 20% portray ignorance about the same. Hence we conclude that there is significant awareness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan in Mumbai

Voluntary participation and approach towards the same:

Question Yes % of yes No %of No

Do you do your part to make India Clean? 41 82 9 18 Do you encourage other individuals to pledge for a clean India? 37 74 13 26Have you volunteered any time to clean your area streets? 27 54 23 46

Average 35 70 15 30

70% people on an average voluntarily participate and encourage execution of SBA and 30 % are reluctant for the same.

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Impact of SBA on Cleanliness

Question Yes % of yes No %of No

Do you feel that there is less littering on the road after SBA was launched? 18 36 32 64

Average Rating given to SBA work as an impact on Cleanliness: 5.2

We find that 36% of people feel that littering on the road has decreased as an Implication Of SBA whereas 64% oppose to the idea. The Average Rating 5.2 given to work done by SBA implies that the impact of SBA on cleanliness is only about 52%.

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Conclusion

As per the statistical observations, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis.

Thus the Perception of people of Mumbai regarding the SBA does not differ due to difference in gender.

Few recommendations:

The Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan (Clean India Campaign) is powerful in its simplicity, and problematic for the same reason. The absence of complexity in the presentation of the campaign, and the inherent contradictions between Modi’s consumerist growth agenda and Swachh Bharat’s objectives. SBA is not just about cleaning surroundings but also seeking the participation of people in planting tree, creating trash-free environment, providing sanitation facilities and paving a way for Swachh Bharat eventually. The aim of all these activities is to connect as many people as possible with the mission to create a mass movement for fulfilling Gandhiji's clean India dream by 2019. A Clean India is of utmost importance for promoting the nation as an ideal destination for tourists from across the world. Images of unclean India often become a matter of embarrassment for Indians therefore this is the right time and opportunity to participate towards Swachh Bharat. This campaign will not only help citizens adopt good habits of cleanliness but also boost our image as a nation, sincerely working towards cleanliness.

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