Upload
lee-emery
View
67
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
• “Native” Americans
• Beringia
– Eskimo
– Northwest
– Anasazi
• Pueblos
• Water conservation
– Similarities
• Diet
– Hunt, farm, fish
• Bows & arrows
• No writing
• Vs. Europeans
– Less dense
– No wheels or ships
– Small animals only
• Ericsson
• Prince Henry
• Bartolomeu Dias
• Vasco da Gama breaks Mediterranean monopoly 1498
• Portugal inches along African coast
– Slaves
– Religion
• Cape Verde 1st plantations
• Ottoman Turks
– Genoa & Venice
– Atlantic nations look west
– Spain
– Moors
• Columbus
– Bad with the ruler
– San Salvador
• Bahamas
– Hispaniola
• La Navidad
– Returns with natives
– 4 trips
– Columbian Exchange
• Goods, ppl & ideas
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– Portugal
– Brazil only
– de Gama 1498
• Cabot
– Northwest Passage/ cod
• Cabral
– Vespucci
• Balboa
• Magellan
– West voyage not feasible
• Conquistadores
– Cortez
• Aztec
– Empire, tribute, sacrifice
• Spain most powerful after
– Pizarro
• Inca
• French
– Verrazano
– Cartier
– Up to now
– No settlements in America
– Spanish Empire
– Portugal to China
– International fishing
– Huguenots
– Challenge to Spain
– St. Augustine 1st
• England
– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti
• Factors encouraging exploration
– Technological advances
– Monarchs looking to enlarge, enrich
– Gold, glory & the Gospel
• England supplants Spain
– Henry VIII
– Elizabeth
• Reform
– Drake
– Roanoke Island
– Armada
• Spain defends Cath.
• English pond
• England Colonizes in a Big Way
• Hakluyt
– New trade partners
– Ease unemployment
• Pressure valve
• 1530-1680 Pop doubled causing many to leave
• Joint-stock company
– VA London
– VA Plymouth
– Takes time for profit
– Jamestown
– License to poach
– Terrible location
• Swamp, drought
– Gentlemen/servants
– Search for gold
• 38/144
– Malnutrition, disease, European traditions of labor
– Could have done better if they learned to farm
– John Smith
• Harsh
• “The Starving Time”
• Powhatan Confederacy
– Aid led to survival
– Weapons for reinforcing
• Lord de la Warr
– Irish tactics
• Raid, burn, steal
• Natives inferior
• Almost exterminated due to VA success
• John Rolfe
– Made VA a stable colony
– Seals peace by marriage
• Spread of the vile weed
– Scattered settlements
– Constant encroaching
• Labor force
– Indentured
• Lack of labor
• Poor, willing
• Cheap, abundant
• 2x or 3x pay
• Most migrants to Chesapeake
• Many premature deaths
• Society of servants and ex-servants
• Sometimes sold
• Extended– legally
– Stole, ran away, pregnant
– Women no marriage
– Freedom dues
– Headright
• Wealthy gentry class
– More land, more workers
– New arrivals in 1619
• Africans & wives?
• House of Burgesses
– Series of harsh rulers
– Representative self-government
• Local laws only but, it set a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies
• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.
• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629
• Maryland
– Proprietary
• Lord B’more
• Sanctuary
– But… conflict
» Majority Protestants as yeoman
» Catholics as gentry
– Act of Toleration 1649
• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants
• Polarized society post 1649
– Land, money in east
– Untamed in the west
– Gov. Berkeley
• No elections for 15 years
• Only male landowners & heads of households
• Monopolized fur trade w/ Indians
• Bacon’s Rebellion
– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed
– New workforce
• New England
• Pilgrims
– Separatists
– Too corrupt
– Holland
– Mayflower Compact
• Political body & legal auth
• Will of majority
– Squanto
• Pilgrims as allies
• Thanksgiving
• Mass. Bay Colony
– Covenant
• Contract for a mission
– “City Upon a Hill”
• Reform the Church of Eng.
– King’s puppet
– Families, educated, college
– Voting rights
• Property owning males
• Popular got big tracts
• The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted
• Connecticut
– Thomas Hooker
– All males
– Fundamental Orders of CT.
• Rhode Island
– Roger Williams
• Land belonged to…
• Freedom of religion
– Newport 1658
– Anne Hutchinson
• Comm. Directly with God
• Relations with Indians
• Pequot War of 1637
– White settlement disrupted trade
– Narragansett allies
– Heavily criticized
• Tried to Christianize
• Indians knew only unity stops encroachment
• King Philip’s War
– Encroachment
• Surrounded Indian towns
• Sassamon
• Mohawk
• Great Swamp
• Sold into slavery
• Debt, ruined frontier, hatred
• Eunice Williams stayed
• Mary Rowlandson– Redemption Rock
• Trouble in New England
• Salem
– Tituba
• Witchcraft
• Specters
– Causes
• Continual disorder explained by blame
– Indian attacks
– Decline of Puritan society
– Ergot
• The Other Colonies
• New York
– 1609 Hudson
– Albany
– New Netherlands
– New Amsterdam
• Manhattan
• Patroonships
• Headright
– Diverse
– Huguenots
• Peter Stuyvesant
• Duke of York– James
• Pennsylvania
– Wm. Penn
– Quaker
– Proprietary
– Indians
• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims
• Those having probs elsewhere
– Religious toleration
• “in the souls there is no sex”
• Carolina
– Restoration as others
– Barbados in south
• Charles Town
• Slaves
• Staple crops
– Eliza Lucas
– VA influence in north
• Regulator – no reapportioning—not represented
• Georgia
– Oglethorpe
– Buffer/Reform
• Between two empires
– Savannah
• Navigation Acts
– Mercantilism—raw materials
– Only English/colonial ships
– Enumerated
– Designed to make money and stop competition
– Board of Trade
• Parliament passed rules but they didn’t affect the colonies unless stated
– Salutary Neglect
• Robert Walpole
– Ignoring leads to more wealth
• Admiralty Courts
• Crown attacks colonies charters
– Mass Bay Colony charter revoked
– Dominion of New England
• Under direct English control
• All land titles invalidated
– Edmund Andros
– Glorious Revolution
• Influenced colonists to rise as well
• Mass Bay restored with additions
– Leisler’s Rebellion
– Coode
• More Indian Wars
– New York
• Beaver Wars
• Iroquois
– Needed to war to replenish since European disease killing them
– North Carolina
• Tuscarora—many enslaved
– South Carolina
• Yamassee
– Abused by whites (sold into slavery)
– Threatened lands
– Spanish intrigue
• Slavery
– Portuguese
– Africans practiced violence
• Europeans didn’t have to
• Xtianized them instead
– Triangular Trade
• Products/ trade became basis of European economy
• Middle Passage
– Rebellion
• Stono
– Can’t overturn slavery; can’t win the fight for freedom.
• Colonial experiences
– The Great Awakening
• First shared
• Religious indifference
– Convert non-believers and revive piety of believers
– Most didn’t go to church
• Revivals
– Jonathan Edwards
» Sinners…
• Led to religious diversity
• Enlightenment
– Liberty, liberty, property
» John Locke
• Right of rebellion
» Peter Zenger
– Religion
» Deism
» God the Clockmaker
– Ben Franklin
» Poor Richard’s
• Work & wealth
• The French in America
– Champlain
• Coureurs de bois
• Black Robes—Jesuits
– Robert de la Salle
• Mississippi
– No suppression of Indian
– They liked European goods
• Kept Spanish out
• Wars with the French
– King William/Queen Anne
• Mostly European affairs
• Attacks on frontier towns by French/Indians told colonists that they still needed English protection
– King George’s War
– Louisbourg
• Colonists furious
– Boston widows
• French and Indian War
– Contested land
• Ohio Valley
• French forts
• Gov. Dinwiddie
– Washington
» Surrenders
» British retaliate
• Nova Scotia
– Albany Congress
• Albany Plan for Union
– Ben Franklin
» Win Indians—they made no commitment
» Colonists meet annually
» Colonies & crown refused
• Not enough or too much independence
– General Braddock
• Duquesne—war declared
• Colonists refused to fight
• British thought colonists bear the responsibility
• Indians side with French—less land-hungry
– William Pitt—Great Commoner
• Picked better commanders
– Recruitment was local now
• Finance thoroughly—but… leads to huge debt
– Boon to colonies economy
– Turning point
• Focus on North America
– Attack Quebec
– Cripple France’s colonies
– Plains of Abraham
» Wolfe & Montcalm
» Iroquois allied w/ GB
– Treaty of Paris
• Indians lose land as colonists mover west
• England east, Spain west
– Colonial hangover
• Colonists have military confidence
• Colonist officers treated poorly
– No promotions—British discipline brutal
– Amateurs
• British concerns
– Americans traded with enemy
– Americans begin to head west
– Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Refused to surrender lands
• Britain raised prices
• Several British forts attacked
• Many lives lost, long time to quell
• Britain retaliated with germ warfare
– Proclamation of 1763
• Keep peace—no settling west
• Stationed soldiers here for same
• British problems
– War debt
– Colonists should pay for upkeep of the empire