C:\fakepath\Impact of tsunami on soil properties

$Page 1: C:\fakepath\Impact of tsunami on soil properties$
Impact of tsunami on soil properties

Presented by:-Mr. T.Sekaran

Contents

•ObjectivesObjectives

•IntroductionIntroduction

•Materials and methodsMaterials and methods

•Result and discussionResult and discussion

•ConclusionConclusion

•ReferenceReference

Objectives

•To familiarize with the changes in physical properties of soil To familiarize with the changes in physical properties of soil affected by Tsunamiaffected by Tsunami

•To familiarize with the changes in Chemical properties of soil To familiarize with the changes in Chemical properties of soil affected by Tsunamiaffected by Tsunami

•To analyze the problems in tsunami affected areasTo analyze the problems in tsunami affected areas

•To familiarize with different research articles about changes in To familiarize with different research articles about changes in soil properties by tsunami soil properties by tsunami

Introduction

•Tsunami waves directly undermined soil surface, encapped soil Tsunami waves directly undermined soil surface, encapped soil surface with the sea mud, and damaged paddy fields, irrigation surface with the sea mud, and damaged paddy fields, irrigation networks, and other infrastructures. networks, and other infrastructures.

•The waves also physically damages vegetation, including The waves also physically damages vegetation, including agricultural crops.agricultural crops.

•The sea water, with high salt content, caused escalation of salt in The sea water, with high salt content, caused escalation of salt in the soil, damaging the soil aggregate and affected the cation the soil, damaging the soil aggregate and affected the cation balance in the soil.balance in the soil.

•The high salt content caused des-osmosis of fluid from the plant The high salt content caused des-osmosis of fluid from the plant tissue and thus wilted the plants.tissue and thus wilted the plants.

Introduction Con…

•The forces of the waves and the mud brought by the waves, The forces of the waves and the mud brought by the waves, during the during the tsunami, changed the soil profile and nutrient balance , changed the soil profile and nutrient balance in the upper soil layer.in the upper soil layer.

•deposition of mud, silt, sand or coarser materials; increase in soil deposition of mud, silt, sand or coarser materials; increase in soil and water salinity; and desurfacing and compaction of topsoil.and water salinity; and desurfacing and compaction of topsoil.

•The sea mud contains various salts and organic matter and its The sea mud contains various salts and organic matter and its accumulation on soil surface changes soil physical and chemical accumulation on soil surface changes soil physical and chemical properties.properties.

PROPERTIES OF TSUNAMI AFFECTED SOILS AND THE PROPERTIES OF TSUNAMI AFFECTED SOILS AND THE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATION1MANAGEMENT IMPLICATION1

BY:-BY:-

Fahmuddin Agus, H. Subagjo, Achmad Rachman, and I GM Fahmuddin Agus, H. Subagjo, Achmad Rachman, and I GM SubiksaSubiksa

Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Jln. Juanda 98, Bogor, Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Jln. Juanda 98, Bogor, IndonesiaIndonesia

Introduction

• Tsunami changed the soil profile and nutrient balance in the Tsunami changed the soil profile and nutrient balance in the

upper soil layerupper soil layer

• The sea mud contains various salts and organic matter and its The sea mud contains various salts and organic matter and its

accumulation on soil surface changes soil physical and accumulation on soil surface changes soil physical and

chemical propertieschemical properties

• deposition of mud, silt, sand or coarser materials; increase in deposition of mud, silt, sand or coarser materials; increase in

soil and water salinity; and desurfacing and compaction of soil and water salinity; and desurfacing and compaction of

topsoil.topsoil.

Objective

•To evaluate the profile of tsunami affected soil and the change in To evaluate the profile of tsunami affected soil and the change in the soil propertiesthe soil properties

Materials and Methods

• We described four soil pits in May 2005,One of the pit was from We described four soil pits in May 2005,One of the pit was from the unaffected, while the other three were from the affected the unaffected, while the other three were from the affected areasareas

• survey of soil electric conductivity was conducted in four survey of soil electric conductivity was conducted in four coastal districtscoastal districts

• Soil salinity was measured using the Electric Conductivity (EC) Soil salinity was measured using the Electric Conductivity (EC) meter using a 1:5 soil : water suspension and water samples meter using a 1:5 soil : water suspension and water samples were measured directly without dilution.were measured directly without dilution.

• Other soil properties follow the standard protocol of routine soil Other soil properties follow the standard protocol of routine soil analysesanalyses

Results and Discussion

1.1. Properties of the soil profileProperties of the soil profile

In unaffected profile ,Its organic matter, total nitrogen, In unaffected profile ,Its organic matter, total nitrogen,

phosphorus and exchangeable bases were only slightly phosphorus and exchangeable bases were only slightly

higher in the Ap horizonhigher in the Ap horizon

In tsunami affected, Profiles soil pH, organic carbon content, In tsunami affected, Profiles soil pH, organic carbon content,

exchangeable cations and total phosphorus were exchangeable cations and total phosphorus were

significantly higher in the tsunami formed ‘O’ horizon significantly higher in the tsunami formed ‘O’ horizon

Results and Discussion Con…

2.Salinity2.Salinity

The level of salinity, in general, quickly decreased from up to 40 The level of salinity, in general, quickly decreased from up to 40 dS m-1 in the fresh tsunami mud to about 8 dS m-1 in 5 dS m-1 in the fresh tsunami mud to about 8 dS m-1 in 5 months after the tsunamimonths after the tsunami

The depth and duration of inundation by sea water and the initial The depth and duration of inundation by sea water and the initial soil water content seemed to determine the salinity.soil water content seemed to determine the salinity.

Results and Discussion Con…

3. Implication on soil management3. Implication on soil management

•Lowland rice affected by the tsunami has been producing empty Lowland rice affected by the tsunami has been producing empty grainsgrains

•peanuts’ vegetative growth thrived, but the pods were empty due peanuts’ vegetative growth thrived, but the pods were empty due to imbalance of calcium relative to magnesium and sodium and/or to imbalance of calcium relative to magnesium and sodium and/or micronutrient deficiencymicronutrient deficiency

Conclusions

The deposition of tsunami mud on top of the original soil profile The deposition of tsunami mud on top of the original soil profile changed the soil properties, but the changes in general, were changed the soil properties, but the changes in general, were temporary especially for the salinity.temporary especially for the salinity.

IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON CROPS, SOIL AND WATER IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON CROPS, SOIL AND WATER QUALITY ACROSS THE COASTAL BELT OF KERALA - A QUALITY ACROSS THE COASTAL BELT OF KERALA - A CASE STUDYCASE STUDY

SAM T. KURUMTHOTTICAL, K. VANISRI AND C. K. SAM T. KURUMTHOTTICAL, K. VANISRI AND C. K. PEETHAMBARAN *. PEETHAMBARAN *.

Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry,

Director of Research, KAU * Director of Research, KAU *

College of Horticulture, KAU P O., Thrissur – 680 656 College of Horticulture, KAU P O., Thrissur – 680 656

Introduction

The impact of Tsunami, which struck the coastal sandy areas of The impact of Tsunami, which struck the coastal sandy areas of Kerala, particularly Allapuzha and Kollam Districts on 26 Kerala, particularly Allapuzha and Kollam Districts on 26 December 2004, was monitored within a fortnight for the possible December 2004, was monitored within a fortnight for the possible impact on soil quality in the worst affected parts of Kerala.impact on soil quality in the worst affected parts of Kerala.

Reason

•Many trees particularly jack and mango had started defoliation Many trees particularly jack and mango had started defoliation before any symptoms of yellowing in this areabefore any symptoms of yellowing in this area

Materials and methods

•Five numbers of soil samples were collected from Alappuzha Five numbers of soil samples were collected from Alappuzha DistrictDistrict

•At some locations, soil samples were collected at two different At some locations, soil samples were collected at two different depths to assess the possible variation in soil characteristics with depths to assess the possible variation in soil characteristics with depth(0-15,15-30)depth(0-15,15-30)

•The texture, pH, EC and the computed TDS (Total Dissolved The texture, pH, EC and the computed TDS (Total Dissolved Salts) of the various soil samples collected for the studySalts) of the various soil samples collected for the study

Results and discussion

1.1. Changes in SAR valuesChanges in SAR values

• Concentration of basic cations Viz., Na, Ca, & Mg ultimately Concentration of basic cations Viz., Na, Ca, & Mg ultimately influences the SAR values in soilinfluences the SAR values in soil

• Tsunami significantly changed the SAR values due to the Tsunami significantly changed the SAR values due to the intensity of rains received in that area after the Tsunami and intensity of rains received in that area after the Tsunami and the consequent leaching or dilution of salts.the consequent leaching or dilution of salts.

Results and discussion Con…

2. Sodium and chloride content of soil2. Sodium and chloride content of soil•The sodium content of the soil was fractionated into two forms The sodium content of the soil was fractionated into two forms water soluble and exchangeable sodium.water soluble and exchangeable sodium.

• The water-soluble sodium content exceeded exchangeable The water-soluble sodium content exceeded exchangeable sodium in all cases. sodium in all cases.

•This perhaps might be due to the low CEC associated with the This perhaps might be due to the low CEC associated with the sandy soils, where soil colloids fail to adsorb greater portions of this sandy soils, where soil colloids fail to adsorb greater portions of this cation cation

Results and discussion Con…

Most problems observed in plants are due chloride toxicity.Most problems observed in plants are due chloride toxicity.

Due to heavy absorption of salts from the rhizosphere, Due to heavy absorption of salts from the rhizosphere, accumulation of these ions occur in leaves and they result in the accumulation of these ions occur in leaves and they result in the browning and scorching of leaf top and marginsbrowning and scorching of leaf top and margins

Conclusion

SAR values, sodium and chloride contents in soil were changed SAR values, sodium and chloride contents in soil were changed after tsunamiafter tsunami

References:References: Schulte, E.E. 1999. Soil and Applied Chlorine. University of Schulte, E.E. 1999. Soil and Applied Chlorine. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Available: http://cecommerce.uwex.edu/pdfs/Wisconsin, Madison. Available: http://cecommerce.uwex.edu/pdfs/A3556.PDF [21 February, 2005]A3556.PDF [21 February, 2005]

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OFTSUNAMI-AFFECTED UPLAND SOILS

IN ACEH, INDONESIA

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TSUNAMI-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TSUNAMI-AFFECTED UPLAND SOILS IN ACEH, AFFECTED UPLAND SOILS IN ACEH,

INDONESIA INDONESIA

HULUGALLE NRHULUGALLE NR1,2, and ACEH VEGETABLE PROJECT1,2, and ACEH VEGETABLE PROJECT

1. NSW Department of Primary Industries, ACRI, Narrabri, NSW 1. NSW Department of Primary Industries, ACRI, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia; email: 2390, Australia; email: [email protected]@csiro.au; ;

2. 2007 Endeavour Executive Fellow 2. 2007 Endeavour Executive Fellow

Introduction

• The tsunami degraded nearly 40,000 ha of agricultural land by salinizing and sodifying soil and water, depositing sandy material on to fertile soil, and facilitating accelerated soil erosion through wave action.

Objective

• To quantify physical properties of some typical tsunami-affected soils in Aceh

Materials and Methods

• A total of 432 soil samples were taken from the 0-10 cm, 10-30 cm and 30-50 cm depths from 4 locations,

• Air-dried and analysed for bulk density using wax-coated clods

• it was determined by pouring a sample into a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder and weighing, followed by correcting for moisture content; particle size distribution with the hydrometer method and structural stability with the ASWAT method

Materials and Methods Con…

• soil water retention and saturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated by inserting the values of bulk density


• The tsunami appears to have deposited finer-textured materials (relative to the bulk soil) at Biruen

• This has resulted in a distinct yellow horizon, with high water retention and slow drainage characteristics.

• In all sites sub-surface and subsoil compaction was high

• Salinity was present at levels which will impact on crop growth

Conclusions

• crop rotation which includes a deep-rooted, salt and sodicity-tolerant crop which through its root system can increase subsoil porosity, alternates with the vegetable crop.

• Application of lime, compost and manure will be beneficial, particularly if the compost and manure have high concentrations of calcium.

Salt Leaching Processes in the Tsunami-Affected Areas Salt Leaching Processes in the Tsunami-Affected Areas of Aceh, Indonesia1of Aceh, Indonesia1

Achmad Rachman2), Fahmuddin Agus2), Malem McLeod3) and Achmad Rachman2), Fahmuddin Agus2), Malem McLeod3) and Peter Slavich4)Peter Slavich4)

Introduction

•The objective of this study was to evaluate the movement of salt The objective of this study was to evaluate the movement of salt within the soil profile in areas affected by tsunami.within the soil profile in areas affected by tsunami.

•Monitoring the change in soil salinity due to natural leaching and Monitoring the change in soil salinity due to natural leaching and flushing of salts over a period of rehabilitation process.flushing of salts over a period of rehabilitation process.

Methods

• Soil laboratory analysis of tsunami deposits (materials deposited Soil laboratory analysis of tsunami deposits (materials deposited on top of the soil after tsunami) and top soil (soil just beneath the on top of the soil after tsunami) and top soil (soil just beneath the tsunami mud) collected 3 weeks after tsunami were also tsunami mud) collected 3 weeks after tsunami were also presented. presented.

• Bulk soil samples were collected using a soil auger from each Bulk soil samples were collected using a soil auger from each site at 4 to 5- 20 cm soil depth increments. site at 4 to 5- 20 cm soil depth increments.

• Samples were stored in plastic bag, labeled and transported to Samples were stored in plastic bag, labeled and transported to soil laboratory for salinity analysis. soil laboratory for salinity analysis.

• Samples for the monitoring sites were collected at 4 different Samples for the monitoring sites were collected at 4 different times e.g. 9, 12, 18, and 33 months after the tsunami.times e.g. 9, 12, 18, and 33 months after the tsunami.


Salt leaching process• The soluble salts at the surface soil has been reduced

significantly both by natural flushing and leaching.

• There is no significant increase in the Cl- concentration at the deeper depths

• The Cl- concentration tended to fluctuate depending on season

Results and Discussion con…

Nutrient ImbalancesNutrient Imbalances•Tsunami deposited materials with high exchangeable cation (Ca, Tsunami deposited materials with high exchangeable cation (Ca, Mg, K, & Na)Mg, K, & Na)

•The enrichment of soil with exchangeable cations has been The enrichment of soil with exchangeable cations has been reported to improve the vegetative growth of rice and groundnut reported to improve the vegetative growth of rice and groundnut crops during of the second crop season after tsunami crops during of the second crop season after tsunami •whilst the first crop was totally failed.whilst the first crop was totally failed.

•The ideal ratio of calcium relative to magnesium on the exchange The ideal ratio of calcium relative to magnesium on the exchange complex (EC) is around 6 .complex (EC) is around 6 .

•It caused the lack of seed formation.It caused the lack of seed formation.

•High soil salinity levels (>4 dS/m) are still exist in some areas where High soil salinity levels (>4 dS/m) are still exist in some areas where lateral/vertical drainage is restricted or is exposed to tidal movement.lateral/vertical drainage is restricted or is exposed to tidal movement.

•Re-salinisation of root zone was observed during rainy season due to Re-salinisation of root zone was observed during rainy season due to shallow water table that brings salt to the surface.shallow water table that brings salt to the surface.

•Low calcium and magnesium ratio in area inundated by sea water during tsunami implying suppression of Ca uptake.

ReferencesReferencesAgus F., H. Subagjo, A. Rachman, and IGM Subikse. 2008. Agus F., H. Subagjo, A. Rachman, and IGM Subikse. 2008. Properties of tsunami affected soils and the management Properties of tsunami affected soils and the management implication. Adelaide Int Salinity Forum April 2008.implication. Adelaide Int Salinity Forum April 2008.

Conclusion

The salt leached out and the soil fertility The salt leached out and the soil fertility changes after tsunamichanges after tsunami

IGM. Subiksa, Dedi Erfandi and Fahmudin Agus1IGM. Subiksa, Dedi Erfandi and Fahmudin Agus1

Introduction

Soil quality observation included the electric conductivity(EC), Soil quality observation included the electric conductivity(EC), texture, organic matter content, contents of P and exchangeable texture, organic matter content, contents of P and exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable Al.bases, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable Al.

In general, soils with the EC < 2 dS/m could be considered as In general, soils with the EC < 2 dS/m could be considered as having been intensively leached such that its salinity is no longer having been intensively leached such that its salinity is no longer detrimental to most plant. detrimental to most plant.

methods

The change in soil properties, especially for Ca, Mg, K, and P The change in soil properties, especially for Ca, Mg, K, and P concentrations, were compared to the data of Land Resources concentrations, were compared to the data of Land Resources Evaluation Project (LREP) 1990. Evaluation Project (LREP) 1990.

The change in soil fertility were also based on observation of The change in soil fertility were also based on observation of perennial and annual crop performances.perennial and annual crop performances.

Research findings

1.Salt Leaching1.Salt Leaching

•Tsunami wave brought mud containing sea water as far as 5 km Tsunami wave brought mud containing sea water as far as 5 km from the coastal line.from the coastal line.

•Part of the Na from the sea water is adsorbed on the exchange Part of the Na from the sea water is adsorbed on the exchange site, but since the soil has a low cation exchange capacity (CEC) site, but since the soil has a low cation exchange capacity (CEC) while the concentration of salt was very high, only a small portion while the concentration of salt was very high, only a small portion of Na is adsorbed.of Na is adsorbed.

Research findings Con…

•The rest existed in the form of free salt that can easily move with The rest existed in the form of free salt that can easily move with the water movement. the water movement.

•Even the adsorbed Na ion is easily leached because of weak Even the adsorbed Na ion is easily leached because of weak adsorption of this mono-valence ion Salts in the soils relatively adsorption of this mono-valence ion Salts in the soils relatively rapidly leached because of high rainfall and sandy loam soil.rapidly leached because of high rainfall and sandy loam soil.


2. Change in Soil Fertility2. Change in Soil Fertility

•The sea water that flooded the west coast of Aceh, contained The sea water that flooded the west coast of Aceh, contained salts of Ca, K, Mg, besides Na salt.salts of Ca, K, Mg, besides Na salt.

•These cations were adsorbed in the exchange sites replacing These cations were adsorbed in the exchange sites replacing some of the already adsorbed cations. some of the already adsorbed cations.

•The addition of these salts caused an increase in soil pH and EC.The addition of these salts caused an increase in soil pH and EC.


•K and Ca were relatively low after tsunami Both total K and K and Ca were relatively low after tsunami Both total K and exchangeable K were low after tsunami Soil P also increased exchangeable K were low after tsunami Soil P also increased significantly.significantly.

•This may caused by enrichment from the sea and or soil This may caused by enrichment from the sea and or soil fertilization effects.fertilization effects.

Sedimentary deposits of the 26 December 2004 Sedimentary deposits of the 26 December 2004 tsunami on the northwest coasttsunami on the northwest coast

of Aceh, Indonesiaof Aceh, Indonesia

Andrew Moore1, Yuichi Nishimura2, Guy Gelfenbaum3, Takanobu Andrew Moore1, Yuichi Nishimura2, Guy Gelfenbaum3, Takanobu Kamataki4, and Rahmat Triyono5Kamataki4, and Rahmat Triyono5

11Department of Geology, Kent State UniversityDepartment of Geology, Kent State University

22Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido UniversityInstitute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University

33U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology ProgramU.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program

Introduction

•This research was carried out to Understand the sedimentary This research was carried out to Understand the sedimentary deposits of large tsunamis close to their source is important deposits of large tsunamis close to their source is important because several large paleoseismic events have been recognized because several large paleoseismic events have been recognized based, in part, on their tsunami deposits based, in part, on their tsunami deposits

Methods

•measure sediment thickness, described the deposit stratigraphy, measure sediment thickness, described the deposit stratigraphy, and collected samples of sediment for later grain size analysis.and collected samples of sediment for later grain size analysis.

•Samples for grain size analysis were dry heated to 140◦C for 48 Samples for grain size analysis were dry heated to 140◦C for 48 hours before analysis. Few organics were present in the sandhours before analysis. Few organics were present in the sand

•large organic debris (grass stems, twigs, etc.) was removed with large organic debris (grass stems, twigs, etc.) was removed with a forceps. The samples contained almost no silt or clay, and were a forceps. The samples contained almost no silt or clay, and were not rinsed prior to analysis.not rinsed prior to analysis.

Methods Con..

•The samples contained almost no silt or clay, and were not rinsed The samples contained almost no silt or clay, and were not rinsed prior to analysis.prior to analysis.

•We determined grain size within the deposit using a Retsch We determined grain size within the deposit using a Retsch CamsizerCamsizer

Results and discussion

•Most of the trees in this region were snapped off near the ground.Most of the trees in this region were snapped off near the ground.

•The tsunami deposit along the transect is a pinkish gray.The tsunami deposit along the transect is a pinkish gray.

•The gravel-sized grains are a mixture of rounded soil balls, The gravel-sized grains are a mixture of rounded soil balls, angular coral fragments, Concrete fragments, and round in shape.angular coral fragments, Concrete fragments, and round in shape.

•Sand grains are a roughly equal mix of angular shell fragments Sand grains are a roughly equal mix of angular shell fragments and subangular siliciclastic mineral grains.and subangular siliciclastic mineral grains.

•The finest fraction appears have a higher concentration of The finest fraction appears have a higher concentration of mineral grains. The high carbonate ratio is borne out in the mineral grains. The high carbonate ratio is borne out in the sediment density.sediment density.

Conclusion

Sedimentary deposition changed the physical properties of soilSedimentary deposition changed the physical properties of soil

ReferencesReferences

Atwater, B. F., S. Musumi-Rokkaku, K. Satake, Y. Tsuji, K. Ueda, Atwater, B. F., S. Musumi-Rokkaku, K. Satake, Y. Tsuji, K. Ueda, and D.and D.

K. Yamaguchi, The orphan tsunami of 1700–Japanese clues to a K. Yamaguchi, The orphan tsunami of 1700–Japanese clues to a parent earthquake in North America, U.S. Geological Survey parent earthquake in North America, U.S. Geological Survey professionalprofessional

Conclusions

We got sufficient knowledge about soil properties.We got sufficient knowledge about soil properties.

We familiarized with tsunami affects on soil properties.We familiarized with tsunami affects on soil properties.

Reference

Field DJ, McKenzie DC, Koppi AJ. 1997. Development of an Field DJ, McKenzie DC, Koppi AJ. 1997. Development of an improved Vertisol stability test for SOILpak. Aust. J. Soil Res. 35, improved Vertisol stability test for SOILpak. Aust. J. Soil Res. 35, 843-52. 843-52.

Gee GW, Bauder JW. 1986. Particle size analysis. In “Methods of Gee GW, Bauder JW. 1986. Particle size analysis. In “Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 2nd edition, (ed. Klute A), ASA & SSSA, Madison, pp. 383-411. edition, (ed. Klute A), ASA & SSSA, Madison, pp. 383-411.

Minasny B. 2006. Efficient methods for predicting soil hydraulic Minasny B. 2006. Efficient methods for predicting soil hydraulic properties, PhD Thesis, University of properties, PhD Thesis, University of

Sydney, NSW.Sydney, NSW.

Thank youThank you

Education

C:\fakepath\Impact of tsunami on soil properties